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Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses
Open accessAbstract
Contamination of soils with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) has emerged as a serious environmental issue that reduces crop productivity. However, the metals tolerance and accumulation potential of quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd) under the combined stress of Cd and Pb has not yet been explored. In the present hydroponic study, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of quinoa exposed to Cd and Pb were explored. Four-week-old plants of quinoa genotype ‘Puno’ were grown under different concentrations of Cd (0, 50 and 100 µM), Pb (0, 250 and 500 µM) alone as well as in combinations. The results showed that with increasing Cd and Pb levels in the nutrient solution, the plant biomass, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll contents were decreased. However, the concurrent application of higher concentrations of Cd (100 µM) and Pb (500 µM) caused even more reduction in the plant biomass (more than 50% than the control) and physiological attributes. The combined application of Pb and Cd caused oxidative stress through an overproduction of H2O2 (10-fold) and TBARS (12.5-fold), leading to decrease in membrane stability (52%). The oxidative stress was alleviated by a 7-fold, 10-fold and 9-fold overactivation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), respectively. An excessive uptake of Cd resulted in a limited uptake of Pb and K in the roots and shoots of quinoa plants. The Cd and Pb tolerance and uptake potential of Puno showed its ability to stabilize Cd and Pb in co-contaminated soils.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
This hydroponic study exposed quinoa genotype ‘Puno’ to Cd and Pb alone and in combination and found that combined Cd/Pb caused the greatest reductions in growth and physiology, along with oxidative stress and overactivation of antioxidant enzymes. Quinoa accumulated both metals more in roots than shoots (TF < 1) and showed potential to stabilize Cd and Pb in co-contaminated soils.
Key findings
- Combined high Cd (100 µM) + Pb (500 µM) reduced shoot and root lengths by 60% and 61%, and shoot and root dry weights by 65% and 62%, respectively, versus control; single-metal treatments caused smaller reductions (e.g., shoot dry weight decreased 38% at 100 µM Cd and 24% at 500 µM Pb).
- Pigment and stomatal responses declined most under combined metals: Chl a, Chl b, and total Chl fell by 55%, 60%, and 57%, and stomatal conductance by 47%, compared with declines at 100 µM Cd (31%, 32%, 31%; 20%) and 500 µM Pb (14%, 18%, 16%; 14%).
- Combined Cd/Pb caused a 10-fold increase in H2O2 and a 12.5-fold increase in TBARS, with MSI declining by 55% in Results (the abstract reports 52%); antioxidant enzyme activities increased 7-fold (SOD), 9-fold (CAT), and 10-fold (POD) under the combination.
- Cd and Pb bioconcentration factors were >1 for roots and shoots across treatments, but translocation factors were <1 for both metals; when Cd was combined with Pb, root and shoot Cd contents increased further while root and shoot Pb contents declined. Tolerance index values were 62% under 100 µM Cd, 76% under 500 µM Pb, and 38% under their combination.
Methods
- Hydroponic experiment with quinoa genotype ‘Puno’: 30-day-old seedlings transplanted into half-strength Hoagland’s solution, acclimatized one week, then exposed for 28 days to Cd (0, 50, 100 µM) and Pb (0, 250, 500 µM) alone and in combination; completely randomized design with 9 treatments, 4 replications, and 2 plants per replication.
- Measured growth, pigment contents, stomatal conductance, oxidative stress markers (H2O2, TBARS, MSI), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT), K, Cd, and Pb; Cd/Pb analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and K by flame photometer; BCF, TF, and TI calculated.
- Data analyzed by ANOVA at 5% significance with LSD pairwise comparison, plus PCA and Pearson correlations using XLSTAT 2014.
Limitations
- The paper states that further research is needed to determine metal accumulation in quinoa grains and the expected health risks of growing quinoa in Cd- and Pb-co-contaminated soils.
- The text notes that BCF is usually lower in soil culture than in hydroponics due to lower metal availability and mobility, indicating that these hydroponic results may not directly translate to field/soil conditions (evident from the discussion).
- Only the genotype ‘Puno’ was tested, so genotypic variation in Cd/Pb tolerance and accumulation is not addressed (evident from the methods; not stated as a limitation by the authors).
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0 Valid · 0 Not valid · 33 Not checked · 66 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the concurrent application of higher concentrations of Cd (100 µM) and Pb (500 µM) caused even more reduction in the plant biomass (more than 50% than the control) and physiological attributes.”
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Plant Growth · plain
“Nevertheless, the elevated levels of Cd (100 µM) and Pb (500 µM) jointly caused the highest alleviation in the plant biomass with respect to the control.”
§ Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Plant Growth · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results revealed that with increasing the concentrations of Cd and Pb in the nutrient solution, the growth of the shoots and roots of quinoa was reduced (Table 1).”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“The growth of quinoa significantly declined as the contamination levels of Cd and Pb were augmented in the growth medium.”
§ Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses > 3. Results > 3.1. Plant Growth
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under the combined treatment of Cd (100 µM) + Pb (500 µM), the respective reductions in shoot and root lengths were 60% and 61% as compared to the control.”
§ Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses > 3. Results > 3.1. Plant Growth
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dry weights of the root and shoot were decreased respectively by 62% and 65% in the combined treatment of 100 µM of Cd + 500 µM of Pb.”
§ Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses > 3. Results > 3.1. Plant Growth
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under the combination of Cd (100 µM) with Pb (500 µM), there were 7-fold, 9-fold and 10-fold increases in SOD, CAT and POD activities with respect to the control.”
§ Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses > 3. Results > 3.4. Antioxidant Enzymes
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses > Abstract
“The combined application of Pb and Cd caused oxidative stress through an overproduction of H2O2 (10-fold) and TBARS (12.5-fold), leading to decrease in membrane stability (52%).”
§ Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses > 3. Results > 3.3. Oxidative Stress Attributes
“The higher levels of Cd, Pb and their combination resulted in 24%, 15% and 55% declines, respectively, in the MSI with respect to the control treatment.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses > 4. Discussion
“Contrarily, oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2 and MSI) and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) had positive associations with Cd and Pb contents.”
§ Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses > 3. Results > 3.3. Oxidative Stress Attributes
“The MSI was decreased, with an increase in the oxidative stress under the Pb and Cd contamination (Figure 1C).”
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Cited by
Goncharuk, E. A., & Zagoskina, N. V. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28093921 · Cited by 274
Meng, L., Yang, Y., Ma, Z., Jiang, J., Zhang, X., Chen, Z., Cui, G., & Yin, X. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129128 · Cited by 159
Recent Advances in Minimizing Cadmium Accumulation in Wheat
Zhou, M., & Li, Z. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10040187 · Cited by 60
Raza, H. Z., Shah, A. A., Noreen, Z., Usman, S., Zafar, S., Yasin, N. A., Sayed, S. R. M., Al-Mana, F. A., Elansary, H. O., Ahmad, A., et al. (2023) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108171 · Cited by 48
Food Plants and Environmental Contamination: An Update
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bamagoos, A. A., Alharby, H. F., & Abbas, G.
- Affiliations
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- COMSATS University Islamabad (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Abbas, Ghulam
- Venue
- Toxics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-02-04
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 68
- ISSN
- 2305-6304 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8880804
- OpenAlex
- W4210642306
- Semantic Scholar
- 1d7272ffd15d0d59e6d29356e9e625b4e3986b00
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Toxics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deanship of scientific research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (G: 278-130-1442)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Heavy Metals in Plants
- Keywords
- quinoa, cadmium, lead, heavy metal uptake, metal translocation, combined metal stress, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, membrane stability, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, plant biomass, metal tolerance, soil contamination, potassium uptake
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- The paper
- Bamagoos, A. A., Alharby, H. F., & Abbas, G. (2022). Differential Uptake and Translocation of Cadmium and Lead by Quinoa: A Multivariate Comparison of Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses. Toxics. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020068
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