The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The lateralized readiness potential as an on-line measure of central response activation processes
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“Mechanistically, this finding fits with models in which response preparation is not a discrete endpoint of cognition, but a continuous process through which partial perceptual and decisional information is progressively transmitted to the motor system [143,144,145].”
From Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic and Mechanistic Review of EEG, ERP, and QEEG Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [145]
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“The LRP is generally interpreted as an electrophysiological marker of lateralised central motor activation, reflecting the preferential preparation of the response hand before or around response execution [143,144,145,146].”
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“Stimulus-locked LRP measures are typically more informative about the timing of response selection and premotor preparation, whereas response-locked LRP activity reflects processes closer to response execution, including the final buildup of motor activation before overt movement [145,146,147,148].”
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Citations
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Alternate-Response Preparation in a Visuomotor Serial Task
Gómez, C. M., Vaquero, E., Vázquez, M., González-Rosa, J. J., & Moreno, M. J. C. (2005) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.3200/jmbr.37.2.127-135 · Cited by 5
“The presentation of visual stimuli can produce lateralized visually evoked potentials at the same latency as the LRP (Eimer, 1998; Praamstra & Oostenveld, 2003; Valle-Inclán, 1996).”
Improving EEG source analysis using prior knowledge
Oostenveld, R. (2003) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 5
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Predicting Motor Intentions with Closed-Loop Brain-Computer Interfaces
Schultze-Kraft, M., Neumann, M., Lundfall, M., Wagner, P., Birman, D., Haynes, J., & Blankertz, B. (2017) · Springer briefs in electrical and computer engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64373-1_8 · Cited by 4
Proceedings of the 2018 ISNR Annual Conference
International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (2018) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.5.4.150 · Cited by 3
Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie
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Held, L. K., Cracco, E., Bardi, L., Kiraga, M., Cristianelli, E., Braß, M., Abrahamse, E. L., & Braem, S. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02100 · Cited by 3
“…the beginning of the lateralization of the readiness potential following a stimulus is assumed to mark the time point where a response side is selected following sensory processing and differential lateralization of the readiness potential effects have been shown at around 200 msec (Eimer, 1998).”
BackgroundSokhadze, E. M., Shaban, M., El-Baz, A. S., Tasman, A., Sears, L. L., & Casanova, M. F. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824421-0.00022-9 · Cited by 3
Keye, S. A., Kinder, C. J., Rosok, L. M., Cannavale, C. N., Walk, A., & Khan, N. A. (2024) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2024.103216 · Cited by 3
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“The traditional electrodes C3 and C4 were used for all LRP extractions (Eimer 1998).”
Weighing in on decisions in the brain: neural representations of pre-awareness practical intention
Waller, B. N. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-03020-4 · Cited by 3
Oğuz, O. Ç., Aydın, B., & Ürgen, B. A. (2024) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2024.108380 · Cited by 3
Vainio, L., Heimola, M., HEINO, H., Iljin, I., Laamanen, P., Seesjärvi, E., & Paavilainen, P. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.015 · Cited by 3
Intra-individual reaction time variability and response preparation: an EEG study
Dankinas, D., Parčiauskaitė, V., & Dapšys, K. (2015) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2015-2050 · Cited by 3
“The LRP was computed from averaged evoked potentials at C3 and C4 electrodes according to the standard formula (e.g. Eimer 1998): (C4’-C3’) left hand + (C3’-C4’) right hand 2 The LRP amplitude in foreperiod between the precue and the imperative stimulus was computed as the average voltage over…”
MethodHohlefeld, F. U. (2011) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-10445 · Cited by 3
“…Potential (LRP) as a wellestablished measure for studying inter-hemispheric differences in motor processing (Coles, 1989; de Jong et al., 1988; Eimer, 1998; Gratton et al., 1988; Hackley & Valle-Inclan, 1998; Osman & Moore, 1993) and motor imagery (Carrillo-de-la-Peña et al., 2008;…”
BackgroundFong, L. C., Garrett, P. M., Smith, P. L., Hester, R., Bode, S., & Feuerriegel, D. (2026) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1184 · Cited by 4
“The motor system is also thought to receive and track evolving decision evidence during deliberation to prime motor preparation and reduce computational costs when an action is required (Selen et al., 2012).”
Keye, S. A., Kim, J., Cannavale, C. N., Walk, A. M., Burd, N. A., Pindus, D. M., & Khan, N. A. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.10.013 · Cited by 2
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Attention‐shift vs. response‐priming explanations for the spatial cueing effect in cross‐modal tasks
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“More detailed studies that recorded the so-called lateralized readiness potential yielded similar results (Eimer, 1998).”
ResultSpatial attention across perception and action
Israel, M. M., Jolicœur, P., & Cohen, A. (2016) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-016-0820-z · Cited by 2
Alien hand syndrome: a neurological disorder of will
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Sokhadze, E. M., Sears, L. L., El-Baz, A. S., Tasman, A., & Casanova, M. F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9900-3_14 · Cited by 2
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Distractor inhibition: Evidence from lateralized readiness potentials
Pramme, L., Dierolf, A. M., Naumann, E., & Frings, C. (2015) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2015.06.003 · Cited by 1
“Intriguingly, the temporal pattern of the LRP can be used to partition the time between the stimulus presentation and the response by locking the LRP to the stimulus (S-LRP) or to the response (R-LRP; for an overview see Eimer, 1998; Smulders & Miller, 2012).”
MethodBrain–computer interface technologies for monitoring and control of bionic systems
Berestov, R. M., Bobkov, E. A., Belov, V., & Nevedin, A. V. (2021) · Journal of Physics, Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2058/1/012030
Bianco, V., Sarrias-Arrabal, E., Vázquez-Marrufo, M., & Russo, F. D. (2023) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3545-2_3 · Cited by 1
Selective removal of visual working memory items at test
Zhao, C., Adekoya, T., Horwitz, S., Awh, E., & Vogel, E. K. (2026) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhag066 · Cited by 1
Can the Lateralized Readiness Potential Detect Suppressed Manual Responses to Pure Tones?
Morris, D. J., Brännström, K. J., & Sabourin, C. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Audiology · doi:10.3766/jaaa.18069 · Cited by 1
The Readiness Potential reflects the internal source of action, rather than decision uncertainty
Travers, E., & Haggard, P. (2021) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
MOVEMENT-RELATED BRAIN POTENTIALS
Синицкая, Е. Ю., & Gribanov, A. V. (2014) · Экология человека · doi:10.17816/humeco17274 · Cited by 1
Tricoche, L., & Caspar, É. A. (2026) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/s6jtk_v4 · Cited by 1
Chmiel, J., & Kładna, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15155994
Differences in posterior contralateral negativity (N2PC)
Legters, L. G. (2013)
Efectos del procesamiento emocional sobre la impulsividad en la toma de decisiones
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The Effects of Temporal Preparation on Reaction Time
Forester, G. (2013) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Dynamique de préparation de la réponse verbale et électroencéphalographie : une revue
Perret, C., & Laganaro, M. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503313014073 · Cited by 1
Event‐Related Potentials and Mental Chronometry
Wilding, E. L., & Herron, J. E. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/0470018860.s00528
Dissociating Local and Global Levels of Perceptuo-Motor Control in
Schlaghecken, F., Bowman, H., & Martin Eimer, A. (2006)
Meier, M. E. (2014) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
The organization of motor maps in the human brain
Song, Z. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1c71d614ze654z4eabz8d09za197f08966ba
“For the last century, this method has kept providing unique clinical and fundamental knowledge with regard to the anatomo-functional organization of the brain [5-11].”
MethodDo developmental changes in inhibitory ability underpin developmental changes in intelligence
Michel, F. (2006) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)
Rapid-Chase Theory: The Influence of the Time of Invisible Stimulus Presentation on Movement Control
Flannigan, J. C. (2015) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-5491
Libet-Style Experiments and Volitions
Runyan, J. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137329493_2 · Cited by 1
Reznik, D., Simon, S., & Mukamel, R. (2017) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/101402 · Cited by 1
“…(Lang et al., 1991; Shibasaki & Hallett, 2006; Yazawa et al., 2000), the lateralized readiness potential is believed to be related to more specific, low-level motor components originating in M1 contralateral to the executing effector (Eimer, 1998; certified by peer review) is the author/funder.”
Comparison of event related brain potentials of fast and slow reacting human subjects
Lassen, J. L., Moller, R., Dremstrup, K., & Voigt, M. (2000) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)
Neural correlates of proactive cognitive control in preschool and middle childhood
Elke, S. E. (2014) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r34q7qz3p
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Feature Overlap and Relevance Determine Sequential Modulations in the Simon Task
Hoppe, K., Wascher, E., & Küper, K. (2019) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000239
The Readiness Potential reflects the internal source of action, rather than decision uncertaintyPreprint
Travers, E., & Haggard, P. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/782813
برنامج تدريبي حرکي للتخفيف من حدة اضطراب الديسبراکسيا لدى عينة من الأطفال ذوي اضطراب التوحد
شوقي, م. (2019) · Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ/Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/jealex.2019.163702
Affordances and their Inhibition
Ghorayeb, K. (2021) · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · doi:10.82308/7447
Pareti, G., & Zippo, A. G. (2016) · Rosenberg & Sellier eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.res.785
Adaptive Control of Response Preparedness in Task Switching
Steinhauser, M., Hübner, R., & Druey, M. D. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e527312012-376
Hebbian learning of stimulus-response associations using transcranial magnetic stimulationPreprint
Held, L. K., Cracco, E., Bardi, L., Kiraga, M., Cristianelli, E., Braß, M., Abrahamse, E. L., & Braem, S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.547977
“On each coloured trial (except for those containing the no-intensity colour), the associated TMS pulse was delivered 200 ms after stimulus onset, assumed to be a realistic timing for initial stimulus-evoked motor activation based on previous studies (Eimer, 1998).”
Oğuz, O. Ç., Aydın, B., & Ürgen, B. A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.16.558064
“For LRP analysis, a measure of unimanual response preparation, a pair of electrodes from central and frontocentral regions in each hemisphere (C3-C4, and FC3-FC4) were included, in line with the literature (Eimer, 1998; Kelly & O’Connell, 2013).”
ResultOğuz, O. Ç., Aydın, B., & Ürgen, B. A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4595129
Early Ramping Neural Activity Reliably Precedes Self-Initiated Action But Does Not Predict It.Preprint
Jeay-Bizot, L., Basbug, M. E., Maoz, U., Schapire, R. E., & Schurger, A. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ghs95
Tricoche, L., & Caspar, É. A. (2025) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/s6jtk_v2
The time course of neural activity predictive of self-initiated movementPreprint
Jeay-Bizot, L., Basbug, M., Maoz, U., Schapire, R. E., & Schurger, A. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109913.1
The time course of neural activity predictive of self-initiated movementPreprint
Jeay-Bizot, L., Basbug, M., Maoz, U., Schapire, R. E., & Schurger, A. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109913
Learn how to be effective: neural and computational insights into charity efficiency learning
He, Y., Xu, L., Li, X., & Li, P. H. Y. (2026) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsag023
“During this period, participants integrate the currently available evidence, form a stable preference for one option, commit to a choice, and prepare the motor response (Eimer 1998, O’Connell et al .”
Slawson, W., Hajcak, G., McMurray, B., & Bartholow, B. D. (2026) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70313
“LRP waveforms were derived using the double subtraction method (de Jong et al. 1988; Eimer 1998).”
What is prepared in temporal preparation? A review and a historical appreciation
Bausenhart, K. M., & Ulrich, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1768431 · Cited by 1
“…the primary motor cortex (Kristeva et al., 1991; Leuthold et al., 2004; Miller et al., 1992; Okada et al., 1982; Osman and Moore, 1993), the LRP has been used as a physiological marker of motor activation at a central level (for overviews, see Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998; Smulders and Miller, 2012).”
Action fluency and conscious intention: being aware of what we are about to do
Huang, Z., Seghezzi, S., & Haggard, P. (2026) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhag108
“This allowed us to calculate a probe-locked analogue of the conventional LRP, obtained by the double subtraction method: (C3-C4)L-(C3-C4)R ( Eimer 1998).”
The role of consciousness in self-initiated action initiation
Dominik, T., Schurger, A., & Maoz, U. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29258-3.00026-4
The time course of neural activity predictive of self-initiated movementPreprint
Jeay-Bizot, L., Basbug, M. E., Maoz, U., Schapire, R. E., & Schurger, A. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109913.2
Allely, C. S. (2011) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Movement-related brain potentials.
Синицкая, Е. Ю., & Gribanov, A. V. (2014) · doi:10.33396/1728-0869-2014-1-49-59
Metadata
- Authors
- Eimer, M.
- Venue
- Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers
- Published
- 1998-03
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 146-156
- ISSN
- 0743-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5970
- OpenAlex
- W2113078992
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- lateralized readiness potential, motor cortex, event-related potentials, motor asymmetry, difference waves
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