Elucidation of the Role of L-Arginine and Nω-Nitro-L-Arginine in the Treatment of Rats with Different Levels of Hypoxic Tolerance and Exposure to Lead Nitrate
Open accessAbstract
Background/Aims: Individual resistance to hypoxia is an important feature of the physiological profile of an organism, particularly in relation to lead-induced toxicity. Methods: Our study focused on evaluating parameters of mitochondrial oxygen consumption, microsomal oxidation, intensity of lipoperoxidation processes and antioxidant defences in the liver of rats with low (LR) and high (HR) resistance to hypoxia to elucidate the mechanisms of action of L-arginine and the NO synthase inhibitor L-NNA before or after exposure to lead nitrate. Results: Our study suggests that the redistribution of oxygen-dependent processes towards mitochondrial processes under the influence of the nitric oxide precursor amino acid L-arginine is an important mechanism for maintaining mitochondrial respiratory chain function during per os lead nitrate exposure (3.6 mg lead nitrate/kg bw per day for 30 days). Animals were given L-arginine at a dose of 600 mg/kg bw (i.p., 30 min) before and after exposure to lead nitrate or the NO synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) at a dose of 35 mg/kg bw (i.p., 30 min) before and after exposure to lead nitrate. Our experiments demonstrated the efficacy of using lead nitrate to simulate lead-related toxic processes via Pb levels in liver tissue; we demonstrated significantly reduced levels of nitrites and nitrates, i.e. stable metabolites of the nitric oxide system, in both LR and HR animals. The effect of the amino acid L-arginine stabilised the negative effects of lead nitrate exposure in both groups of LR and HR rats. We observed the efficiency of mitochondrial energy supply processes and showed a greater vulnerability of NADH-dependent oxidation during lead nitrate exposure in the liver of HR rats. Conclusion: L-arginine initiated the processes of oxidation of NADH-dependent substrates in the LR group, whereas in the HR group this directionality of processes was more effective when the role of the nitric oxide system was reduced (use of L-NNA). Our study of key antioxidant enzyme activities in rat liver tissue during lead nitrate exposure revealed changes in the catalase-peroxidase activity ratio. We found different activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissue of rats treated with lead nitrate and L-arginine or L-NNA, with a significant increase in GPx activity in the LR group when L-arginine was administered both before and after exposure to lead nitrate.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Responses to dietary nitrate can vary between individuals.
“However, responses can vary between individuals [45,46].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [46]
Cites
Bradford, M. M. (1976) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 · Cited by 255,302 · see citing works
Baltosser, W. H., & Zar, J. H. (1996) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/2265725 · Cited by 35,166 · see citing works
[30] Microsomal lipid peroxidation
Buege, J. A., & Aust, S. D. (1978) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(78)52032-6 · Cited by 13,437 · see citing works
Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids
Green, L. C., Wagner, D. A., Glogowski, J. A., Skipper, P. L., Wishnok, J. S., & Tannenbaum, S. R. (1982) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(82)90118-x · Cited by 12,089 · see citing works
Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and Their Toxicological Effects on Humans
Briffa, J., Sinagra, E., & Blundell, R. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04691 · Cited by 4,402 · see citing works
Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic
Balali‐Mood, M., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M. R., & Sadeghi, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.643972 · Cited by 3,154 · see citing works
[38] Oxidative damage to proteins: Spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay
Reznick, A. Z., & Packer, L. (1994) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(94)33041-7 · Cited by 2,455 · see citing works
Lu, S. C.-L. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.008 · Cited by 2,192 · see citing works
Regulation of glutathione synthesis
Lu, S. C.-L. (2008) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2008.05.005 · Cited by 2,131 · see citing works
Roles of vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Förstermann, U., Xia, N., & Li, H. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.309326 · Cited by 1,519 · see citing works
Jan, A. T., Azam, M., Siddiqui, K., Ali, A., Choi, I., & Haq, Q. M. R. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms161226183 · Cited by 1,252 · see citing works
Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease—A Systematic Review
Navas‐Acién, A., Güallar, E., Silbergeld, E. K., & Rothenberg, S. J. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9785 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Brown, G. C., & Cooper, C. E. (1994) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)01290-3 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Nitric oxide signaling in health and disease
Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.010 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide and Endothelial Dysfunction
Cyr, A. R., Huckaby, L. V., Shiva, S. S., & Zuckerbraun, B. S. (2020) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2019.12.009 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Pb Neurotoxicity: Neuropsychological Effects of Lead Toxicity
Koehl, L., Harp, J. P., & Han, D. Y. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/840547 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Renu, K., Chakraborty, R., Myakala, H., Koti, R., Famurewa, A. C., Madhyastha, H., Vellingiri, B., George, A., & Gopalakrishnan, A. V. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129735 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Antioxidant nutrients and lead toxicity
Hsu, P. (2002) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00380-3 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
The detrimental effects of lead on human and animal health
Assi, M. A., Noor, M. H. M., Haron, A. W., Sabri, M. Y., & Rajion, M. A. (2016) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Lee, J.-W., Choi, H., Hwang, U.-K., Kang, J., Kang, Y. J., Kim, K. I., & Kim, J. (2019) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.010 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lead Exposure during Lifespan: Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity
Ortega, D. R., González‐Esquivel, D. F., Ayala, T. B., Pineda, B., Gómez‐Manzo, S., Marcial‐Quino, J., Carrillo-Mora, P. U., & de la Cruz, V. P. (2021) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics9020023 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular toxicity of lead in bone.
Pounds, J. G., Long, G. J., & Rosen, J. F. (1991) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.919117 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Glatzle, D., Vuilleumier, J. P., Weber, F., & Decker, K. (1974) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01921531 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite Interactions with Mitochondria
Radí, R., Cassina, A., & Hodara, R. (2002) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/bc.2002.044 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
A Review of Metal Exposure and Its Effects on Bone Health
Rodríguez, J., & Mandalunis, P. M. (2018) · Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1155/2018/4854152 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Lead (Pb) Exposure Enhances Expression of Factors Associated with Inflammation
Metryka, E., Chibowska, K., Gutowska, I., Falkowska, A., Kupnicka, P., Barczak, K., Chlubek, D., & Baranowska‐Bosiacka, I. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061813 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
SAKAI, T. (2000) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.38.127 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Nitric oxide and mitochondrial respiration in the heart
Brown, G. C., & Borutaite, V. (2007) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.03.022 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Reaction of Oxygen with the Respiratory Chain in Cells and Tissues
Chance, B. (1965) · The Journal of General Physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.49.1.163 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity
Virgolini, M. B., & Aschner, M. (2021) · Advances in neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/bs.ant.2020.11.002 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Analysis of lead toxicity in human cells
Gillis, B. S., Arbieva, Z. H., & Gavin, I. M. (2012) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-344 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Haswell, M., Satarug, S., Tsuda, M., Mairiang, E., Esumi, H., Sithithaworn, P., Mairiang, P., Saitoh, M., Yongvanit, P., & Elkins, D. B. (1994) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/0027-5107(94)90244-5 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Stewart, V. C., Sharpe, M. A., Clark, J. B., & Heales, S. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750694.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure
Rastogi, S. (2008) · Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.4103/0019-5278.44689 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Abnormalities in nitric oxide and its derivatives in lung cancer
Masri, F. A., Comhair, S. A. A., Koeck, T., Xu, W., Janocha, A., Ghosh, S., Dweik, R. A., Golish, J., Kinter, M., Stuehr, D. J., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200411-1523oc · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Carmignani, M., Volpe, A. R., BOSCOLO, P., Qiao, N., Gioacchino, M. D., Grilli, A., & Felaco, M. (2000) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00954-1 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Szlas, A., Kurek, J. M., & Krejpcio, Z. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14050961 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Galkin, A. S., Higgs, A., & Moncada, S. (2007) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0430029 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
El-Sheikh, N. M., & Khalil, F. A. (2010) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.039 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dzhalilova, D. S., Kosyreva, A. M., Diatroptov, M. E., Ponomarenko, E. A., Цветков, И. С., Zolotova, N. A., Аршакович, М. В., Khochanskiy, D. N., & Makarova, O. V. (2019) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s194581 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Jurczuk, M., Moniuszko-Jakoniuk, J., & Brzoska, M. M. (2005) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.022 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hepatic Aminopyrine N-Demethylase System: Further Studies of Assay Procedure
Matsubara, T., Touchi, A., & TOCHINO, Y. (1977) · The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1254/jjp.27.127 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Polarographic observation of substrate‐level phosphorylation and its stimulation by acetylcholine
Kondrashova, M. N., & Doliba, N. M. (1989) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(89)80119-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of L-arginine in Clinical Conditions Associated with Hypoxia
Kurhaluk, N. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098205 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationNitric oxide and its role in exercise physiology
Oral, O. (2021) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11640-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dietary supplements for improving nitric-oxide synthesis
Bonetti, G., Kiani, A. K., Medori, M. C., Caruso, P., Manganotti, P., Fioretti, F., Nodari, S., Connelly, S., & Bertelli, M. (2022) · Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2766 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mironova, G. D., Shigaeva, M. I., Gritsenko, E. N., Murzaeva, S. V., Горбачева, О. С., Germanova, E. L., & Lukyanova, L. D. (2010) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-010-9316-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Shaban, N. Z., Abdelrahman, S. A., Elkersh, M. A., Mogahed, F. A. K., Talaat, I. M., & Habashy, N. H. (2020) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03056-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Individual Ageing
Kurhaluk, N. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14030260 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationWisniewski, J. A., Moody, D. E., Hammock, B. D., & Shull, L. R. (1987) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas1987.641210x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Defense systems to avoid ferroptosis caused by lipid peroxidation-mediated membrane damage
Fujii, J., & Yamada, K. (2023) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715762.2023.2244155 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Devóz, P. P., dos Reis, M. B., Gomes, W. R., Maraslis, F. T., Ribeiro, D. L., Antunes, L. M. G., Batista, B. L., Grotto, D., Reis, R. M., Barbosa, F., et al. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128758 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Advances in nitric oxide regulators for the treatment of ischemic stroke
Wu, J., Jia, J., Ji, D., Jiao, W., Huang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115912 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sharma, S., Raghuvanshi, B. P. S., & Shukla, S. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Pathology Toxicology and Oncology · doi:10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2014009712 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Belosludtsev, K. N., Dubinin, M. V., Talanov, E. Y., Starinets, V. S., Tenkov, K. S., Zakharova, N. M., & Belosludtseva, N. V. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10010114 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Li, M., Qin, J., Xiong, K., Jiang, B., & Zhang, T. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/07388551.2021.1947962 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Impact of nitric oxide in liver cancer microenvironment
Barbeito, S. D., González, R., Cadenas, M., García, L. F., Víctor, V. M., Padillo, F. J., & Muntané, J. (2022) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2022.07.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kurhaluk, N., Lukash, O., Nosar, V. I., Portnychenko, A. G., Портніченко, В. І., Wszędybył-Winklewska, M., & Winklewski, P. J. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2018-0642 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationLukyanova, L. D., Germanova, E. L., Khmil, N. V., Pavlik, L. L., Mikheeva, I. B., Shigaeva, M. I., & Mironova, G. D. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22168636 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effect of acute and chronic lead exposure on the level of sulfhydryl groups in rat brain
Dąbrowska‐Bouta, B., Strużyńska, L., & Rafałowska, U. (1996) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-1996-1125 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide as a Determinant of Human Longevity and Health Span
Poeggeler, B., Singh, K. S., Sambamurti, K., & Pappolla, M. A. (2023) · doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0213.v1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide as a Determinant of Human Longevity and Health Span
Pöeggeler, B., Singh, S. K., Sambamurti, K., & Pappolla, M. A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241914533 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Redlining and Lead Poisoning: Causes and Consequences
Karp, R. J. (2023) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2023.0028 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ткаченко, Г. М., Kurhaluk, N., Kasiyan, O., & Kamiński, P. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40201-021-00647-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of intermittent normobaric hypoxia on kinetic properties of mitochondrial enzymes
Lukyanova, L. D., Dudchenko, A. M., Tsybina, T. A., Germanova, E. L., Tkachuk, E., & Erenburg, I. (2007) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-007-0434-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dzhalilova, D. S., Kosyreva, A. M., Diatroptov, M. E., Zolotova, N. A., Цветков, И. С., Аршакович, М. В., Makarova, O. V., & Khochanskiy, D. N. (2019) · International Journal of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2019/7584685 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bayanov, A., & Brunt, A. R. (1999) · General Pharmacology The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/s0306-3623(98)00288-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kurhaluk, N. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad131 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationKurhaluk, N., Ткаченко, Г. М., & Лукаш, О. В. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1939364 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of L-arginine Against Lead Toxicity in Liver of Rats with Different Resistance to Hypoxia
Ткаченко, Г. М., & Kurchalyuk, N. (2011) · Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Park, H., Azzara, D., Cohen, E. D., Boomhower, S. R., Diwadkar, A. R., Himes, B. E., O’Reilly, M. A., & Lu, Q. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132906 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ткаченко, Г. М., Kurhalyuk, N., Khabrovska, L., & Kamiński, P. (2007) · Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular and phenotypic distinctions of macrophages in tolerant and susceptible to hypoxia rats
Dzhalilova, D. S., Kosyreva, A. M., Lokhonina, А. V., Цветков, И. С., Vishnyakova, P., Makarova, O. V., & Fatkhudinov, T. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16052 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kurhaluk, N., Лукаш, О. В., & Tkaczenko, H. (2023) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.33594/000000669 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDzhalilova, D. S., Silina, M. V., Kosyreva, A. M., Tsvetkov, I. S., & Makarova, O. V. (2023) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.47056/0365-9615-2023-175-5-650-656 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kurhaluk, N., & Tkaczenko, H. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17040665 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationKurhaluk, N., Kołodziejska, R., Kamiński, P., & Ткаченко, Г. М. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311706 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationKurhaluk, N., & Ткаченко, Г. М. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15030444 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic network remodeling through PxJHE modulates temperature adaptation in a cosmopolitan insect
Lei, G., Zhou, H., Yu, G., Miao, X., Zhang, Y., Ma, Z., Duan, Y., Chen, Y., Yao, F., Vasseur, L., et al. (2025) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2025.104348 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dzhalilova, D. S., Silina, M. V., Kosyreva, A. M., Fokichev, N., & Makarova, O. V. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.19024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kurhaluk, N., Kołodziejska, R., Buyun, L., Kamiński, P., & Tkaczenko, H. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27083461 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationKirillova, M., Dzhalilova, D. S., Zubareva, M., Fokichev, N., & Makarova, O. V. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13123022
- Authors
- Institute of Biology, P. U. I. S., Tkaczenko, H., Lukash, O., Kamiński, P., & Kurhaluk, N.
- Affiliations
- Uniwersytet Pomorski w Słupsku (PL)
- Nicolaus Copernicus University (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Kurhaluk, Natalia
- Venue
- Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry
- Published
- 2024-07-30
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 336-360
- ISSN
- 1015-8987 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9778
- OpenAlex
- W4401113200
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- L-arginine, L-NNA, lead nitrate, lead toxicity, hypoxia tolerance, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase inhibition, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, microsomal oxidation, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase, liver, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hypoxia, Arginine, Catalase, Lead, Liver, Male, Mitochondria, Liver, Nitrates, Oxygen Consumption, Lipid Peroxidation, Rats, Wistar, Nitroarginine, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
