Supporting Sustainable Development Goals with Second-Life Electric Vehicle Battery: A Case Study
Open accessAbstract
To alleviate the impact of economic and environmental detriments caused by the increased demands of electric vehicle battery production and disposal, the use of spent batteries in second-life stationary applications such as energy storage for renewable sources or backup power systems, offers many benefits. This paper focuses on reducing the energy consumption cost and greenhouse gas emissions of Internet-of-Things-enabled campus microgrids by installing solar photovoltaic panels on rooftops alongside energy storage systems that leverage second-life batteries, a gas-fired campus power plant, and a wind turbine while considering the potential loads of a prosumer microgrid. A linear optimization problem is derived from the system by scheduling energy exchanges with the Ontario grid through net metering and solved by using Python 3.11. The aim of this work is to support Sustainable Development Goals, namely 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 13 (Climate Action). A comparison between a base case scenario and the results achieved with the proposed scenarios shows a significant reduction in electricity cost and greenhouse gas emissions and an increase in self-consumption rate and renewable fraction. This research work provides valuable insights and guidelines to policymakers.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Integrating multiple renewable energy sources with an energy storage system improves performance and ensures a reliable energy supply.
“Integrating multiple RES with an energy storage system (ESS) improves performance and ensures a reliable energy supply [3].”
From Designing a Sustainable Off-Grid EV Charging Station: Analysis Across Urban and Remote Canadian Regions (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
No citation lists for this paper
No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.
References 58 · Cited by 4
- Authors
- Akram, M. N., & Abdul-Kader, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Windsor (CA)
- Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-07-09
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 6307
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4412198943
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (RGPIN-2020-05499)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Integrated Energy Systems Optimization
- Keywords
- second-life electric vehicle batteries, campus microgrid, Internet of Things, photovoltaics, energy storage, prosumers, net metering, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, electricity cost, renewable energy self-consumption, Sustainable Development Goals, gas-fired power plants, wind turbines, linear programming
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
