The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When you know that you know and when you think that you know but you don’t
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
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Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Component-levels theory of the effects of spacing of repetitions on recall and recognition
Glenberg, A. M. (1979) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197590 · Cited by 444
Hintzman, D. L. (1976) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60464-8 · Cited by 388
Effect of spacing presentations on retention of a paired associate over short intervals.
Peterson, L. R., Wampler, R., Kirkpatrick, M., & Saltzman, D. (1963) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046694 · Cited by 117
Voluntary attention and the spacing effect.
Hintzman, D. L., Summers, J. J., Eki, N. T., & Moore, M. D. (1975) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197533 · Cited by 34
Cited by
Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis.
Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 · Cited by 1,888
Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions
Bjork, R. A., Dunlosky, J., & Kornell, N. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143823 · Cited by 1,468
Monitoring one’s own knowledge during study: A cue-utilization approach to judgments of learning
Koriat, A. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.4.349 · Cited by 1,363
Learning Versus Performance: An Integrative Review
Soderstrom, N. C., & Bjork, R. A. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615569000 · Cited by 651
Learning Concepts and Categories: Is Spacing the “Enemy of Induction”?
Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02127.x · Cited by 602
Metadata
- Authors
- Zechmeister, E. B., & Shaughnessy, J. J.
- Venue
- Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society
- Published
- 1980-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-44
- ISSN
- 0090-5054 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063556135
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 0.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: When you know that you know and when you think that you know but you don’t. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3758/bf03329756
- The paper
- Zechmeister, E. B., & Shaughnessy, J. J. (1980). When you know that you know and when you think that you know but you don’t. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03329756
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
