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Cited by 341

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 162 of the 162 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lead Exposure during Lifespan: Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity

Open access
Ramírez Ortega, Daniela, González Esquivel, Dinora F., Blanco Ayala, Tonali, Pineda, Benjamín, Gómez Manzo, Saul, Marcial Quino, Jaime, Carrillo Mora, Paul, Pérez de la Cruz, Verónica·2021·Toxics
DOI 10.3390/toxics9020023
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Abstract

Lead (Pb) is considered a strong environmental toxin with human health repercussions. Due to its widespread use and the number of people potentially exposed to different sources of this heavy metal, Pb intoxication is recognized as a public health problem in many countries. Exposure to Pb can occur through ingestion, inhalation, dermal, and transplacental routes. The magnitude of its effects depends on several toxicity conditions: lead speciation, doses, time, and age of exposure, among others. It has been demonstrated that Pb exposure induces stronger effects during early life. The central nervous system is especially vulnerable to Pb toxicity; Pb exposure is linked to cognitive impairment, executive function alterations, abnormal social behavior, and fine motor control perturbations. This review aims to provide a general view of the cognitive consequences associated with Pb exposure during early life as well as during adulthood. Additionally, it describes the neurotoxic mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment induced by Pb, which include neurochemical, molecular, and morphological changes that jointly could have a synergic effect on the cognitive performance.

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Metadata

Authors
Ramírez Ortega, D., González Esquivel, D. F., Blanco Ayala, T., Pineda, B., Gómez Manzo, S., Marcial Quino, J., Carrillo Mora, P., & Pérez de la Cruz, V.
Venue
Toxics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-01-28
Volume
9
Issue
2
Pages
23
ISSN
2305-6304 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/toxics9020023
OpenAlex
W3124153779
Cited by
341
References
162
FWCI
12.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lead Exposure during Lifespan: Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/toxics9020023
The paper
Ramírez Ortega, D., González Esquivel, D. F., Blanco Ayala, T., Pineda, B., Gómez Manzo, S., Marcial Quino, J., Carrillo Mora, P., & Pérez de la Cruz, V. (2021). Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lead Exposure during Lifespan: Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity. Toxics. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020023

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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.