Contrasting time and frequency domains: ERN and induced theta oscillations differentially predict post-error behavior
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The present study investigated the neural dynamics of error processing in both the time and frequency domains, as well as associated behavioral phenomena, at the single-trial level. We used a technique that enabled us to separately investigate the evoked and induced aspects of the EEG signal (Cohen & Donner, 2013, Journal of Neurophysiology, 110[12], 2752-2763). We found that at the single-trial level, while the (evoked) error-related negativity (ERN) predicted only post-error slowing (PES)-and only when errors occurred on incongruent trials-induced frontal midline theta power served as a robust predictor of both PES and post-error accuracy (PEA) regardless of stimulus congruency. Mediation models of both electrophysiological indices demonstrated that although the relationship between theta and PEA was mediated by PES, there was not a relationship between the ERN and PEA. Our data suggest that although the ERN and frontal midline theta index functionally related underlying cognitive processes, they are not simply the same process manifested in different domains. In addition, our findings are consistent with the adaptive theory of post-error slowing, as PES was positively associated with post-error accuracy at the single-trial level. More generally, our study provides additional support for the inclusion of a time-frequency approach to better understand the role of medial frontal cortex in action monitoring.
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Mid-frontal oscillatory activity in the theta band (4-8 Hz) is thought to be a mechanism by which populations of neurons compute and coordinate top-down control across broad brain networks.
“Mid-frontal oscillatory activity in the theta band (4 -8 Hz) is thought to be a mechanism by which populations of neurons compute and coordinate top-down control across broad brain networks (Beatty et al., 2020; Buzzell et al., 2019, 2020; Cavanagh & Frank, 2014; Shner-Livne et al., 2024; Valadez & Simons, 2018).”
From Foster care intervention protects cognitive control skills in young adults exposed to institutional rearing (2026) · cites this paper as Beatty et al., 2020
The paper’s Abstract (page unavailable) describes frontal midline theta at 4–7 Hz as a monitoring signal thought to recruit cognitive control, and its Discussion links induced theta to adaptive post-error behavior. It does not describe neuronal populations computing or coordinating top-down control across broad brain networks; it also specifies 4–7 Hz rather than 4–8 Hz. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe ERN reflects mid-frontal theta activity that is phase-locked across trials, whereas the theta power measure employed here represents the total of both phase-locked and non-phase-locked theta activity.
“whereas the ERN reflects mid-frontal theta activity that is phase-locked across trials, the theta power measure employed here represents the total of both phase-locked and non-phase-locked theta activity (Beatty et al., 2020; Cavanagh & Frank, 2014; Shner-Livne et al., 2024).”
From Foster care intervention protects cognitive control skills in young adults exposed to institutional rearing (2026) · cites this paper as Beatty et al., 2020
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Çetiner, B., & Metin, B. (2026) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594261488077
- Authors
- Beatty, P. J., Buzzell, G. A., Roberts, D. M., & McDonald, C. G.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beatty, Paul J.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2020-04-17
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 636-647
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- OpenAlex
- W3016781140
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- error-related negativity, theta oscillations, post-error slowing, error processing, time-frequency analysis, single-trial EEG, action monitoring, medial frontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Theta Rhythm, Time Factors, Young Adult, Executive Function
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