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Floods as a Consequence of Climate Change: Comprehensive Meteorological and Hydrological Analysis of the 2024 Flood Course in the Bóbr River Basin (Southwestern Poland)

Tomczyk, Paweł, Wiatkowski, Mirosław, Kasperek, Robert, Gruss, Łukasz, Pokładek, Ryszard·2025·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su172310640
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Abstract

Flooding is a phenomenon that has become more frequent in recent years due to climate change. This also includes Poland, where a flood occurred in 2024 due to the inflow of the Genoese low. The main objective of the article is to comprehensively characterize this phenomenon in the Bóbr River Basin. To achieve this objective, available hourly hydro-meteorological data from stations monitored by the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management were used. On this basis, the duration, magnitude, scale of the flood, and selected runoff measures were determined. Data shows that the flood was caused by rainfall, which occurred at the highest intensity between 13.09 and 15.09. The duration of the flood was 536 h, assuming warning levels as boundary points. The average duration of the flood in all stations was 125.32 h, and its average magnitude (ratio of the highest level to the alert level)—1.53. The 10-point flood scale adopted in the article indicates that the flood affected the area around Jelenia Góra the most (average 3.10 for the entire basin). In 6 out of 22 stations, the highest water flow measurements in history were recorded in 2024. The area around Jelenia Góra was selected as the region most exposed to flooding. This work can be a compendium of knowledge in the field of understanding the mechanisms related to flooding. It may be important in the context of formulating the future water policy, developing documents related to flood protection, adaptation to climate change and sustainable development goals.

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Figure 1 Research scheme for the analyses presented in the article.
Figure 1 Research scheme for the analyses presented in the article.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Location of hydrological and meteorological stations and characteristic points in the Bóbr River Basin area (location of stations according to Hydro IMGW-PIB; https://hydro.imgw.pl/ (accessed on 20 October 2025; map base: https://www.mapsforeurope.org/explore-map/euro-dem (accessed on 20 October 2025)).
Figure 2 Location of hydrological and meteorological stations and characteristic points in the Bóbr River Basin area (location of stations according to Hydro IMGW-PIB; https://hydro.imgw.pl/ (accessed on 20 October 2025; map base: https://www.mapsforeurope.org/explore-map/euro-dem (accessed on 20 October 2025)).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Total accumulated precipitation in Poland for the period 10 September 2024-16 September 2024 with the Bóbr river basin area marked (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2025 Miriam Kachelmann.
Figure 3 Total accumulated precipitation in Poland for the period 10 September 2024-16 September 2024 with the Bóbr river basin area marked (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2025 Miriam Kachelmann.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Cont .
Figure 4 Cont .CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Cumulative rainfall in the Bóbr River Basin area: ( a ) 9 September 2024, ( b ) 10 September 2024, ( c ) 11 September 2024, ( d ) 12 September 2024, ( e ) 13 September 2024, ( f ) 14 September 2024, ( g ) 15 September 2024, ( h ) 16 September 2024.
Figure 4 Cumulative rainfall in the Bóbr River Basin area: ( a ) 9 September 2024, ( b ) 10 September 2024, ( c ) 11 September 2024, ( d ) 12 September 2024, ( e ) 13 September 2024, ( f ) 14 September 2024, ( g ) 15 September 2024, ( h ) 16 September 2024.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 The full course of the flood in 2024 in the Bóbr River basin based on warning and alert levels in individual hours (UTC) for hydrological stations (time: 0-12 September 2024, 11:00 UTC, 536-4 October 2024, 19:00 UTC).
Figure 5 The full course of the flood in 2024 in the Bóbr River basin based on warning and alert levels in individual hours (UTC) for hydrological stations (time: 0-12 September 2024, 11:00 UTC, 536-4 October 2024, 19:00 UTC).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Duration of conventional water levels in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024 characterizing the flood (in hours): ( a ) warning levels, ( b ) alert levels, ( c ) total warning and alert levels (flood duration).
Figure 6 Duration of conventional water levels in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024 characterizing the flood (in hours): ( a ) warning levels, ( b ) alert levels, ( c ) total warning and alert levels (flood duration).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 Flood magnitude in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024.
Figure 7 Flood magnitude in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Flood scale in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024 (taking into account the duration and magnitude of the flood).
Figure 8 Flood scale in the Bóbr River Basin from 12 September to 4 October 2024 (taking into account the duration and magnitude of the flood).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 9 Hydrographs of water levels and flows during floods at stations with the largest flood scale in the Bóbr River Basin area in 2024: ( a ) Pilchowice (Bóbr River; station 8), ( b ) ˙ Zaga´ n (Bóbr River; station 11), ( c ) Szprotawa (Bóbr River; station 10), ( d ) Jelenia Góra (Bóbr River; station 7), ( e ) Stary Raduszec (Bóbr River; station 14), ( f ) Le´ sna (Kwisa River; station 26), ( g ) Barcinek (Kamienica River; station 21), ( h ) Jelenia Góra (Kamienna River; station 22); sorted by the largest scale of the flood s f .
Figure 9 Hydrographs of water levels and flows during floods at stations with the largest flood scale in the Bóbr River Basin area in 2024: ( a ) Pilchowice (Bóbr River; station 8), ( b ) ˙ Zaga´ n (Bóbr River; station 11), ( c ) Szprotawa (Bóbr River; station 10), ( d ) Jelenia Góra (Bóbr River; station 7), ( e ) Stary Raduszec (Bóbr River; station 14), ( f ) Le´ sna (Kwisa River; station 26), ( g ) Barcinek (Kamienica River; station 21), ( h ) Jelenia Góra (Kamienna River; station 22); sorted by the largest scale of the flood s f .CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 10 Runoff measures in the Bóbr River Basin area during the 2024 flood: ( a ) runoff layer (index), ( b ) specific discharge.
Figure 10 Runoff measures in the Bóbr River Basin area during the 2024 flood: ( a ) runoff layer (index), ( b ) specific discharge.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Tomczyk, P., Wiatkowski, M., Kasperek, R., Gruss, Ł., & Pokładek, R.
Affiliations
  • Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
  • Department of Environmental Protection and Development, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
ORCID
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-11-27
Volume
17
Issue
23
Pages
10640
ISSN
2071-1050
DOI
10.3390/su172310640
Cited by
3
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Bekker Programme of the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (BPN/BEK/2023/1/00079)

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Tomczyk, P., Wiatkowski, M., Kasperek, R., Gruss, Ł., & Pokładek, R. (2025). Floods as a Consequence of Climate Change: Comprehensive Meteorological and Hydrological Analysis of the 2024 Flood Course in the Bóbr River Basin (Southwestern Poland). Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310640