The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation.
Open accessAbstract
The available potential energy of the atmosphere may be defined as the difference between the total potential energy and the minimum total potential energy which could result from any adiabatic redistribution of mass. It vanishes if the density stratification is horizontal and statically stable everywhere, and is positive otherwise. It is measured approximately by a weighted vertical average of the horizontal variance of temperature. In magnitude it is generally about ten times the total kinetic energy, but less than one per cent of the total potential energy. Under adiabatic flow the sum of the available potential energy and the kinetic energy is conserved, but large increases in available potential energy are usually accompanied by increases in kinetic energy, and therefore involve nonadiabatic effects. Available potential energy may be partitioned into zonal and eddy energy by an analysis of variance of the temperature field. The zonal form may be converted into the eddy form by an eddy-transport of sensible heat toward colder latitudes, while each form may be converted into the corresponding form of kinetic energy. The general circulation is characterized by a conversion of zonal available potential energy, which is generated by low-latitude heating and high-latitude cooling, to eddy available potential energy, to eddy kinetic energy, to zonal kinetic energy.
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“But the limited thermodynamic efficiency of atmospheres allows only a fraction of the total atmospheric energy uptake to be used to generate eddy kinetic energy (Lorenz 1955;Peixoto and Oort 1992).”
From Mechanisms of Jet Formation on the Giant Planets (2010) · cites this paper as Lorenz 1955
Citations
Cites
IV. On the dynamical theory of incompressible viscous fluids and the determination of the criterion
Reynolds, O. (1895) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (A ) · doi:10.1098/rsta.1895.0004 · Cited by 1,444
ON THE WIND-DRIVEN OCEAN CIRCULATION
Munk, W. H. (1950) · Journal of Meteorology · doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1950)007 · Cited by 926
DYNAMIC INSTABILITY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL NONDIVERGENT FLOW IN A BAROTROPIC ATMOSPHERE
Kuo, H.-L. (1949) · Journal of Meteorology · doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1949)006 · Cited by 464
Rossby, C. ‐. (1947) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/1520-0477-28.2.53 · Cited by 105
Note Concerning the Nature of the Large-Scale Eddies in the Atmosphere
Starr, V. P. (1953) · Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography · doi:10.3402/tellusa.v5i4.8694 · Cited by 59
A Note on the Kinetic Energy Balance of the Zonal Wind Systems
Kuo, H. L. (1951) · Tellus · doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1951.tb00799.x · Cited by 38
Balance Requirements for the General Circulation
Wallace, J. M., Battisti, D. S., Thompson, D. W. J., & Hartmann, D. L. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108563857.005 · Cited by 32
A Note on the Kinetic Energy Balance of the Zonal Wind Systems
Kuo, H. L. (1951) · Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography · doi:10.3402/tellusa.v3i3.8626 · Cited by 25
Commentaries Concerning Research on the General Circulation
Starr, V. P. (1954) · Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography · doi:10.3402/tellusa.v6i3.8735 · Cited by 24
Energy Conversions in the Atmosphere on the Scale of the General Circulation
van Mieghem, J. M. (1952) · Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography · doi:10.3402/tellusa.v4i4.8805 · Cited by 16
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- HAURWITZ, B. 1941: Dynamic Meteorology. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. 365 pp.
- REYNOLDS O., 1894, (A), 186, 123-164.
- ROSSBY C.-G, 1949, J. Meteor, 6, 163
- STARR V. P., 1954, Balance require-ments of the general circulation
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Atmospheric Modeling, Data Assimilation and Predictability
Kalnay, E. (2002) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511802270 · Cited by 3,391
Computational Design of the Basic Dynamical Processes of the UCLA General Circulation Model
Arakawa, A., & Lamb, V. R. (1977) · Methods in computational physics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-460817-7.50009-4 · Cited by 2,089
Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation
Vallis, G. K. (2017) · doi:10.1017/9781107588417 · Cited by 1,891
Propagation of planetary-scale disturbances from the lower into the upper atmosphere
Charney, J. G., & Drazin, P. G. (1961) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jz066i001p00083 · Cited by 1,689
On large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres
Emanuel, K., Neelin, J. D., & Bretherton, C. S. (1994) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.49712051902 · Cited by 874
Metadata
- Authors
- Lorenz, E. N.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lorenz, Edward N.
- Venue
- Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography
- Publisher
- Stockholm University Press
- Published
- 1955-01-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-167
- ISSN
- 0280-6495 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0870
- OpenAlex
- W2086044846
- Cited by
- 1,227
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Keywords
- available potential energy, atmospheric general circulation, potential energy, kinetic energy, eddy kinetic energy, eddy heat transport, temperature variance, density stratification, nonadiabatic processes, high-latitude cooling, energy conversion
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