Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton

Cole, Matthew; Lindeque, Pennie; Fileman, Elaine; Halsband, Claudia; Goodhead, Rhys; Moger, Julian; Galloway, Tamara S.

doi:10.1021/es400663f

Cited by 2,763Microplastics and Plastic PollutionEnvironmental Toxicology and EcotoxicologyMarine Ecology and Invasive Species

Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton

Cole, Matthew, Lindeque, Pennie, Fileman, Elaine, Halsband, Claudia, Goodhead, Rhys, Moger, Julian, Galloway, Tamara S.·2013·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/es400663f

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Abstract

Small plastic detritus, termed "microplastics", are a widespread and ubiquitous contaminant of marine ecosystems across the globe. Ingestion of microplastics by marine biota, including mussels, worms, fish, and seabirds, has been widely reported, but despite their vital ecological role in marine food-webs, the impact of microplastics on zooplankton remains under-researched. Here, we show that microplastics are ingested by, and may impact upon, zooplankton. We used bioimaging techniques to document ingestion, egestion, and adherence of microplastics in a range of zooplankton common to the northeast Atlantic, and employed feeding rate studies to determine the impact of plastic detritus on algal ingestion rates in copepods. Using fluorescence and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy we identified that thirteen zooplankton taxa had the capacity to ingest 1.7-30.6 μm polystyrene beads, with uptake varying by taxa, life-stage and bead-size. Post-ingestion, copepods egested faecal pellets laden with microplastics. We further observed microplastics adhered to the external carapace and appendages of exposed zooplankton. Exposure of the copepod Centropages typicus to natural assemblages of algae with and without microplastics showed that 7.3 μm microplastics (>4000 mL(-1)) significantly decreased algal feeding. Our findings imply that marine microplastic debris can negatively impact upon zooplankton function and health.

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Organisms of various trophic levels ingest or uptake microplastics, either directly or indirectly.
“Both laboratory experiments and in situ observations have confirmed that organisms of various trophic levels ingest or uptake microplastics, either directly or indirectly (Cole et al., 2013;Provencher et al., 2018;Scherer et al., 2017;Setälä et al., 2014).”
From No Effect of Realistic Concentrations of Polyester Microplastic Fibers on Freshwater Zooplankton Communities (2024) · cites this paper as Cole et al., 2013
The Results (p. 10) document direct microplastic ingestion by several zooplankton taxa, and the Introduction (p. 3) reports ingestion in other marine organisms. But this paper’s experiments used laboratory exposures (Methods, p. 6); its Discussion (p. 15) treats indirect trophic transfer as a possibility, not a confirmed observation. It therefore supports the ingestion claim but not the sentence’s full assertion of confirmed in situ and indirect uptake. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The observed adverse effects on growth, reproduction, and mortality during chronic experiments can be attributed to multifaceted mechanisms, which may involve mechanical damage to organisms through adsorption to their appendices and body surface, nutrient depletion in test medium, and the ingestion of microplastics.
“These effects can be attributed to multifaceted mechanisms, which may involve mechanical damage to organisms through adsorption to their appendices and body surface [51], nutrient depletion in test medium [45], and the ingestion of MPs [7].”
From Assessing the ecological consequences of biodegradable plastics: Acute, chronic and multigenerational impacts of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate microplastics on freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Dead copepods can have adhered PS fragments, which could contribute to the vertical transport of this type of MP.
“Cole et al. (2013) reported that dead copepods can have adhered PS fragments, which could contribute to the vertical transport of this type of MP.”
From Studies of the Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Organisms: What Do We Know and Where Should We Focus Our Efforts in the Future? (2018) · cites this paper as Cole et al., 2013
MPs may also adhere directly to organisms.
“MPs may also adhere directly to organisms (Dabrunz et al., 2011;Cole et al., 2013).”
From Studies of the Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Organisms: What Do We Know and Where Should We Focus Our Efforts in the Future? (2018) · cites this paper as Cole et al., 2013

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NOTA TÉCNICA / TECHNICAL NOTE
Frias, J. P. G. L., Martins, J. Z., & Sobral, P. (2011)
Global mass of buoyant marine plastics dominated by large long-lived debris
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Authors: Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., Goodhead, R., Moger, J., & Galloway, T. S.
Affiliations: University of Exeter (GB)
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
Plymouth Marine Laboratory (GB)
Akvaplan-niva (NO)
Corresponding author: Cole, Matthew
ORCID: Cole, Matthew
Fileman, Elaine
Halsband, Claudia
Moger, Julian
Galloway, Tamara S.
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2013-06-06
Volume: 47
Issue: 12
Pages: 6646-6655
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/es400663f
OpenAlex: W1985492666
Cited by: 2,763
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 166 · 2025: 254 · 2024: 297 · 2023: 335 · 2022: 352 · 2021: 333 · 2020: 295 · 2019: 220 · 2018: 175 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 13
FWCI: 55.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Marine Biological Association (acceptedVersion)
Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion)
Funders: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/K502339/1)
Natural Environment Research Council (pml010005, 1185064)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine Ecology and Invasive Species
Keywords: microplastics, zooplankton, copepods, microplastic ingestion, polystyrene microspheres, fecal pellets, Centropages typicus, marine food webs, Northeast Atlantic, plastic pollution, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy
MeSH terms: Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Zooplankton, Copepoda

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Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton

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