Origin and Evolution of Short-period Comets
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Comets are icy objects that orbitally evolve from the trans-Neptunian region into the inner solar system, where they are heated by solar radiation and become active due to the sublimation of water ice. Here we perform simulations in which cometary reservoirs are formed in the early solar system and evolved over 4.5 Gyr. The gravitational effects of Planet 9 (P9) are included in some simulations. Different models are considered for comets to be active, including a simple assumption that comets remain active for perihelion passages with perihelion distance . The orbital distribution and number of active comets produced in our model is compared to observations. The orbital distribution of ecliptic comets (ECs) is well reproduced in models with and without P9. With P9, the inclination distribution of model ECs is wider than the observed one. We find that the known Halley-type comets (HTCs) have a nearly isotropic inclination distribution. The HTCs appear to be an extension of the population of returning Oort-cloud comets (OCCs) to shorter orbital periods. The inclination distribution of model HTCs becomes broader with increasing , but the existing data are not good enough to constrain from orbital fits. is required to obtain a steady-state population of large active HTCs that is consistent with observations. To fit the ratio of the returning-to-new OCCs, by contrast, our model implies that , possibly because the detected long-period comets are smaller and much easier to disrupt than observed HTCs.
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Galactic tidal accelerations and passing stars are generally weak for orbits with semimajor axes below 1000 au but can play an important role for objects that diffuse outwards to much larger semimajor axes before being scattered back by Neptune.
“While these effects are generally weak for orbits with a < 1000 au, they can play an important role for objects that diffuse outwards to much larger semimajor axes, before being scattered back to shorter orbital periods by Neptune.”
From Generation of Low-inclination, Neptune-crossing Trans-Neptunian Objects by Planet Nine (2024) · cites this paper as Nesvorný et al. 2017
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“P9 is hypothesized, via its gravitational shepherding effects, to produce the non-uniform distribution of orbital angles of known extreme KBOs (a > 150 au, q > 35 au; Trujillo & Sheppard 2014, Batygin & Brown 2016a).”
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A Survey of CO, CO2, and H2O in Comets and Centaurs
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Solar System Physics for Exoplanet Research
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A Comprehensive Model of the Meteoroid Environment around Mercury
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Origin and Evolution of Cometary Nuclei
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Self-citationInterstellar Object ’Oumuamua as an Extinct Fragment of an Ejected Cometary Planetesimal
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Solar System Physics for Exoplanet Research
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Self-citationShapes, structures, and evolution of small bodies
Zhang, Y., & Patrick Michel, B. (2021) · Astrodynamics · doi:10.1007/s42064-021-0128-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The dynamical evolution of escaped Jupiter Trojan asteroids, link to other minor body populations
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Long-term orbital dynamics of trans-Neptunian objects
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No evidence for interstellar planetesimals trapped in the Solar system
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Self-citationNew constraints on the location of P9 obtained with the INPOP19a planetary ephemeris
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Thermal evolution of trans-Neptunian objects through observations of Centaurs with JWST
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Was Planet 9 captured in the Sun’s natal star-forming region?
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OSSOS. XIX. Testing Early Solar System Dynamical Models Using OSSOS Centaur Detections
David Nesvorný, A., Vokrouhlický, D., Stern, A. S., Davidsson, B., Bannister, M. T., Volk, K., Chen, Y.-T., Gladman, B., Kavelaars, J. J., Petit, J.-M., et al. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3651 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationPhotometry, spectroscopy, and polarimetry of distant comet C/2014 A4 (SONEAR)
Ivanova, O. V., Luk'yanyk, I. V., Kolokolova, L., Das, H. S., Husárik, M., Rosenbush, V. K., Afanasiev, V. L., Svoreň, J., Kiselev, N. N., & Krushinsky, V. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935077 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Centaur and giant planet crossing populations: origin and distribution
Sisto, R. P. D., & Rossignoli, N. L. (2020) · Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10569-020-09971-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere during Late Veneer accretion
Sinclair, C. A., Wyatt, M. C., Morbidelli, A., & Nesvorný, D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3210 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationOSSOS. XV. Probing the Distant Solar System with Observed Scattering TNOs
Kaib, N. A., Pike, R. E., Lawler, S., Kovalik, M., Brown, C., Alexandersen, M., Bannister, M. T., Gladman, B., & Petit, J.-M. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab2383 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Self-citationSaki, M. R., Gibb, E. L., Bonev, B. P., Roth, N. X., DiSanti, M. A., Russo, N. D., Vervack, R. J., McKay, A., & Kawakita, H. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba522 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bolin, B., Fernandez, Y. R., Lisse, C. M., Holt, T. R., Lin, Z.-Y., Purdum, J. N., Deshmukh, K. P., Bauer, J. M., Bellm, E. C., Bodewits, D., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd94b · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Comet fragmentation as a source of the zodiacal cloud
Rigley, J. K., & Wyatt, M. C. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3482 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Thermal Processing of Jupiter-family Comets during Their Chaotic Orbital Evolution
Gkotsinas, A., Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., Raymond, S. N., & David Nesvorný, A. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac54ac · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cosmic dust fertilization of glacial prebiotic chemistry on early Earth
Walton, C. R., Rigley, J. K., Lipp, A., Law, R., Suttle, M. D., Schönbächler, M., Wyatt, M. C., & Shorttle, O. (2024) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02212-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Bombardment History of the Giant Planet Satellites
Bottke, W. F., Vokrouhlický, D., Nesvorný, D., Marschall, R., Morbidelli, A., Deienno, R., Marchi, S., Kirchoff, M. R., Luke Dones, B., & Levison, H. F. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad29f4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationAn interstellar origin for high-inclination Centaurs
Namouni, F., & Morais, M. H. M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa712 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Volatile Carbon-to-oxygen Ratio as a Tracer for the Formation Locations of Interstellar Comets
Seligman, D. Z., Rogers, L. A., Cabot, S. H. C., Noonan, J. W., Kareta, T., Mandt, K. E., Ciesla, F. J., McKay, A., Feinstein, A. D., Levine, W. G., et al. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac75b5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bi-lobed Shape of Comet 67P from a Collapsed Binary
David Nesvorný, A., Parker, J., & Vokrouhlický, D. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aac01f · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Secular Dynamics of TNOs and Planet Nine Interactions
Li, G., Hadden, S., Payne, M. J., & Holman, M. J. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aae83b · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Impact Rates in the Outer Solar System
David Nesvorný, A., Luke Dones, B., Prá, M. D., Womack, M. P., & Zahnle, K. J. (2023) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ace8ff · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Implications of the small spin changes measured for large Jupiter-family comet nuclei
Kokotanekova, R., Snodgrass, C., Lacerda, P., Green, S., Nikolov, P., & Bonev, T. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1529 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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The Stability Boundary of the Distant Scattered Disk
Batygin, K., Mardling, R. A., & Nesvorný, D. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac19a4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
An inflationary disk phase to explain extended protoplanetary dust disks
Marschall, R., & Morbidelli, A. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346616 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationOrigin and Evolution of Jupiter’s Trojan Asteroids
Bottke, W. F., Marschall, R., Nesvorný, D., & Vokrouhlický, D. (2023) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-023-01031-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential Themis-family Asteroid Contribution to the Jupiter-family Comet Population
Hsieh, H. H., Novaković, B., Walsh, K. J., & Schörghofer, N. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab7899 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Survivor Bias: Divergent Fates of the Solar System’s Ejected versus Persisting Planetesimals
Raymond, S. N., Kaib, N. A., Armitage, P. J., & Fortney, J. J. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abc55f · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationPerspectives on the distribution of orbits of distant Trans-Neptunian objects
Kavelaars, J. J., Lawler, S. M., Bannister, M. T., & Shankman, C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816490-7.00003-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Clement, M. S., & Kaib, N. A. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab9227 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly impact chronology of the icy regular satellites of the outer solar system
Wong, E., Brasser, R., & Werner, S. C. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114184 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Injection of Inner Oort Cloud Objects into the Distant Kuiper Belt by Planet Nine
Batygin, K., & Brown, M. E. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abee1f · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dynamical Evolution of Planetary Systems
Morbidelli, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_145 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationIs There an Earth-like Planet in the Distant Kuiper Belt?
Lykawka, P. S., & Itô, T. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aceaf0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ionizing radiation exposure on Arrokoth shapes a sugar world
Zhang, C., Leyva, V., Wang, J., Turner, A. M., McAnally, M., Herath, A., Meinert, C., Young, L. A., & Kaiser, R. I. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2320215121 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Thomas, N., Ulamec, S., Kührt, E., Ciarletti, V., Gundlach, B., Yoldi, Z., Schwehm, G., Snodgrass, C., & Green, S. (2019) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0611-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
On the pollution of white dwarfs by exo-Oort cloud comets
O’Connor, C. E., Lai, D., & Seligman, D. Z. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2281 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A race against the clock: Constraining the timing of cometary bombardment relative to Earth’s growth
Joiret, S., Raymond, S. N., Avice, G., Clement, M. S., Deienno, R., & Nesvorný, D. (2023) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115754 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Testing MOND on Small Bodies in the Remote Solar System
Vokrouhlický, D., Nesvorný, D., & Tremaine, S. D. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad40a3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationGolabek, G., & Jutzi, M. (2021) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114437 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A D/H ratio consistent with Earth’s water in Halley-type comet 12P from ALMA HDO mapping
Cordiner, M., Gibb, E. L., Kisiel, Z., Roth, N. X., Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Boissier, J., Bonev, B. P., Charnley, S. B., Coulson, I. M., et al. (2025) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02614-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Two distinct populations of dark comets delineated by orbits and sizes
Seligman, D. Z., Farnocchia, D., Micheli, M., Hainaut, O., Hsieh, H. H., Feinstein, A. D., Chesley, S. R., Taylor, A. G., Masiero, J. R., & Meech, K. J. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2406424121 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A 3π Search for Planet Nine at 3.4 μm with WISE and NEOWISE
Meisner, A. M., Bromley, B. C., Kenyon, S. J., & Anderson, T. E. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaae70 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The “memory” of the Oort cloud
Fouchard, M., Higuchi, A., Itô, T., & Maquet, L. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833435 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Exogenous delivery of water to Mercury
Frantseva, K., David Nesvorný, A., Mueller, M. M., van der Tak, F. F. S., ten Kate, I. L., & Pokorný, P. (2022) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.114980 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Formation of Lunar Basins from Impacts of Leftover Planetesimals
Nesvorný, D., Roig, F., Vokrouhlický, D., Bottke, W. F., Marchi, S., Morbidelli, A., & Deienno, R. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca40e · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Formation of Bilobate Comet Shapes through Sublimative Torques
Safrit, T. K., Steckloff, J. K., Bosh, A. S., David Nesvorný, A., Walsh, K. J., Brasser, R., & Minton, D. A. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abc9c8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dynamics of small bodies in orbits between Jupiter and Saturn
Roberts, A. C., & Muñoz-Gutiérrez, M. A. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114201 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Main Asteroid Belt: The Primary Source of Debris on Comet-like Orbits
Shober, P., Sansom, E. K., Bland, P. A., Devillepoix, H. A. R., TOWNER, M. C., Cupák, M., Howie, R. M., Hartig, B. A. D., & Anderson, S. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abde4b · Cited by 14 · see citing works
What long-period comets tell us about the Oort Cloud
Fouchard, M., Higuchi, A., & Itô, T. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243728 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chemical Composition of Outbursting Comet C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
Saki, M. R., Gibb, E. L., Bonev, B. P., Roth, N. X., DiSanti, M. A., Khan, Y., Russo, N. D., Vervack, R. J., McKay, A., & Kawakita, H. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abfcbd · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Impact of Cometary “Impacts” on the Chemistry, Climate, and Spectra of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
Sainsbury-Martinez, F., & Walsh, C. M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad28b3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Heterogeneous outgassing regions identified on active centaur 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1
Faggi, S., Villanueva, G. L., McKay, A., Pinto, O. H., Kelley, M. S. P., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Womack, M. P., Schambeau, C., Feaga, L. M., DiSanti, M. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02319-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Contribution of Dwarf Planets to the Origin of Jupiter Family Comets
Muñoz-Gutiérrez, M. A., Peimbert, A., Pichardo, B., Lehner, M. J., & Wang, S. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab4399 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Corre, L. L., Reddy, V., Bottke, W. F., DellaGiustina, D. N., Burke, K. N., Nolau, J. O., Auken, R. B. V., Golish, D. R., Sanchez, J. A., Li, J., et al. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abfbe2
Generation of Low-inclination, Neptune-crossing Trans-Neptunian Objects by Planet Nine
Batygin, K., Morbidelli, A., Brown, M. E., & Nesvorný, D. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad3cd2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Galactic tidal accelerations are included following a standard approach (see Nesvorn´y et al. (2017) and references therein), and passing stars are introduced following the procedure described in Heisler & Tremaine (1986).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationA physical survey of meteoroid streams: Comparing cometary reservoirs
Buccongello, N., Brown, P. G. M., Vida, D., & Pinhas, A. (2023) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115907 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Scientific issues and critical technologies in planetary defense
Cheng, Q., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Chinese Journal of Aeronautics · doi:10.1016/j.cja.2024.07.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The debiased Near-Earth object population from ATLAS telescopes
Deienno, R., Denneau, L., David Nesvorný, A., Vokrouhlický, D., Bottke, W. F., Robert Jedicke, B., Naidu, S. P., Chesley, S. R., Farnocchia, D., & Chodas, P. W. (2024) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116316 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the Early Thermal Processing of Planetesimals during and after the Giant Planet Instability
Gkotsinas, A., Nesvorný, D., Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., Raymond, S. N., & Kaib, N. A. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad7f4e · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting Short-term Variability and Sampling of Primary Volatiles in Comet 46P/Wirtanen
Khan, Y., Gibb, E. L., Bonev, B. P., Roth, N. X., Saki, M. R., DiSanti, M. A., Russo, N. D., Vervack, R. J., McKay, A., Combi, M. R., et al. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abc95c · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Inferring Late-stage Enrichment of Exoplanet Atmospheres from Observed Interstellar Comets
Seligman, D. Z., Becker, J., Adams, F. C., Feinstein, A. D., & Rogers, L. A. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac786e · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Noguchi, T., Matsumoto, R., Yabuta, H., Kobayashi, H., Miyake, A., Naraoka, H., Okazaki, R., Imae, N., Yamaguchi, A., Kilcoyne, A. L. D., et al. (2022) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.13919 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Gateway from Centaurs to Jupiter-family Comets: Thermal and Dynamical Evolution
Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., Gkotsinas, A., Raymond, S. N., & David Nesvorný, A. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acaa3a · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Long-period comets as a tracer of the Oort cloud structure
Fouchard, M., Emel’yanenko, V. V., & Higuchi, A. (2020) · Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10569-020-09978-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Volatile-rich Asteroids in the Inner Solar System
Nuth, J. A., Abreu, N. M., Ferguson, F. T., GLAVIN, D. P., Hergenrother, C. W., HILL, H. G. M., Johnson, N. M., Pajola, M., & Walsh, K. J. (2020) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abc26a · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Oldroyd, W. J., & Trujillo, C. A. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abfb6f · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Comparing the dynamics of Jupiter-family Comets and comet-like fireballs
Shober, P., Tancredi, G., Vaubaillon, J., Devillepoix, H. A. R., Deam, S., Anghel, S., Sansom, E. K., Colas, F., & Martino, S. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449635 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The dynamical origins of the dark comets and a proposed evolutionary track
Taylor, A. G., Steckloff, J. K., Seligman, D. Z., Farnocchia, D., Luke Dones, B., Vokrouhlický, D., David Nesvorný, A., & Micheli, M. (2024) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116207 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationObservational constraints on an undiscovered giant planet in our solar system
Trujillo, C. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816490-7.00004-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Polarimetry of Solar System minor bodies and planets
Bagnulo, S., Belskaya, I. N., Cellino, A., Kwon, Y. G., Muñoz, O., & Stam, D. M. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00157-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Khan, Y., Gibb, E. L., Roth, N. X., DiSanti, M. A., Russo, N. D., Bonev, B. P., Ejeta, C. T., Saki, M. R., Vervack, R. J., McKay, A., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acc074 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hyperbolic Meteoroids Impacting the Moon
Szalay, J. R., Pokorný, P., & Horányi, M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab7195 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Evolution of pits at the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Benseguane, S., Guilbert-Lepoutre, A., Lasue, J., Besse, S., Leyrat, C., Beth, A., Costa, M., Grieger, B., & Capria, M. T. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243983 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Roth, N. X., Milam, S. N., DiSanti, M. A., Villanueva, G. L., Faggi, S., Bonev, B. P., Cordiner, M., Remijan, A. J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Biver, N., et al. (2023) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ace1e9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nesvorný, D., Vokrouhlický, D., Dones, L., Levison, H. F., Kaib, N., & Morbidelli, A.
- Affiliations
- Charles University (CZ)
- Southwest Research Institute (US)
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2017-08-09
- Volume
- 845
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2686004880
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 8.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Satellite Systems and Control
- Keywords
- short-period comets, Planet Nine, Halley-type comets, Oort cloud comets, orbital inclination distribution, perihelion distance, cometary activity, early solar system
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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