The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Challenges of Storage and Stability of mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines
Open accessAbstract
In December 2019, a new and highly pathogenic coronavirus emerged—coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), quickly spread throughout the world. In response to this global pandemic, a few vaccines were allowed for emergency use, beginning in November 2020, of which the mRNA-based vaccines by Moderna (Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA) and BioNTech (BioTech, Mainz, Germany)/Pfizer (Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) have been identified as the most effective ones. The mRNA platform allowed rapid development of vaccines, but their global use is limited by ultracold storage requirements. Most resource-poor countries do not have cold chain storage to execute mass vaccination. Therefore, determining strategies to increase stability of mRNA-based vaccines in relatively higher temperatures can be a game changer to address the current global pandemic and upcoming new waves. In this review, we summarized the current research strategies to enhance stability of the RNA vaccine delivery system.
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In the citing paper
“The degradation of mRNA in the presence of water, attributed to oxidation and hydrolysis43, required mRNA vaccines to be stored and transported at subzero temperatures.”
From An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“For instance, the mRNA-1273 vaccine from Moderna maintains its effectiveness for six months at −20 °C, whereas the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine from BioNTech is maintained for six months when stored at −60 to −80 °C. Conversely, the CVnCoV vaccine from CureVac can be stored at −60 °C for three months.”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [469]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, existing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines undoubtedly require storage under ultra-low temperatures.469”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [469]
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Citations
Cites
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592 · cited 4×
“Both Moderna and Pfizer modified the mRNA encoding viral spike protein by replacing natural residues with two consecutive prolines at amino acid positions K986 and V987 for their COVID-19 vaccines [5,6,8].”
BackgroundInfluentialEfficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
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COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses
Sahin, U., Muik, A., Derhovanessian, E., Vogler, I., Kranz, L. M., Vormehr, M., Baum, A., Pascal, K., Quandt, J., Maurus, D., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7 · Cited by 1,977
mRNA-lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines: structure and stability
Schoenmaker, L., Witzigmann, D., Kulkarni, J. A., Verbeke, R., Kersten, G., Jiskoot, W., & Crommelin, D. J. A. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120586 · Cited by 1,566
The Many Pathways of RNA Degradation
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Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals
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Optimization of lipid nanoparticles for intramuscular administration of mRNA vaccines
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A thermostable mRNA vaccine against COVID-19
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Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-Based Vaccines
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Circular RNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants
Qu, L., Yi, Z., Shen, Y., Lin, L., Chen, F., Xu, Y., Wu, Z., Tang, H., Zhang, X., Tian, F., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435594 · Cited by 636
Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development
Fang, E., Liu, X., Li, M., Zhang, Z., Song, L., Zhu, B., Wu, X., Liu, J., Zhao, D., & Li, Y. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00950-y · Cited by 601
The Storage and In-Use Stability of mRNA Vaccines and Therapeutics: Not A Cold Case
Blenke, E. O., Örnskov, E., Schöneich, C., Nilsson, G. Å., Volkin, D. B., Mastrobattista, E., Almarsson, Ö., & Crommelin, D. J. A. (2022) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.001 · Cited by 221
Lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery in cancer treatment
Moukhtari, S. H. E., Garbayo, E., Amundarain, A., Pascual‐Gil, S., Carrasco‐Leon, A., Prósper, F., Agirre, X., & Blanco‐Prieto, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.054 · Cited by 221
Delivery Strategies for mRNA Vaccines
Ramachandran, S., Satapathy, S. R., & Dutta, T. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40290-021-00417-5 · Cited by 191
Metadata
- Authors
- Uddin, M. N., & Roni, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Mercer University (US)
- Peoria campus of the University of Illinois System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roni, Monzurul A.
- Venue
- Vaccines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-09-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1033
- ISSN
- 2076-393X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8473088
- OpenAlex
- W3200035370
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 6.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Keywords
- mRNA vaccines, COVID-19 vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine stability, cold chain storage, storage temperature, vaccine delivery systems, mRNA degradation, resource-poor countries, mass vaccination
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