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Current Guidelines for Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Open accessAbstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor originating from the parafollicular cells. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the condition are different from those used for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Since the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of MTC, the latest, including the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and European Association for Medical Oncology guidelines have been updated to reflect several recent advances in the management of MTC. Advances in molecular diagnosis and postoperative risk stratification systems have led to individualized treatment and follow-up strategies. Multi-kinase inhibitors, such as vandetanib and cabozantinib, can prolong disease progression-free survival with favorable adverse effects. In addition, potent selective rearranged during transfection (RET) inhibitors (selpercatinib and pralsetinib) have shown a promising efficacy in recent clinical trials. This review summarizes the management of MTC in recent guidelines focused on sporadic MTC.
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![Fig. 1 Postoperative management in patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) according to dynamic risk stratification in European Association for Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines. CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; US, ultrasonography. aAmerican Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines recommend that serum calcitonin and CEA should be measured after 3 months postoperatively; bOther imaging modalities including contrast-enhanced (CE) computed tomography (CT) of neck, chest, abdomen with liver protocol, and bone scan, axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depending on the tumor stage, serum calcitonin (≥150 pg/mL) and CEA; cNegative other imaging modalities, consider [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F18-FDG) positron emission tomography-CT or Gallium-68 DOTATATE or CE MRI with neck, chest, abdomen with liver protocol in National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines; dStable or progressive disease according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1.](/paper-figures/6bd96d68483142d8a9745a4f276c585f/current-guidelines-for-management-of-medullary-thyroid-carcinoma-figure-1.jpg)
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“The most commonly used PS in PDT for the treatment of thyroid cancers include hypericin, porphyrin, photophrin, radachlorin, and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). [8-10,14,32]”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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In the citing paper
“Treatment of the cell line with PDT using photophrin at concentrations of 0.8 and 1.6 mg/ml reduced cell viability, to a greater extent at higher photophrin concentrations.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The changes were particularly marked in higher concentrations of the photosensitizer or in combination with sulforaphene, carboplatin, or genistein.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“a greater number of apoptotic cells, covering almost all cells”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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“It was shown that treatment of cells with genistein, regardless of the time interval (3, 6 and 24 h) and concentration (25, 50, 100 mM) did not result in changes in cell viability.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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“increased expression of caspase 3, 8, 9, 12, PARP, CHOP, Bax, cytochrome c, AIF”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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“However, cell viability was significantly inhibited in the combination therapy.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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“and a higher level of ROS”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“and the above changes were more pronounced when using higher concentrations of photophrin.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
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“a greater degree of mitochondrial membrane depolarization”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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“increased fluorescence intensity”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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Citations
Cites
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- c2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thyroid carcinoma [Internet]
- 10.1002/1097-0142(197903)43 · DOI
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, M., & Kim, B. H.
- Affiliations
- Pusan National University Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Bo Hyun
- Venue
- Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Korean Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2021-06-30
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 514-524
- ISSN
- 2093-596X (ISSN-L)
- 2093-5978
- PMC
- PMC8258323
- OpenAlex
- W3174879749
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Pusan National University Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances
- Keywords
- medullary thyroid carcinoma, parafollicular cells, RET fusion, RET inhibitors, selpercatinib, pralsetinib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, multikinase inhibitor, postoperative risk stratification, molecular diagnosis, treatment guidelines, progression-free survival
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Thyroid Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine, Protein Kinase Inhibitors
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