The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The securitisation of hybrid warfare through practices within the Iran-Israel conflict - Israel's practices to securitize Hezbollah's Proxy War
Open accessAbstract
Iran has been waging a hybrid war against Israel since the Islamic revolution of 1979. In an era when conventional wars have given way to a different method, hybrid warfare, the main challenge facing states is how to deal with this new type of security threat. Thus, while states have previously faced security threats from regular enemy states’ armies, nowadays hybrid warfare in which non-state actors play a key role has become a widespread security threat that requires democratic states to use very different strategies and tactics to overcome it. Using securitisation theory, which explores how normal issues transform into security threats, this article analyses how the State of Israel has securitised Iranian hybrid warfare which has been mainly executed through its proxy terror organisations of Hezbollah. It does so by applying a revised version of the Copenhagen School’s securitisation framework, which focuses on security practices and is underpinned by an understanding of security as belonging to a continuum. The proxy terror organisations have moved towards the end point of the continuum, which is characterised by survival, existential threats, and militarisation, albeit without completely reaching the end point.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hard line factions within the clerical establishment use anti-Israel rhetoric to bolster their legitimacy.They also link domestic cohesion to regional goals, such as resisting Western influence and supporting Palestinian causes (Kaunert & Wertman, 2020).”
From Theoretical Analysis of the Iran and Israel Conflict: Identity, Power, and Ideology (2025) · cites this paper as Kaunert & Wertman, 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, Iran compensates for its weaker conventional military by adopting an asymmetric approach.It relies on proxies like Hezbollah, Hamas, and Shia militias in Iraq and Syria.These groups expand Iran's influence and allow it to challenge Israeli interests indirectly, avoiding direct conflict (Kaunert & Wertman, 2020).”
From Theoretical Analysis of the Iran and Israel Conflict: Identity, Power, and Ideology (2025) · cites this paper as Kaunert & Wertman, 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Policy Tools of Securitization: Information Exchange, EU Foreign and Interior Policies*
BALZACQ, T. (2008) · JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00768.x · Cited by 239
Research works printed but not linked: 29
- 10.1177/030437540503000103 · DOI
- 10.1111/ips.12070 · DOI
- Bachmann, S.D. (2018) ‘The Current Crisis in the Persian Gulf in the Context of Hybrid Warfare’, Australian Defense Force Journal (204), pp. 53–60.
- 10.1177/0047117815596590 · DOI
- 10.4000/conflits.539 · DOI
- Bigo, D. (1998b) ‘L’Europe de la sécurité intérieure: Penser autrement la sécurité’, in Le Gloannec, A.M., (eds.), Entre Union et Nations. L’Etat en Europe. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, pp. 55–90.
- Bigo, D. (2000) ‘When Two Become One: Internal and External Securitizations in Europe’, in Kelstrup, M. and Williams, M. C., (eds.) International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration: Power, Security and Community. London: Routledge, pp. 171–204. · DOI
- Bigo, D. (2001a) ‘Migration and Security’, in Guiraudon, V. and Joppke, C. (eds.) Controlling a New Migration World. London: Routledge, pp. 121–149.
- Bigo, D. (2001b) ‘The Möbius Ribbon of Internal and External Security(ies)’, in Albert, M., Jacobson, D. and Lapid, Y. (eds.) Identities, Borders, Orders: Rethinking International Relations Theory. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp, 91–116.
- 10.1177/03043754020270S105 · DOI
- Buzan, B., Waever, O. and De-Wilde, J. (1998) Security: A New Framework for Analysis. London: Boulder. · DOI · Paper page
- Deep, A. (2015) ‘Hybrid War: Old Concept, New Techniques’, Small Wars Journal. Available at: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/hybrid-war-old-concept-new- techniques (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
- Eilam, E. (2016) Israel’s Future Wars: Military and Political Aspects of Israel’s coming Wars. Washington DC: Westphalia Press.
- Eilam, E. (2019) Containment in the Middle East. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. · DOI
- Ganor, B. (2019) Global Alert: the rationality of modern Islamist terrorism and the challenge to the liberal democratic world. New York: Colombia University Press.
- Jasper, S. and Moreland, S. (2014) ‘The Islamic State is a Hybrid Threat: Why does that matter’, Small Wars Journal, 1(11).
- Katz, Y. (2019) Shadow Strike. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- Leonard, S. and Kaunert, C. (2011) ‘Reconceptualizing the Audience in Securitization Theory’, in Balzacq, T. (ed.) Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 57–76.
- Leonard, S. and Kaunert, C. (2019) Refugees, Security, and the European Union. London and New York: Routledge. · DOI
- Levitt, M. (2013) Hezbollah: the Global Footprint of Lebanon’s Party of God. London: Hurst & Company. · DOI
- 10.1111/misr.12150 · DOI
- 10.1111/fpa.12081 · DOI
- Marcus, R.D. (2018) Israel’s long War with Hezbollah: Military Innovation and Adaption under Fire. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. · DOI
- 10.1080/17449057.2013.773156 · DOI
- 10.1177/1468796813504093 · DOI
- 10.1080/21624887.2018.1427948 · DOI
- Pindjak, P. (2014) ‘Deterring Hybrid Warfare: A Chance for NATO to and the EU to work together’, NATO Review, 18.
- Waever, O. (1995). ‘Securitization and Desecuritization’, in Lipschutz, R.D. (ed.) On Security. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 46–86.
- Waever, O. (2004) ‘Peace and Security: Two Concepts and Their Relationship’, in Guzzini, S. and Jung, D. (eds.) Contemporary Security Analysis and Copenhagen Peace Research. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 53–66. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Theoretical Analysis of the Iran and Israel Conflict: Identity, Power, and Ideology
Siddiqi, M. U., & Windy Khairunnisa, B. (2025) · Journal of Islamic Civilization and Culture Review · doi:10.58524/jiccr.v1i1.21
Metadata
- Authors
- Kaunert, C., & Wertman, O.
- Affiliations
- University of South Wales (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kaunert, Christian
- Venue
- Security and Defence Quarterly
- Publisher
- War Studies University
- Published
- 2020-12-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 99-114
- ISSN
- 2300-8741 (ISSN-L)
- 2544-994X
- OpenAlex
- W3112379550
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Security and Defence Quarterly (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Global Security and Public Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies
- Keywords
- securitization, hybrid warfare, Iran-Israel conflict, Hezbollah, proxy wars, security practices, Copenhagen School, existential risk, militarization, non-state actors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The securitisation of hybrid warfare through practices within the Iran-Israel conflict - Israel's practices to securitize Hezbollah's Proxy War. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.35467/sdq/130866
- The paper
- Kaunert, C., & Wertman, O. (2020). The securitisation of hybrid warfare through practices within the Iran-Israel conflict - Israel's practices to securitize Hezbollah's Proxy War. Security and Defence Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/130866
