The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Current Guidelines for Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Open accessAbstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor originating from the parafollicular cells. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the condition are different from those used for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Since the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of MTC, the latest, including the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and European Association for Medical Oncology guidelines have been updated to reflect several recent advances in the management of MTC. Advances in molecular diagnosis and postoperative risk stratification systems have led to individualized treatment and follow-up strategies. Multi-kinase inhibitors, such as vandetanib and cabozantinib, can prolong disease progression-free survival with favorable adverse effects. In addition, potent selective rearranged during transfection (RET) inhibitors (selpercatinib and pralsetinib) have shown a promising efficacy in recent clinical trials. This review summarizes the management of MTC in recent guidelines focused on sporadic MTC.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
![Fig. 1 Postoperative management in patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) according to dynamic risk stratification in European Association for Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines. CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; US, ultrasonography. aAmerican Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines recommend that serum calcitonin and CEA should be measured after 3 months postoperatively; bOther imaging modalities including contrast-enhanced (CE) computed tomography (CT) of neck, chest, abdomen with liver protocol, and bone scan, axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depending on the tumor stage, serum calcitonin (≥150 pg/mL) and CEA; cNegative other imaging modalities, consider [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F18-FDG) positron emission tomography-CT or Gallium-68 DOTATATE or CE MRI with neck, chest, abdomen with liver protocol in National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines; dStable or progressive disease according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1.](/paper-figures/6bd96d68483142d8a9745a4f276c585f/current-guidelines-for-management-of-medullary-thyroid-carcinoma-figure-1.jpg)
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The most commonly used PS in PDT for the treatment of thyroid cancers include hypericin, porphyrin, photophrin, radachlorin, and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). [8-10,14,32]”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Treatment of the cell line with PDT using photophrin at concentrations of 0.8 and 1.6 mg/ml reduced cell viability, to a greater extent at higher photophrin concentrations.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The changes were particularly marked in higher concentrations of the photosensitizer or in combination with sulforaphene, carboplatin, or genistein.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“a greater number of apoptotic cells, covering almost all cells”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“It was shown that treatment of cells with genistein, regardless of the time interval (3, 6 and 24 h) and concentration (25, 50, 100 mM) did not result in changes in cell viability.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“increased expression of caspase 3, 8, 9, 12, PARP, CHOP, Bax, cytochrome c, AIF”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“However, cell viability was significantly inhibited in the combination therapy.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“and a higher level of ROS”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“and the above changes were more pronounced when using higher concentrations of photophrin.”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“a greater degree of mitochondrial membrane depolarization”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“increased fluorescence intensity”
From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1)
Eisenhauer, E. A., Therasse, P., Bogaerts, J., Schwartz, L. H., Sargent, D., Ford, R., Dancey, J., Arbuck, S., Gwyther, S., Mooney, M., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026 · Cited by 29,534
Marabelle, A., Fakih, M., Lopez, J., Shah, M., Shapira-Frommer, R., Nakagawa, K., Chung, H. C., Kindler, H. L., Lopez-Martin, J. A., Miller, W. H., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30445-9 · Cited by 2,552
Revised American Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Wells, S. A., Asa, S. L., Dralle, H., Elisei, R., Evans, D. B., Gagel, R. F., Lee, N. Y., Machens, A., Moley, J. F., Pacini, F., et al. (2015) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0335 · Cited by 2,444
Wells, S. A., Robinson, B. G., Gagel, R. F., Dralle, H., Fagin, J. A., Santoro, M., Baudin, É., Elisei, R., Jarząb, B., Vasselli, J. R., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2011.35.5040 · Cited by 1,556
Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
Filetti, S., Durante, C., Hartl, D. M., Leboulleux, S., Locati, L. D., Newbold, K. L., Papotti, M. G., & Berruti, A. (2019) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz400 · Cited by 1,294
Cabozantinib in Progressive Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Elisei, R., Schlumberger, M. J., Müller, S. P., Schöffski, P., Brose, M. S., Shah, M. H., Licitra, L., Jarzab, B., Medvedev, V., Kreissl, M. C., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2012.48.4659 · Cited by 1,217
Efficacy of Selpercatinib in RET -Altered Thyroid Cancers
Wirth, L. J., Sherman, E. J., Robinson, B. G., Solomon, B., Kang, H., Lorch, J. H., Worden, F. P., Brose, M. S., Patel, J. D., Leboulleux, S., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2005651 · Cited by 798
Biomarker-Based Risk Stratification for Previously Untreated Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Machens, A., & Dralle, H. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2368 · Cited by 387
Giraudet, A., Ghulzan, A. A., Auperin, A., Leboulleux, S., Chehboun, A., Troalen, F., Dromain, C., Lumbroso, J., Baudin, É., & Schlumberger, M. J. (2008) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-07-0667 · Cited by 271
Schlumberger, M. J., Jarząb, B., Cabanillas, M. E., Robinson, B. G., Pacini, F., Ball, D. W., McCaffrey, J. C., Newbold, K. L., Allison, R., Martins, R. G., et al. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1127 · Cited by 248
Pacini, F., Castagna, M. G., Cipri, C., & Schlumberger, M. J. (2010) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2010.05.002 · Cited by 246
Schlumberger, M. J., Elisei, R., Müller, S. P., Schöffski, P., Brose, M. S., Shah, M. H., Licitra, L. F., Krajewska, J., Kreissl, M. C., Niederle, B., et al. (2017) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx479 · Cited by 242
Chatal, J., Campion, L., Kraeber‐Bodéré, F., Bardet, S., Vuillez, J.-P., Charbonnel, B. H., Rohmer, V., Chang, C., Sharkey, R. M., Goldenberg, D. M., et al. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.04.4917 · Cited by 227
Ito, Y., Onoda, N., & Okamoto, T. (2020) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0025 · Cited by 182
Bradford, D., Larkins, E. A., Mushti, S. L., Rodríguez, L., Skinner, A. M., Helms, W. S., Price, L., Zirkelbach, J. F., Li, Y., Liu, J., et al. (2020) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3558 · Cited by 171
Iten, F., Müller-Stich, B. P., Schindler, C., Rochlitz, C. F., Oertli, D., Mäcke, H. R., Müller‐Brand, J., & Walter, M. A. (2007) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0935 · Cited by 167
Updates on the Management of Thyroid Cancer
Araque, K., Gubbi, S., & Kłubo-Gwieździńska, J. (2020) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-1089-7870 · Cited by 162
Kraeber‐Bodéré, F., Rousseau, C., Bodet‐Milin, C., Ferrer, L., Faivre-Chauvet, A., Campion, L., Vuillez, J.-P., Devillers, A., Chang, C., Goldenberg, D. M., et al. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 122
Chemotherapy with dacarbazine and 5-fluorouracil in advanced medullary thyroid cancer
Orlandi, F., Caraci, P., Berruti, A., Puligheddu, B., Pivano, G., Dogliotti, L., & Angeli, A. (1994) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058984 · Cited by 119
Li, D., Chi, Y., Chen, X., Ge, M., Zhang, Y., Guo, Z., Wang, J., Chen, J., Zhang, J., Cheng, Y., et al. (2021) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2950 · Cited by 116
Ravaud, A., de la Fouchardière, C., Caron, P. J., Doussau, A., Cao, C. D., Asselineau, J., Rodien, P., Pouessel, D., Nicolli-Sire, P., Klein, M., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2017.01.029 · Cited by 113
Medullary thyroid carcinoma.Importance of serial serum calcitonin measurement
Stepanas, A. V., Samaan, N. A., Hill, C., & Hickey, R. C. (1979) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197903)43:3 · Cited by 105
Markham, A. (2020) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01427-4 · Cited by 104
Response to Initial Therapy Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Lindsey, S. C., Ganly, I., Palmer, F. L., & Tuttle, R. M. (2014) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0277 · Cited by 99
Falco, V. D., Buonocore, P., Muthu, M., Torregrossa, L., Basolo, F., Billaud, M., Gozgit, J. M., Carlomagno, F., & Santoro, M. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2672 · Cited by 96
Romei, C., Casella, F., Tacito, A., Bottici, V., Valerio, L., Viola, D., Cappagli, V., Matrone, A., Ciampi, R., Piaggi, P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103833 · Cited by 92
Adam, M. A., Thomas, S. M., Roman, S. A., Hyslop, T., & Sosa, J. A. (2017) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.1665 · Cited by 78
Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Korea
Oh, C., Jung, K., Won, Y., Shin, A., Kong, H., & Lee, J. S. (2014) · Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.4143/crt.2014.110 · Cited by 73
Salavati, A., Puranik, A. D., Kulkarni, H., Budiawan, H., & Baum, R. P. (2016) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.01.010 · Cited by 71
Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Cabozantinib and Vandetanib in Advanced Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Koehler, V. F., Adam, P., Frank‐Raue, K., Raue, F., Berg, E., Hoster, E., Allelein, S., Schott, M., Kroiß, M., Spitzweg, C., et al. (2020) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2020.0206 · Cited by 69
Kreissl, M. C., Bastholt, L., Elisei, R., Haddad, R. I., Hauch, O., Jarząb, B., Robinson, B. G., Colzani, R., Foster, M. C., Weiss, R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.19.02790 · Cited by 65
Dendritic Cell Vaccination in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Stift, A., Sachet, M., Yagubian, R., Bittermann, C., Dubsky, P. C., Brostjan, C., Pfragner, R., Niederle, B., Jakesz, R., Gnant, M., et al. (2004) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0698 · Cited by 64
Subbiah, V., Hu, M. I.-N., Gainor, J. F., Mansfield, A. S., Alonso, G., Taylor, M. H., Zhu, V. W., Garrido, P., Amatu, A., Doebele, R. C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.109 · Cited by 60
Chemotherapy and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors for medullary thyroid cancer
Hadoux, J., & Schlumberger, M. J. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2017.04.009 · Cited by 55
Beukhof, C. M., Brabander, T., van Nederveen, F. H., van Velthuysen, M. F., de Rijke, Y. B., Hofland, L. J., Franssen, G. J. H., Fröberg, L. A. C., Kam, B. L. R., Visser, W. E., et al. (2019) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5540-5 · Cited by 54
Drilon, A. E. D. C., Zhai, D., Rogers, E., Deng, W., Zhang, X., Ung, J., Lee, D. K., Rodón, L., Graber, A., Zimmerman, Z. F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.3616 · Cited by 54
Subbiah, V., Hu, M. I.-N., Gainor, J. F., Mansfield, A. S., Alonso, G., Taylor, M. H., Zhu, V. W., Garrido, P., Amatu, A., Doebele, R. C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2021.39.3_suppl.467 · Cited by 45
Krajewska, J., Chmielik, E., & Jarząb, B. (2017) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-17-0270 · Cited by 44
Tran, K., Khan, S. M., Taghizadehasl, M., Palazzo, F. F., Frilling, A., Todd, J. F., & AL-NAHHAS, A. M. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.1967/s002449910163 · Cited by 41
Long-term follow-up and safety of vandetanib for advanced medullary thyroid cancer
Ramos, H. E., Hecht, F., Berdelou, A., Borget, I., Leboulleux, S., Baudin, É., & Schlumberger, M. J. (2020) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-020-02426-x · Cited by 39
Kwon, H., Kim, W. G., Jeon, M. J., Song, D. E., Lee, Y., Sung, T., Chung, K., Yoon, J. H., Hong, S. J., Baek, J. H., et al. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0849-6 · Cited by 35
Yeh, T., Yeung, M., Sherman, E. J., Tuttle, R. M., & Sabra, M. M. (2020) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2019.0579 · Cited by 33
Schöffski, P., Aftimos, P. G., Massard, C., Italiano, A., Jungels, C., Andreas, K., Keegan, M., & Ho, P. T. C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.tps3162 · Cited by 32
Kim, M., Yoon, J. H., Ahn, J., Jeon, M. J., Kim, H. K., Lim, D. J., Kang, H., Kim, I. J., Shong, Y. K., Kim, T. Y., et al. (2020) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2020.687 · Cited by 31
Self-citationEfstathiadou, Z. A., Tsentidis, C., Bargiota, Α., Daraki, V. N., Kotsa, K., Ntali, G., Papanastasiou, L., Tigas, S. K., Toulis, K. A., Pazaitou‐Panayiotou, K., et al. (2020) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000509457 · Cited by 29
Papewalis, C., Wuttke, M., Jacobs, B., Domberg, J., Willenberg, H. S., Baehring, T., Cupisti, K., Raffel, A., Chao, L., Fenk, R. R., et al. (2008) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1022565 · Cited by 27
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- c2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thyroid carcinoma [Internet]
- 10.1002/1097-0142(197903)43 · DOI
- Drilon, 2019, 506P: TPX-0046 is a novel and potent RET/SRC inhibitor for RET-driven cancers, v190
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Doostmohammadi, A., Jooya, H., Ghorbanian, K., Gohari, S., & Dadashpour, M. (2024) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-024-01607-9 · Cited by 212
Kaliszewski, K., Ludwig, M., Ludwig, B., Mikuła, A., Greniuk, M., & Rudnicki, J. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14153643 · Cited by 63
Pelizzo, M. R., Mazza, E. I., Mian, C., & Boschin, I. M. (2023) · Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy · doi:10.1080/14737140.2023.2247566 · Cited by 37
Update on Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Focus on Nuclear Medicine
Treglia, G., Rufini, V., Piccardo, A., & Impériale, A. (2023) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.01.003 · Cited by 31
Wang, L. H., Wehland, M., Wise, P. M., Infanger, M., Grimm, D. G., & Kreissl, M. C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032312 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, M., & Kim, B. H.
- Affiliations
- Pusan National University Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Bo Hyun
- Venue
- Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Korean Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2021-06-30
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 514-524
- ISSN
- 2093-596X (ISSN-L)
- 2093-5978
- PMC
- PMC8258323
- OpenAlex
- W3174879749
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Pusan National University Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances
- Keywords
- medullary thyroid carcinoma, parafollicular cells, RET fusion, RET inhibitors, selpercatinib, pralsetinib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, multikinase inhibitor, postoperative risk stratification, molecular diagnosis, treatment guidelines, progression-free survival
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Thyroid Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine, Protein Kinase Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
