The DOI matches its Crossref record; 149 of the 149 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Interaction of Environmental Pollutants with Microplastics: A Critical Review of Sorption Factors, Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicological Effects
Open accessAbstract
Microplastics have become one of the leading environmental threats due to their persistence, ubiquity and intrinsic toxic potential. The potential harm that microplastics impose on ecosystems varies from direct effects (i.e., entanglement and ingestion) to their ability to sorb a diversity of environmental pollutants (e.g., heavy metals, persistent organic compounds or pharmaceuticals). Therefore, the toxicological assessment of the combined effects of microplastics and sorbed pollutants can produce in biota is one of the hottest topics on the environmental toxicology field. This review aims to clarify the main impacts that this interaction could have on ecosystems by (1) highlighting the principal factors that influence the microplastics sorption capacities; (2) discussing the potential scenarios in which microplastics may have an essential role on the bioaccumulation and transfer of chemicals; and (3) reviewing the recently published studies describing toxicological effects caused by the combination of microplastics and their sorbed chemicals. Finally, a discussion regarding the need for a new generation of toxicological studies is presented.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“If these are in equilibrium with the surrounding seawater, the risk of sorbed chemicals for ocean life is considered relatively low, but toxicity might become relevant under some exposure conditions. [23][24]][25][26][27]”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made
Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700782 · Cited by 18,606
Microplastics in the marine environment
Andrady, A. L. (2011) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030 · Cited by 8,105
Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C. M., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., Galgani, F., Ryan, P. G., & Reisser, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 · Cited by 4,710
Hahladakis, J. N., Velis, C. A., Weber, R., Iacovidou, E., & Purnell, P. (2018) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014 · Cited by 3,873
Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for Humans and Wildlife
van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L. S., Bosveld, A. T. C., Brunström, B., Cook, P. M., Feeley, M., Giesy, J. P., Hanberg, A., Hasegawa, R., Kennedy, S. W., et al. (1998) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.98106775 · Cited by 3,301
Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife
Teuten, E. L., Saquing, J. M., Knappe, D. R. U., Barlaz, M. A., Jonsson, S., Björn, A., Rowland, S. J., Thompson, R. C., Galloway, T. S., Yamashita, R., et al. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0284 · Cited by 2,938
Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton
Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., Goodhead, R., Moger, J., & Galloway, T. S. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es400663f · Cited by 2,763
Auta, H. S., Emenike, C. U., & Fauziah, S. H. (2017) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.013 · Cited by 2,649
Li, J., Liu, H., & Chen, J. P. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.056 · Cited by 2,432
Browne, M. A., Dissanayake, A., Galloway, T. S., Lowe, D. M., & Thompson, R. C. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es800249a · Cited by 2,263
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Endo, S., and Koelmans, A.A. (2019). Sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds in marine environments: Equilibrium. Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment, Springer.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–384 of 384
Okoth, M. O., Kwach, B. O., Osewe, E. T., & Shikuku, V. O. (2026) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2026.102904 · Cited by 1
Jang, J.-H., & Jeong, S. (2026) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-026-03442-y · Cited by 1
Identification of Microplastics in Euthynnus affinis in Kedonganan Area, Kuta, Badung, Bali
Laksmita, S., Apriyanthi, D. P. R. V., & Widayanti, N. P. (2024) · Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan · doi:10.14710/jil.22.5.1293-1298 · Cited by 1
Fotodegradación de microplásticos
Catarí, E. L., Vargas, F. R., & Angulo, B. C. (2024) · Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo · doi:10.53591/iqd.v6i01.2688 · Cited by 1
Selvaraj, V., Saravanan, R., Vikram, N. R., Gopalakrishnan, U., & Ramsamy, M. (2025) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100925 · Cited by 1
Airborne microplastic deposition at the Taj Mahal and Agra Fort India
Banerjee, D., & Singh, M. R. (2026) · Discover Environment · doi:10.1007/s44274-026-00611-9 · Cited by 1
Co-occurrence of microplastics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals in subantarctic seabirds
Fragão, J., Manno, C., Phillips, R. A., Cunha, S. C., Fernandes, J. O., de Carvalho, L. A. E. B., Marques, M. P. M., Xavier, J. C., & Bessa, F. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142018 · Cited by 1
Microplastics as Emerging Cotracers in Groundwater Quality Assessments
Azevedo, B. Z., Pemberton, E., Viaroli, S., Krause, S., Giannecchini, R., & Ré, V. (2026) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.6c00063 · Cited by 1
Singh, P. K., Singh, N., Kumar, I., Kumar, U., Dwivedi, A., Singh, P., Mishra, S., Pal, K., Prajapati, A., & Sharma, R. K. (2026) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107921 · Cited by 1
An Evidence-Level Framework for Evaluating Enzyme-Mediated Plastic and Microplastic Transformation
dos Santos, L. F. O., Kagueyama, S. S., Hilario, I. D. B., Trindade, A. R. D. F., Filho, J. R. D. S., Peralta, R. A., Moreira, R. D. F. P. M., de Souza, C. G. M., Simão, R. D. C. G., Bracht, A., et al. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14081787 · Cited by 1
Application of liquid chromatography in studies of microplastics
Jiménez-Skrzypek, G., González‐Sálamo, J., & Hernández‐Borges, J. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99969-4.00017-6 · Cited by 1
Presence of Microplastics within Lagoon and Open-Ocean Fishes in Mo`Orea, French PolynesiaPreprint
Burton, T., & Chen, E. K. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4512772 · Cited by 2
Mapping Analysis Distribution of Microplascticat the Tallo River in Macassart
Baharuddin, A., Ikhtiar, M., & Bahri, A. R. S. (2021) · Medico-Legal Update · doi:10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2701
The Role of Microplastics in Bioaccumulation of Pollutants
Pelamatti, T., Cardelli, L. R., & Rios-Mendoza, L. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_18-1
de Moraes, N. G. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.64.2022.tde-26092022-145948
Interactions between Microplastics and Contaminants in Urban Waters
Luo, T., Dai, X., & Ni, B. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119759379.ch12
Microplastics in Soil and Water
Wiśniowska, E. (2023) · One Health · doi:10.1002/9781119867333.ch5
Microplastic in the Aquatic Environment and their Impact on Aquatic Organisms and Humans: A Review
Bansal, O. (2023) · Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.31080/asps.2023.07.0990
Odume, O. N., Tumwesigye, E., Nnadozie, C. F., Akamagwuna, F. C., Kalinski, J. J., Siwe‐Noundou, X., & Nyakairu, G. W. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4628480
Ambriola, V. (2024) · Substantia · doi:10.36253/substantia-2817
Aldaz, F. J. D. (2024) · Ingeniería Química y Desarrollo · doi:10.53591/iqd.v6i01.955
Novas abordagens para degradação de microplásticos com ênfase nos processos biológicos
dos Santos, L. F. O., Uber, T. M., Cheute, V. M. S., Filho, J. R. D. S., Corrêa, R. C. G., de Souza, C. G. M., Castoldi, R., Bracht, A., & Peralta, R. M. (2025) · Mérida Publishers eBooks · doi:10.69570/mp.978-65-84548-21-3.c4
Kang, B., & Kim, D. (2024) · Journal of Odor and Indoor Environment · doi:10.15250/joie.2024.23.4.410
Evaluating the in Vitro Toxicity of 4-MBC and Microplastics: The Role of PE and PVC as Carriers
Milić, N., Milanović, M., Drljača, J., Popović, A., Vasiljević, S., Simetić, T., & Tubić, A. (2025) · Journal of Polymers and the Environment · doi:10.1007/s10924-025-03602-8
Major, C., Poynton, H. C., & Urban-Rich, J. (2025) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118416
Detection to Remediation: Strategies for Managing Microplastic Pollution in Freshwater Systems
Madala, P., Waikar, A., & Parate, H. (2025) · International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering · doi:10.22399/ijcesen.3452
Microplastics and Aquatic Limnology: Conception of Biogeochemical Processes
Dash, S., Mazumder, P., & Kumar, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0225-7_9
Borges, S. L. R., Schio, N. S., Ferraz, G. M., Teixeira, T., Rocha, F. V., Urban, R. C., Fadini, P. S., & dos Santos, D. M. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental contamination · doi:10.5132/eec.2025.02.06
Lakshmi, P., Valsan, G., Tamrakar, A., Vasudeva, M., Unnikrishnan, V. K., & Warrier, A. K. (2025) · Environmental Forensics · doi:10.1080/15275922.2025.2578478
Isaac, A., & Enock, A. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100937
Microplastic regulation for safe environment and health
Ospina‐Prieto, S., Carvalho, M. D. A., Marques, A. L. X., Meili, L., & Borbely, A. U. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33829-8.00014-2
Adsorption behavior of predominant pollutants on micronanoplastics
Rajendran, D., & Chandrasekaran, N. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-24782-8.00003-0
Temporal dynamics of lake microbiota under nanoplastic and enrofloxacin stress
Lysik, K., Maszczyk, P., Zebrowski, M. Ł., Gozzo, S., Lee, J. S., Pyznar, M., Lamana, J. J., Szpunar, J., Kiersztyn, B., & Babkiewicz, E. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181143
Varg, J. E., Outomuro, D., Kunce, W., Kuehrer, L., Svanbäck, R., & Johansson, F. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20252884
Jani, V., Oyelere, A., Bhatt, B., Song, J., Venkiteshwaran, K., Stenson, A. C., & Wu, S. (2026) · Cleaner Water · doi:10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100205
Kotsiri, Z., & Tsangaris, C. (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-026-37489-2
Sustainable plastic management in Morocco : trade analysis and environmental policy recommendations
Tangarfa, M., AbouTalib, A., & Benqlilou, C. (2026) · Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration · doi:10.1007/s41207-026-01118-8
Chukwuka, A. V., Sharma, P., & Adeogun, A. O. (2026) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2026.101732
de Souza, G. B., & Corbi, J. J. (2025) · doi:10.11606/003284480
Microplastics and Carbon Cycling: Interactions Across Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
Singh, A., Gupta, R., Saxena, R., Singh, R., & Sinha, S. (2026) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202504874
Vaid, M., Varshney, S., Gupta, A. K., & Sarma, K. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Plastics · doi:10.1016/j.hazmp.2026.100062
Microplastics Pollution: Natural and Anthropogenic Sources, Cause and Impact on Ecosystem
Dharmadhas, J. S., Mary, D. R. B., Shalini, K. V., Jayachandran, P., & Abdullahi, A. (2026) · Lecture notes in nanoscale science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17963-0_5
Sudiartha, G. A. W., Effendi, N. D., Anugerahani, H., & Nurkolis, F. (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-026-37860-3
Electrochemical sensors for shellfish contaminants: from proof-of-concept to analytical relevance
Carbone, M., Selvolini, G., & Marrazza, G. (2026) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2026.105891
Amin, M. R., Neloy, M. M., Kanta, T. I., Zahangir, M. M., Khan, S., & Shahjahan, M. (2026) · Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1155/jt/1847474
Santiago-Duran, A. E., Correa-Salas, A. V., Ayala-Rodríguez, J. D., Costa-Redondo, L. C., Montero, A. A. G., Egurrola-Daza, E. A., Trilleras, J. E., & Arana, V. A. (2026) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120045
Rahman, M. H., Rakib, M. R. J., Roky, M. S., Shiddiqe, S., & MASUD, M. A. A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45248-2.00024-9
Martinez, U. U., Moreu-Romero, C., Maupas, T., García-Velasco, N., Ayala-Cabrera, J. F., & Diego, A. D. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.125168
Romero‐González, R., López‐Ruiz, R., Marín‐Sáez, J., Capilla-Flores, R., & Frenich, A. G. (2026) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d6ay00626d
da Silva, K. C., Araújo, T. M. D. R., Waldman, W. R., & Canela, M. C. (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-026-38028-9
Microplastics and human health risks: toward evidence-based policy and regulation in the Philippines
Fortaleza, J. A. G., Cordero, R. R., Villamayor, M., Martínez, E. O., Layog, M. C., Bajal, E., Abejuela, E. D., & Jesus, R. S. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2026.1833099
Hashmi, A. H. A., Thankamony, R., Hammadi, H. A. A., & Thiemann, T. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119906612.ch14
When algae meet plastic: An invisible crisis in aquatic ecosystems
Żeruń, J., Bajguz, A., & Zieliński, P. (2026) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2026.104867
Aiyanar, V., & Perumal, K. (2026) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-026-03389-0
Sustainable Solutions for Microplastic/Microfiber Pollution Management
Mumtaz, S., Husain, I., Iqbal, M. J., Hanif, S., & Muhammad, P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17004-0_7
Microplastics in intravenous fluids: Occurrence, characterization, and risk indicators
Özçi̇fçi̇, Z., Başaran, B., & Akçay, H. T. (2026) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106213
Cui, X., Chen, L., Hu, Y., Wang, X., Wang, J., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120541
Huang, X., Liu, S., Lin, X., Mao, S., Xu, C., Niu, L., & Liu, W. (2026) · Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1016/j.enceco.2026.08.011
Barkas, G. I., & Perlepe, G. (2026) · Aerobiology · doi:10.3390/aerobiology4030015
Zahid, A., Lakho, S. A., Adebowale, A., Bushra, B., Soomro, S., Rasta, M., Abiodun, O. S., Chidewe, L., & Shi, X. (2026) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.129022
Lakshmikanthan, M., & Muthu, S. (2026) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2026.145069
Dumitru, A. I., Busuioc, C., Koncsag, C. I., & Săpunaru, O. V. (2026) · ChemEngineering · doi:10.3390/chemengineering10090107
He, Z., Zhu, X., Pei, R., Shi, J., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · Energy & Environment Nexus · doi:10.48130/een-0026-0017
Gwon, Y., Afif, V. R., Seo, Y., & Kim, K. (2026) · Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy · doi:10.7846/jkosmee.2026.29.3.235
Singh, L., Pathak, J., Arora, J., Shehu, Z., Michael, E., & Jain, H. (2026) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-026-15852-7
Fenti, A., & Iovino, P. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31173089
Xue, P., Huang, B., Wang, Y., Zhao, L., & Mao, L. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143509
Jin, Y., Wu, F., Wang, F., Li, Y., Yanzhi, W., Lü, L., Li, X., Wu, L., & Li, Y. (2026) · Journal of Oceanology and Limnology · doi:10.1007/s00343-026-6017-4
Szpyrka, E., Pecharroman, S. M., Russel, M., & Podbielska, M. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16189323
Altınok, İ. (2026) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120342
Microplastics and cardiac health
Jyoti, D., Sobti, R. C., & Giri, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45635-0.00011-2
Jakštienė, G., Koida, A., Kavoliūnas, J., Pleskytė, S., Lukošienė, I. P., & Lastauskienė, E. (2026) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.129265
Sundaramanickam, A., & Vishwas, P. (2026) · Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C · doi:10.1016/j.pce.2026.104873
PlastiWatch as a standardized multi-parameter framework for microplastic hazard screening
Mansour, F. R., Bedair, A., & Ashry, A. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.125871
Lujanienė, G., Javed, M., Tahir, T., Šemčuk, S., Selskienė, A., Pakštas, V., Talaikis, M., Drabavičius, A., Jocytė, G., Kuzborskaja, K., et al. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16199956
Exojo-Trujillo, S., Hernández-Muñoz, P. M., Clemente, R. G., & Ekvall, M. T. (2026) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.6c00951
Onikanni, S. A., Ropke, R., Olayinka, O. S., Murucci, M. D., Aribigbola, T. C., Fortunato, R. S., Dao, T. N. P., de Carvalho, D. P., Amos, O. E., Openiyi, E. O., et al. (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-026-38294-7
Husain, M. A., & Akram, M. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Plastics · doi:10.1016/j.hazmp.2026.100091
Saeed, M. S., Song, X., Khan, F. I., Sadiq, R., & Chen, B. (2026) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.129365
Assessment of Petroleum Derived Pollutants in Car Wash Wastewater from Al-Karkh district of Baghdad
Aljanabi, G. S., & Rabee, A. M. (2026) · Ibn AL- Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Science · doi:10.30526/39.4.4419
Ghosh, S., Barman, A., Chakraborti, S., Saha, N. C., & Bej, S. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101699
Metadata
- Authors
- Menéndez-Pedriza, A., & Jaumot, J.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Jaumot, Joaquim
- Venue
- Toxics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-06-02
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 40
- ISSN
- 2305-6304 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7355763
- OpenAlex
- W3033642957
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Toxics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CTQ2017-82598-P, CEX2018-000794-S)
- Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2017SGR753)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, environmental pollutants, sorption, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicology, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, combined toxicity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review