A lateral masking effect in tactile and blurred visual letter recognition
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Spatial localization accuracy is at least an order of magnitude poorer for haptics than for vision.
“Spatial localization accuracy is at least an order of magnitude poorer for haptics than for vision (Apkarian-Stielau & Loomis, 1975; Loomis & Apkarian-Stielau, 1976).”
From Designing sensory-substitution devices: Principles, pitfalls and potential1 (2016) · cites this paper as Loomis & Apkarian-Stielau, 1976
The Apparatus section gives rough spatial-resolution measurements for touch on the back and deliberately blurred vision, while the Discussion describes their resolution under those conditions as approximately equal. Neither section reports spatial localization accuracy or establishes an order-of-magnitude difference between haptics and vision. Searches for localization accuracy and a tenfold tactile–visual comparison found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137 · see citing works
Iversen, G. R., & Norpoth, H. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_117 · Cited by 1,515 · see citing works
Marshall, N. J. (1969) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.32.6.639 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Brain mechanisms in sensory substitution
Bach‐y‐Rita, P. (1972) · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Tactile Television¿Mechanical and Electrical Image Projection
Collins, C. C. (1970) · IEEE Transactions on Man Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/tmms.1970.299964 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Effects of Double Simultaneous Stimulation of the Skin
Sherrick, C. E. (1964) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419270 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Tactile letter recognition under different modes of stimulus presentation
Loomis, J. M. (1974) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203960 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationVibrotactile difference thresholds for intensity and the effect of a masking stimulus
Craig, J. C. (1974) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03205839 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Vibrotactile masking: Some spatial and temporal aspects
Gilson, R. D. (1969) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03209553 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Weber, E. (1966) · Biometrische Zeitschrift · doi:10.1002/bimj.19660080313 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Vibrotactile letter recognition: The effects of a ma king stimulus
Craig, J. C. (1976) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03199412 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A comparison of tactile and blurred visual form perception
Apkarian-Stielau, P., & Loomis, J. M. (1975) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211213 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationTemporal aspects of cutaneous interaction with two-point electrical stimulation.
Schmid, E. (1961) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043334 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Criterion shifts in the measurement of tactile masking
Gescheider, G. A., Herman, D. D., & Phillips, J. N. (1970) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03207041 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Modeling a tactile sensory register
Hill, J. W., & Bliss, J. C. (1968) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03209516 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Inhibitory interaction of responses to electrical stimuli in the fingers.
Uttal, W. (1960) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0038422 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tactile perception of sequentially presented spatial patterns
Bliss, J. C., Crane, H. D., Link, S. W., & Townsend, J. T. (1966) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210042 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Vibrotactile masking: Effects of multiple maskers
Gilson, R. D. (1969) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03209554 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Recent research in cutaneous sensitivity: II. Touch and the neural basis of the skin senses.
Jenkins, W. L., & Stone, L. J. (1941) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0051636 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Scadden, L. A. (1971) · Scholarly Commons (University of the Pacific) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- CRAIG. J. C. Pictorial and abstract cutaneous displays. In F. A. Geldard (Ed.), Cutaneous communication systems and devices. Austin, Tex: Psychonomic Society. 1974. (a)
- GILSON. R. D. Vibratory masking. In F. A. Geldard (Ed.), Cutaneous communication systems and devices. Austin, Tex: Psychonomic Society, 1974.
- ROLLMAN, G. B. Electrocutaneous stimulation. In F. A. Geldard (Ed.), Cutaneous communication systems and devices. Austin, Tex: Psychonomic Society, 1974.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Learning non-visual graphical information using a touch-based vibro-audio interface
Giudice, N. A., Palani, H. P., Brenner, E., & Kramer, K. M. (2012) · Proceedings of the 14th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility · doi:10.1145/2384916.2384935 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Designing sensory-substitution devices: Principles, pitfalls and potential1
Kristjánsson, Á., Moldoveanu, A., Jóhannesson, Ó. I., Balan, O., Spagnol, S., Valgeirsdóttir, V. V., & Unnthorsson, R. (2016) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-160647 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Spatial localization accuracy is at least an order of magnitude poorer for haptics than for vision (Apkarian-Stielau & Loomis, 1975; Loomis & Apkarian-Stielau, 1976).”
BackgroundOn the tangibility of letters and braille
Loomis, J. M. (1981) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03198838 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationLoomis, J. M. (1981) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p100005 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationLateral masking in foveal and eccentric vision
Loomis, J. M. (1978) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(78)90168-2 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationVibrotactile Pattern Perception: Extraordinary Observers
Craig, J. C. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.850791 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Vibrotactile masking: A comparison of energy and pattern maskers
Craig, J. C. (1982) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204184 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The letter-frequency effect and the generality of familiarity effects on perception
Appelman, I. B., & Mayzner, M. S. (1981) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204839 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Vibrotactile masking: Temporal integration, persistence, and strengths of representations
Evans, P. M. (1987) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03207983 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Temporal integration and vibrotactile backward masking.
Evans, P. M., & Craig, J. C. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.12.2.160 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tactile letter recognition: Pattern duration and modes of pattern generation
Craig, J. C. (1981) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03202007 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A Confusion matrix for tactually presented letters
Craig, J. C. (1979) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204167 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Tactile recognition of raised characters: A parametric study
Loomis, J. M. (1985) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03329767 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual training after long term deprivation: A case report
Apkarian, P. A. (1983) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207458309148647 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Spatial factors in the perceived intensity of vibrotactile patterns.
Cholewiak, R. W. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Interference in localizing tactile stimuli
Craig, J. C. (1989) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204949 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Some Factors Affecting Tactile Pattern Recognition
Craig, J. C. (1983) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207458309148645 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Loomis, J. M. (1993) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211753 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of location on the discrimination of spatial vibrotactile patterns
Horner, D. T. (1995) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213072 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vision is superior to touch in shape perception even with equivalent peripheral input
Cho, Y., Craig, J. C., Hsiao, S. S., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00654.2015 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The effect of shape and location on temporal masking of spatial vibrotactile patterns
Horner, D. T. (1997) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03214212 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Perceptual processing at adjacent location son a single finger: Masking and response competition
Horner, D. T. (2000) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212155 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sensory Substitution: Visual Information via Haptics
Brooks, J., Kristjansson, A. K., & Unnþórsson, R. (2023) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3068-6_14 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Toet, A., Groen, E. L., Oosterbeek, M., & Hooge, I. T. C. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.776121 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sherrick, C. E. (1982) · Contributions to sensory physiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-151806-6.50007-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
(1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-303040-5.50037-4
- Authors
- Loomis, J. M., & Apkarian-Stielau, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Venue
- Perception & Psychophysics
- Published
- 1976-07
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 221-226
- ISSN
- 0031-5117 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5962
- OpenAlex
- W1972920182
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Perception & Psychophysics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- lateral masking, vibrotactile stimulation, spatial separation, multisensory integration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review