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Integrating Agroecology and Participatory Action Research (PAR): Lessons from Central America
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The last decade has seen an increasing advancement and interest in the integration of agroecology and participatory action research (PAR). This article aims to: (1) analyze the key characteristics and principles of two case studies that integrated PAR and agroecology in Central America; and (2) learn from the lessons offered by these case studies, as well as others from the literature, on how to better integrate PAR and agroecology. Key principles identified for effective PAR agroecological processes include a shared interest in research by partners, a belief in collective power/action, a commitment to participation, practicing humility and establishing trust and accountability. Important lessons to consider for future work include: (1) research processes that did not start as PAR, can evolve into it; (2) farmer/stakeholder participation in setting the research agenda, from the outset, results in higher engagement and enhanced outcomes; (3) having the right partners for the desired outcomes is key; (4) intentional and explicit reflection is an essential component of PAR processes; and (5) cross-generational collaborations are crucial to long-term benefits. Key challenges that confront PAR processes include the need for time and resources over longer periods; the complexity of multi-actor process facilitation; and institutional barriers within the academy and development organizations, which prevent shifting investment towards integrated PAR agroecological processes.
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“However there is a notable lack of empyrical research on participatory approaches to processes of agroecological transition, especially in larger territories.”
From Exploring the contradictions of scaling: action plans for agroecological transition in metropolitan environments (2020) · cites this paper as Méndez et al. 2017
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“the participation of the agrarian sector or other actors in defining objectives and designing research from the start leads to greater involvement and reinforces the results of both research and action”
From Exploring the contradictions of scaling: action plans for agroecological transition in metropolitan environments (2020) · cites this paper as Méndez et al. (2017)
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In the citing paper
“Nevertheless how these two approaches-participatory and agroecological-fit together in an operative way, how methodological proposals are put into practice, and how these may be applied in different social contexts and processes are all territories still sorely under-explored in studies of agroecology”
From Exploring the contradictions of scaling: action plans for agroecological transition in metropolitan environments (2020) · cites this paper as Méndez et al. 2017
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“Context reflects the situated nature of agroecological initiatives (Méndez et al. 2017, Barrios et al. 2020).”
From A heuristic framework to portray agroecological transition initiatives in reflexive arrangements, illustrated with a conservation agriculture network in Denmark (2025) · cites this paper as Méndez et al. 2017
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“intentional and explicit reflection is key”
From Exploring the contradictions of scaling: action plans for agroecological transition in metropolitan environments (2020) · cites this paper as Méndez et al. (2017)
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“processes of research that did not begin as participatory action-research projects may evolve in that direction if the actors involved have a clear intention to do so”
From Exploring the contradictions of scaling: action plans for agroecological transition in metropolitan environments (2020) · cites this paper as Méndez et al. (2017)
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“identifying and including the right partners is essential to achieving good results”
From Exploring the contradictions of scaling: action plans for agroecological transition in metropolitan environments (2020) · cites this paper as Méndez et al. (2017)
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“participatory processes may prove useful in identifying and including marginalized social groups like women and youth, which is crucial to achieving long-term benefits”
From Exploring the contradictions of scaling: action plans for agroecological transition in metropolitan environments (2020) · cites this paper as Méndez et al. (2017)
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“A good example of this is Participatory Action Research (PAR), which offers a practical approach for bringing forward the expertise of non-researchers through iterative cycles of research, reflection, and action (Méndez etal. 2017).”
From Designing agroecological systems across scales: a new analytical framework (2022) · cites this paper as Méndez et al. 2017
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Metadata
- Authors
- Méndez, V., Caswell, M., Gliessman, S., & Cohen, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Community Agroecology Network (US)
- Corresponding author
- Méndez, V.
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-04-28
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 705
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2608267215
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 30.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Development › Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Art Integration
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agricultural Innovations and Practices
- Keywords
- agroecology, participatory action research, research integration, farmer participation, research agenda setting, trust and accountability, institutional barriers, Central America
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