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Cited by 33Astro and Planetary ScienceAstrophysics and Star Formation StudiesStellar, planetary, and galactic studies

Making planet nine: Pebble accretion at 250–750 AU in a gravitationally unstable ring

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Kenyon, Scott J., Bromley, Benjamin C.·2016·The Astrophysical Journal
DOI 10.3847/0004-637x/825/1/33
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Abstract

We investigate the formation of icy super-Earth mass planets within a gravitationally unstable ring of solids orbiting at 250–750 AU around a 1 star. Coagulation calculations demonstrate that a system of a few large oligarchs and a swarm of pebbles generates a super-Earth within 100–200 Myr at 250 AU and within 1–2 Gyr at 750 AU. Systems with more than ten oligarchs fail to yield super-Earths over the age of the solar system. As these systems evolve, destructive collisions produce detectable debris disks with luminosities of relative to the central star.

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Crossref · 10.3847/0004-637x/825/1/33

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6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Kenyon and Bromley (2016) find that even under exceptionally favorable conditions, formation of super-Earths at hundreds of AU requires billions of years.

    “The corresponding impedance of growth by the slowness of the orbital clock is illuminated by the calculations of Kenyon and Bromley (2016), who find that even under exceptionally favorable conditions, formation of super-Earths at hundreds of AU requires billions of years.”

    From The planet nine hypothesis (2019) · cites this paper as Kenyon and Bromley (2016)

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Authors
Kenyon, S. J., & Bromley, B. C.
Affiliations
  • Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (US)
  • University of Utah (US)
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2016-06-27
Volume
825
Issue
1
Pages
33
ISSN
  • 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4357
DOI
10.3847/0004-637x/825/1/33
OpenAlex
W2330743657
Cited by
33
References
6
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8
FWCI
3.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX11AM37G)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords
Planet Nine, pebble accretion, oligarchs, debris disks, outer solar system

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