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Cited by 87

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 244 of the 244 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review

Loh, Zhi Hung, Ouwerkerk, Diane, Klieve, Athol V., Hungerford, Natasha L., Fletcher, Mary T.·2020·Toxins
DOI 10.3390/toxins12100664PMC PMC7590051
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Abstract

Animal feeds may contain exogenous compounds that can induce toxicity when ruminants ingest them. These toxins are secondary metabolites originating from various sources including plants, bacteria, algae and fungi. Animal feed toxins are responsible for various animal poisonings which negatively impact the livestock industry. Poisoning is more frequently reported in newly exposed, naïve ruminants while ‘experienced’ ruminants are observed to better tolerate toxin-contaminated feed. Ruminants can possess detoxification ability through rumen microorganisms with the rumen microbiome able to adapt to utilise toxic secondary metabolites. The ability of rumen microorganisms to metabolise these toxins has been used as a basis for the development of preventative probiotics to confer resistance against the poisoning to naïve ruminants. In this review, detoxification of various toxins, which include plant toxins, cyanobacteria toxins and plant-associated fungal mycotoxins, by rumen microorganisms is discussed. The review will include clinical studies of the animal poisoning caused by these toxins, the toxin mechanism of action, toxin degradation by rumen microorganisms, reported and hypothesised detoxification mechanisms and identified toxin metabolites with their toxicity compared to their parent toxin. This review highlights the commercial potential of rumen inoculum derived probiotics as viable means of improving ruminant health and production.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/toxins12100664

Cites

244 of 244 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Proposed metabolite degradation pathway of mimosine (adapted from [111]).
Figure 1 Proposed metabolite degradation pathway of mimosine (adapted from [111]).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Proposed degradation pathway of (i) A-DABA and (ii) DAPA(adapted from [64]).
Figure 2 Proposed degradation pathway of (i) A-DABA and (ii) DAPA(adapted from [64]).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Chemical structure of β-ODAP.
Figure 3 Chemical structure of β-ODAP.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Hydrolysis pathway of indospicine (adapted from [67]).
Figure 4 Hydrolysis pathway of indospicine (adapted from [67]).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Retronecine/Heliotrine-type PA metabolism (adapted from [159]).
Figure 5 Retronecine/Heliotrine-type PA metabolism (adapted from [159]).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Proposed metabolic pathway of heliotrine degradation (adapted from [75]).
Figure 6 Proposed metabolic pathway of heliotrine degradation (adapted from [75]).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Chemical structures of (i) ingenol and (ii) ingenol-20-dodecanoate, 3-acetate.
Figure 7 Chemical structures of (i) ingenol and (ii) ingenol-20-dodecanoate, 3-acetate.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Chemical structure of microcystin-LR.
Figure 8 Chemical structure of microcystin-LR.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Trichothecene structures of Type A–D.
Figure 9 Trichothecene structures of Type A–D.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 Proposed metabolic pathways of (i) NIV and (ii) DON degradation.
Figure 10 Proposed metabolic pathways of (i) NIV and (ii) DON degradation.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 Proposed T-2 toxin and T-2 metabolite degradation pathway (adapted from [86]).
Figure 11 Proposed T-2 toxin and T-2 metabolite degradation pathway (adapted from [86]).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Proposed metabolic pathway of scirpentriol degradation (adapted from [86]).
Figure 12 Proposed metabolic pathway of scirpentriol degradation (adapted from [86]).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 13 Metabolism and toxicity mode of action of AFB1 [222].
Figure 13 Metabolism and toxicity mode of action of AFB1 [222].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 14 Proposed metabolites of AFB1 degradation (adapted from [87]).
Figure 14 Proposed metabolites of AFB1 degradation (adapted from [87]).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 15 Proposed detoxification pathway of OTA in the rumen.
Figure 15 Proposed detoxification pathway of OTA in the rumen.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 16 Chemical structure of fumonisin B1.
Figure 16 Chemical structure of fumonisin B1.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Show all 244 references

Research works printed but not linked: 15

  1. Jeganathan, 1953, Toxic effects of feeding Indigofera endecaphylla (Jacq.) to calves, Ceylon Vet. J., 1, 83
  2. Peng, 2000, Isolation of ODAP-degrading bacteria from the sheep rumen, Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsletter, Volume 1, 33
  3. Gray, 1968, A review of research on Leucaena leucocephala, Trop. Grassl., 2, 19
  4. Rasmussen, M.A., Foster, J.G., and Allison, M.J. (1992). Lathyrus sylvestris (flatpea) toxicity in sheep and ruminal metabolism of flatpea neurolathyrogens. Poisonous Plants: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Iowa State University Press.
  5. Liu, 1989, Toxicological study on grass pea vine (Lathyrus sativus L.) and its toxic-component BOAA, Sci. Agric. Sin., 22, 86
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  8. Hegarty, 1986, Toxic amino acids in foods of animals and man, Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust., 11, 73
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  10. De Wolfe, R.H. (1975). Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions of Amidines, John Wiley & Sons.
  11. Richardson, K., Kelly, W., Reil, M., Waterman, R., and Lodge-Ivey, S. (2006, January 21–23). Effects of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) on ruminant gas production and in vitro digestion. Proceedings of the Western Section American Society of Animal Science, Logan, UT, USA.
  12. Binder, E., Heidler, D., Schatzmayr, G., Thimm, N., Fuchs, E., Schuh, M., Krska, R., and Binder, J. (2000). Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins in animal feed. Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective at the Turn of the Millennium, Proceedings of the 10th International IUPAC Symposium, Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Garujà, Brazil, 21–25 May 2000, RIVM.
  13. Diaz, D.E. (2005). The Mycotoxin Blue Book, Nottingham University Press. [1st ed.].
  14. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2004). Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants in Food, Proceedings of the 56th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), World Health Organization.
  15. Krogh, P. (1987). Ochratoxin A in Food, Academic Press.

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Metadata

Authors
Loh, Z. H., Ouwerkerk, D., Klieve, A. V., Hungerford, N. L., & Fletcher, M. T.
Affiliations
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
ORCID
Venue
Toxins
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-10-20
Volume
12
Issue
10
Pages
664
ISSN
2072-6651
DOI
10.3390/toxins12100664
PMC
PMC7590051
Cited by
87
References
244
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Meat and Livestock Australia (B.GBP.0023)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/toxins12100664
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Loh, Z. H., Ouwerkerk, D., Klieve, A. V., Hungerford, N. L., & Fletcher, M. T. (2020). Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review. Toxins. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100664

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