Cited by 733Visual perception and processing mechanismsVisual Attention and Saliency DetectionFace Recognition and Perception

Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction

Open access
Simons, Daniel J., Levin, Daniel T.·1998·Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3758/bf03208840

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Change blindness studies show that when someone's view of a person is occluded for a second or two, he or she may not realize that a new person has taken the place of the original one, even as the conversation continues.

    “Studies show that, when someone's view of a person is occluded for a second or two, he or she may not realize that a new person has taken the place of the original one, even as the conversation continues (Simons and Levine 1998).”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. ARNHEIM, R. (1966). Film as art. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1933)
  2. BRIDGEMAN, B., & MAYER, M. (1983). Failure to integrate visual infor- mation from successive fixations. Bulletin ofthe Psychonomic Soci- ety, 21, 285-286.
  3. GRIMES, J. (1996). On the failure to detect changes in scenes across sac- cades. In K. Akins (Ed.), Perception: Vol. 2. Vancouv;r studies in cognitive science (pp. 89-1 10). New York: Oxford University Press.
  4. HOCHBERG, J. (1986). Representation of motion and space in video and cinematic displays. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & 1. P.Thomas (Eds.), Handbook ofperception and human performance: Vol. 1. Sensory processes and perception (pp. 22.21-22.64). New York: Wiley.
  5. JUDD, C. M., & PARK, B. (1988). Out-group homogeneity: Judgments of variability at the individual and group levels. Journal ofPersonality & Social Psychology, 54, 778-788.
  6. LEVIN, D. T (1996). Classifying faces by race: The structure of face categories. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: Leaning, Memory, & Cognition, 22, 1364-1382.
  7. LEVIN, D. T, & SIMONS, D. J. (1997). Failure to detect changes to at- tended objects in motion pictures. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4,501-506.
  8. LINVILLE, P. W, FISCHER, G. W, & SALOVEY, P. (1989). Perceived dis- tributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members: Empirical evidence and a computer simulation. Journal ofPersonality & Social Psychology, 57, 165-188.
  9. LOFTUS, E. E (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  10. MCCONKIE, G. W., & CURRIE, C. B. (1996). Visual stability across sac- CHANGE DETECTION 649 cades while viewing complex pictures. Journal ofExperimental Psy- chology: Human Perception & Performance, 22, 563-581.
  11. RAYNER, K., & POLLATSEK, A. (1992). Eye movements and scene per- ception. Canadian Journal ofPsychology, 46, 342-376.
  12. ROTHBART, M., & JOHN,O. P. (1985). Social categorization and behav- ioral episodes: A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup con- tact. Journal ofSocial Issues, 41, 81-104.
  13. TARR, M. J., & AGINSKY, V.(1996, July). From objects to scenes: Spec- ulations on similarities and differences. Paper presented at the Scene Recognition Workshop, Max-Planck-Institut fiir Biologische Kyber- netik, Tiibingen.
  14. TREISMAN, A (1993). The perception of features and objects. In A. Bad- deley & L. Weiskrantz (Eds.), Attention: Selection, awareness, and control: A tribute to Donald Broadbent (pp. 5-35). Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Kent State University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Simons, Daniel J.
  • Levin, Daniel T.
Venue
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
Published
1998-12
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
644-649
ISSN
  • 1069-9384 (ISSN-L)
  • 1531-5320
OpenAlex
W2087540179
Cited by
733
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 27
FWCI
7.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Science Foundation
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Keywords
change blindness, change detection, real-world interaction, social group membership, visual attention, visual representation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review