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The Target-selection Pipeline for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
Open accessAbstract
In 2021 May, the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) began a 5 yr survey of approximately 50 million total extragalactic and Galactic targets. The primary DESI dark-time targets are emission line galaxies, luminous red galaxies, and quasars. In bright time, DESI will focus on two surveys known as the Bright Galaxy Survey and the Milky Way Survey. DESI also observes a selection of “secondary” targets for bespoke science goals. This paper gives an overview of the publicly available pipeline ( desitarget ) used to process targets for DESI observations. Highlights include details of the different DESI survey targeting phases, the targeting ID ( TARGETID ) used to define unique targets, the bitmasks used to indicate a particular type of target, the data model and structure of DESI targeting files, and examples of how to access and use the desitarget code base. This paper will also describe “supporting” DESI target classes, such as standard stars, sky locations, and random catalogs that mimic the angular selection function of DESI targets. The DESI target-selection pipeline is complex and sizable; this paper attempts to summarize the most salient information required to understand and work with DESI targeting data.
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“Despite the increase in scope and complexity of future imaging surveys, the quality of exposures in large campaigns will remain essential to downstream tasks, such as astrometric (e.g., Lang et al. 2009), and photometric (e.g., Stubbs & Tonry 2006) measurements, and target selection to facilitate follow-up studies (e.g., Myers et al. 2023).”
From A Semi-Supervised Learning Method for the Identification of Bad Exposures in Large Imaging Surveys (2026) · cites this paper as Myers et al. 2023
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Harris, C., Millman, K., van der Walt, S., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N., et al. (2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 17,844
Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy
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Self-citationGaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties
Gaia Collaboration, Brown, A. G. A., Vallenari, A., Prusti, T., de Bruijne, J. H. J., Babusiaux, C., Bailer-Jones, C. A. L., Biermann, M., Evans, D. W., Eyer, L., et al. (2018) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051 · Cited by 8,442
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
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“The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS; York et al. 2000), in particular, greatly advanced the frontiers of software development for large sky surveys.”
BackgroundThe Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package
Price-Whelan, A., Sipőcz, B., Günther, H. M., Lim, P., Crawford, S., Conseil, S., Shupe, D., Craig, M., Dencheva, N., Ginsburg, A., et al. (2018) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f · Cited by 6,887
Self-citationGórski, K., Hivon, E., Banday, A., Wandelt, B. D., Hansen, F., Reinecke, M., & Bartelmann, M. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/427976 · Cited by 5,217 · cited 1×
“Throughout this paper, code examples are given in the Python programming language and HEALPixel1 nside numbers (Górski et al. 2005; Zonca et al. 2019) are always expressed in the NESTED scheme.”
MethodBrown, A. G. A., Vallenari, A., Prusti, T., de Bruijne, J. H. J., Babusiaux, C., Biermann, M., Creevey, O. L., Evans, D. W., Eyer, L., Hutton, A., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657 · Cited by 3,937
Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Early Data Release
Stoughton, C., Lupton, R. H., Bernardi, M., Blanton, M. R., Burles, S. M., Castander, F. J., Connolly, A. J., Eisenstein, D. J., Frieman, J. A., Hennessy, G. S., et al. (2002) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/324741 · Cited by 2,389 · cited 2×
“A UNIQUE IDENTIFIER FOR DESI TARGETS DESI utilizes a unique ID, similar to the objID used by the SDSS (e.g. Stoughton et al. 2002), to track tar- geted objects through the end-to-end pipeline.”
MethodSelf-citationThe 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: spectra and redshifts
Colless, M., Dalton, G., Maddox, S., Sutherland, W. J., Norberg, P., Cole, S., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Bridges, T. J., Cannon, R., Collins, C. A., et al. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04902.x · Cited by 2,368 · cited 1×
“…to account for different emulsions on glass plates versus films, and the survey pipeline generated masks to miti- gate density fluctuations caused by bright stars, varying flux limits, satellite tracks and plate defects (e.g. Colless et al. 2001, 2003; Croom et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2005).”
BackgroundTHE BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF SDSS-III
Dawson, K. S., Schlegel, D. J., Ahn, C. P., Anderson, S. F., Aubourg, É., Bailey, S., Barkhouser, R. H., Bautista, J., Beifiori, A., Berlind, A. A., et al. (2012) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/1/10 · Cited by 2,018
Self-citationA survey of galaxy redshifts. I - Data reduction techniques
Tonry, J. L., & Davis, M. (1979) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/112569 · Cited by 1,480 · cited 1×
“…include the development of techniques to perform spectroscopic reductions in near real-time to improve the completeness of redshift surveys (e.g. Tonry & Davis 1979), and the automated cataloging of galaxies using scanning machines in order to better sample and char- acterize…”
MethodBradley, L., Sipőcz, B., Robitaille, T., Tollerud, E., Vinícius, Z., Deil, C., Barbary, K., Wilson, T. J., Busko, I., Donath, A., et al. (2016) · Figshare · doi:10.5281/zenodo.596036 · Cited by 1,411
Ahumada, R., Prieto, C. A., Almeida, A., Anders, F., Anderson, S. F., Andrews, B. H., Anguiano, B., Arcodia, R., Armengaud, E., Aubert, M., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab929e · Cited by 1,410 · cited 1×
“…obtain spectra for approximately 40 million galaxies and quasars (Levi et al. 2013; DESI Collaboration et al. 2016b), which will produce about an order-of-magnitude more extragalactic redshifts than measured by BOSS and eBOSS combined (see Ahumada et al. 2020, for BOSS and eBOSS source statistics).”
MethodSelf-citationOverview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
Dey, A., Schlegel, D., Lang, D., Blum, R., Burleigh, K., Fan, X.-H., Findlay, J., Finkbeiner, D., Herrera, D., Juneau, S., et al. (2018) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab089d · Cited by 1,308 · cited 5×
“…and bgs mask bitmask. dMWS bits other than MWS ANY are stored in the MWS TARGET column and mws mask bitmask. eBACKUP bits are stored in the MWS TARGET column and mws mask bitmask. aBASS, MzLS and DECaLS are the individual surveys that comprise the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (e.g. Dey et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOverview of the DESI Legacy Imaging SurveysPreprint
Dey, A. T., Schlegel, D. J., Lang, D., Blum, R., Burleigh, K., Fan, X., Findlay, J. R., Finkbeiner, D. P., Herrera, D., Juneau, S., et al. (2018) · HAL · Cited by 1,221
Self-citationSmee, S. A., Gunn, J. E., Uomoto, A., Roe, N. A., Schlegel, D. J., Rockosi, C. M., Carr, M. A., Leger, F., Dawson, K. S., Olmstead, M. D., et al. (2013) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/2/32 · Cited by 1,086 · cited 1×
“With the advent of multi-object spectrographs (e.g. Bagnuolo et al. 1990; Lewis et al. 2002; Smee et al. 2013), spectroscopic surveys have greatly expanded in scope.”
Self-citationBabusiaux, C., van Leeuwen, F., Barstow, M. A., Jordi, C., Vallenari, A., Bossini, D., Bressan, A., Cantat-Gaudin, T., van Leeuwen, M., Brown, A. G. A., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832843 · Cited by 873
Burles, S. M. (2012) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 868
THE SDSS-IV EXTENDED BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: OVERVIEW AND EARLY DATA
Dawson, K., Kneib, J., Percival, W. J., Alam, S., Albareti, F. D., Anderson, S. F., Armengaud, E., Aubourg, É., Bailey, S., Bautista, J., et al. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/44 · Cited by 866 · cited 1×
“Targeting pipelines also advanced with later itera- tions of the SDSS, such as the SDSS-III Baryon Oscilla- tion Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS; Dawson et al. 2013) and the SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spec- troscopic Survey (eBOSS; Dawson et al. 2016).”
MethodSelf-citationDroettboom, M., Caswell, T. A., Hunter, J., Firing, E., Nielsen, J. H., Varoquaux, N., Root, B., De Andrade, E. S., Elson, P., Dale, D., et al. (2014) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.592536 · Cited by 861
healpy: equal area pixelization and spherical harmonics transforms for data on the sphere in Python
Zonca, A., Singer, L., Lenz, D., Reinecke, M., Rosset, C., Hivon, E., & Górski, K. (2019) · Journal of Open Source Software · doi:10.21105/joss.01298 · Cited by 751 · cited 2×
“Throughout this paper, code examples are given in the Python programming language and HEALPixel1 nside numbers (Górski et al. 2005; Zonca et al. 2019) are always expressed in the NESTED scheme.”
MethodBolton, A. S., Schlegel, D. J., Aubourg, É., Bailey, S., Bhardwaj, V., Brownstein, J. R., Burles, S. M., Chen, Y.-M., Dawson, K., Eisenstein, D. J., et al. (2012) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/5/144 · Cited by 667 · cited 1×
“Specialist pipelines were developed for imaging reductions (Lup- ton et al. 2001; Blanton et al. 2011), spectroscopic re- ductions, source classifications and redshift-fitting (Sub- baRao et al. 2002; Bolton et al. 2012), and tiling and fiber assignment (Blanton et al. 2003), among other goals.”
MethodSelf-citationThe 2dF QSO Redshift Survey - XII. The spectroscopic catalogue and luminosity function
Croom, S. M., Smith, R. J., Boyle, B. J., Shanks, T., Miller, L., Outram, P. J., & Loaring, N. S. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07619.x · Cited by 649 · cited 1×
“…to account for different emulsions on glass plates versus films, and the survey pipeline generated masks to miti- gate density fluctuations caused by bright stars, varying flux limits, satellite tracks and plate defects (e.g. Colless et al. 2001, 2003; Croom et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2005).”
BackgroundBlanton, M. R., Lin, H., Lupton, R. H., Maley, F. M., Young, N. E., Zehavi, I., & Loveday, J. (2003) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/344761 · Cited by 596
IMPROVED BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION FOR THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY IMAGES
Blanton, M. R., Kazin, E., Muna, D., Weaver, B. A., & Price-Whelan, A. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/1/31 · Cited by 573 · cited 1×
“Specialist pipelines were developed for imaging reductions (Lup- ton et al. 2001; Blanton et al. 2011), spectroscopic re- ductions, source classifications and redshift-fitting (Sub- baRao et al. 2002; Bolton et al. 2012), and tiling and fiber assignment (Blanton et al. 2003), among other goals.”
MethodSelf-citationOverview of the Instrumentation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
Abareshi, B., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S. P., Alam, S., Alexander, D. M., Alfarsy, R., Allen, L., Prieto, C. A., Alves, O., Ameel, J., et al. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac882b · Cited by 476
Self-citationThe Stromlo-APM Redshift Survey. I - The luminosity function and space density of galaxies
Loveday, J., Peterson, B. A., Efstathiou, G., & Maddox, S. (1992) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/171284 · Cited by 449 · cited 1×
“…techniques to perform spectroscopic reductions in near real-time to improve the completeness of redshift surveys (e.g. Tonry & Davis 1979), and the automated cataloging of galaxies using scanning machines in order to better sample and char- acterize large-scale-structure (e.g. Loveday et al. 1992).”
MethodThe Anglo-Australian Observatory 2dF facility
Lewis, I., Cannon, R. D., Taylor, K., Glazebrook, K., Bailey, J. A., Baldry, I. K., Barton, J. R., Bridges, T. J., Dalton, G., Farrell, T. J., et al. (2002) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05333.x · Cited by 347 · cited 1×
“With the advent of multi-object spectrographs (e.g. Bagnuolo et al. 1990; Lewis et al. 2002; Smee et al. 2013), spectroscopic surveys have greatly expanded in scope.”
THE SDSS-III BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: QUASAR TARGET SELECTION FOR DATA RELEASE NINE
Ross, N. P., Myers, A. D., Sheldon, E. S., Yèche, C., Strauss, M. A., Bovy, J., Kirkpatrick, J. A., Richards, G. T., Aubourg, É., Blanton, M. R., et al. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/199/1/3 · Cited by 316 · cited 1×
“The BOSS and eBOSS quasar targeting pipelines (Ross et al. 2012; Myers et al. 2015), for instance, not only incor- porated long-established approaches such as color cuts and cross-matches to multi-wavelength catalogs, but also implemented targeting techniques based on vari- ability in multi-epoch…”
MethodSelf-citationThe DESI Bright Galaxy Survey: Final Target Selection, Design, and Validation
Hahn, C., Wilson, M. J., Ruiz-Macias, O., Cole, S., Weinberg, D. H., Moustakas, J., Kremin, A., Tinker, J. L., Smith, A. G., Wechsler, R. H., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/accff8 · Cited by 283
Self-citationThe DESI Experiment Part II: Instrument DesignPreprint
Desi Collaboration Amir Aghamousa, Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S., Alam, S., Allen, L., Prieto, C., Annis, J., Bailey, S., Balland, C., Ballester, O., et al. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1611.00037 · Cited by 274
Self-citationAstronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems X
Hanisch, R. J., & Jacoby, G. H. (2001) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/320803 · Cited by 250
Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Weckesser, W., Alexbrc, Peterson, P., Wnbell, Mattknox_ca, et al. (2016) · Figshare · doi:10.5281/zenodo.595738 · Cited by 250
WISE PHOTOMETRY FOR 400 MILLION SDSS SOURCES
Lang, D., Hogg, D. W., & Schlegel, D. J. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/36 · Cited by 241 · cited 1×
“…catalogs, but also implemented targeting techniques based on vari- ability in multi-epoch data (Palanque-Delabrouille et al. 2011, 2016), forced photometry (Lang et al. 2016), ma- chine learning methods (Yèche et al. 2010), and rigorous Bayesian approaches (Kirkpatrick et al. 2011; Bovy et al.”
MethodSelf-citationProject Overview of the Beijing–Arizona Sky Survey
Zou, H., Zhou, X., Fan, X., Zhang, T., Zhou, Z., Nie, J., Peng, X., McGreer, I. D., Jiang, L., Dey, A. T., et al. (2017) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/aa65ba · Cited by 231 · cited 4×
“These include significant imaging from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (Zou et al. 2017; Dey et al. 2019, D. Schlegel et al. 2023, in preparation), an extensive spectroscopic reduction pipeline (Guy et al. 2022), a template-fitting pipeline to derive classifications and redshifts for each targeted source (Redrock; S.…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationBovy, J., Hennawi, J. F., Hogg, D. W., Myers, A. D., Kirkpatrick, J. A., Schlegel, D. J., Ross, N. P., Sheldon, E. S., McGreer, I. D., Schneider, D. P., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/729/2/141 · Cited by 217
Self-citationTHE SDSS-IV EXTENDED BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: QUASAR TARGET SELECTION
Myers, A. D., Palanque‐Delabrouille, N., Prakash, A., Pâris, I., Yèche, C., Dawson, K., Bovy, J., Lang, D., Schlegel, D. J., Newman, J. A., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/221/2/27 · Cited by 205 · cited 1×
“The BOSS and eBOSS quasar targeting pipelines (Ross et al. 2012; Myers et al. 2015), for instance, not only incor- porated long-established approaches such as color cuts and cross-matches to multi-wavelength catalogs, but also implemented targeting techniques based on vari- ability in multi-epoch…”
MethodSelf-citationThe Robotic Multiobject Focal Plane System of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI)
Silber, J. H., Fagrelius, P., Fanning, K., Schubnell, M. S., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S. P., Ameel, J., Ballester, O., Baltay, C., Bebek, C. J., et al. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac9ab1 · Cited by 205 · cited 1×
“DESI, which can obtain simultaneous spectra of almost 5000 objects over a ∼ 3◦ field (DESI Collaboration et al. 2016a; Silber et al. 2022, T. Miller et al. 2023, in preparation), is currently con- ducting a five-year survey of about a third of the sky.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFTS AND QUASAR PROBABILITIES FROM A SINGLE, DATA-DRIVEN GENERATIVE MODEL
Bovy, J., Myers, A. D., Hennawi, J. F., Hogg, D. W., McMahon, R. G., Schiminovich, D., Sheldon, E. S., Brinkmann, J., Schneider, D. P., & Weaver, B. A. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/749/1/41 · Cited by 133
Self-citationTHE FIRST U.S. NAVAL OBSERVATORY ROBOTIC ASTROMETRIC TELESCOPE CATALOG
Zacharias, N., Finch, C., Subasavage, J., Bredthauer, G., Crockett, C., Divittorio, M., Ferguson, E., Harris, F., Harris, H., Henden, A. A., et al. (2015) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/4/101 · Cited by 131 · cited 1×
“As astrometric information is essential for DESI guiding, the GFAs incorporate proper motions from the First U.S. Naval Observatory Robotic Astrometric Telescope Catalog (URAT; Zacharias et al. 2015) where Gaia proper motions are missing.”
MethodPalanque‐Delabrouille, N., Magneville, C., Yèche, C., Pâris, I., Petitjean, P., Burtin, E., Dawson, K., McGreer, I., Myers, A. D., Rossi, G., et al. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527392 · Cited by 110 · cited 1×
“…such as color cuts and cross-matches to multi-wavelength catalogs, but also implemented targeting techniques based on vari- ability in multi-epoch data (Palanque-Delabrouille et al. 2011, 2016), forced photometry (Lang et al. 2016), ma- chine learning methods (Yèche et al. 2010), and…”
MethodSelf-citationArtificial neural networks for quasar selection and photometric redshift determination
Yèche, C., Petitjean, P., Rich, J., Aubourg, É., Busca, N. G., Hamilton, J. –., Goff, J. M. L., Pâris, I., Peirani, S., Pichon, C., et al. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913508 · Cited by 95 · cited 1×
“…catalogs, but also implemented targeting techniques based on vari- ability in multi-epoch data (Palanque-Delabrouille et al. 2011, 2016), forced photometry (Lang et al. 2016), ma- chine learning methods (Yèche et al. 2010), and rigorous Bayesian approaches (Kirkpatrick et al. 2011; Bovy et al.”
MethodSelf-citationVariability selected high-redshift quasars on SDSS Stripe 82
Palanque‐Delabrouille, N., Yèche, C., Myers, A. D., Petitjean, P., Ross, N. P., Sheldon, E., Aubourg, É., Delubac, T., Goff, J.-M. L., Pâris, I., et al. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201016254 · Cited by 93 · cited 1×
“…such as color cuts and cross-matches to multi-wavelength catalogs, but also implemented targeting techniques based on vari- ability in multi-epoch data (Palanque-Delabrouille et al. 2011, 2016), forced photometry (Lang et al. 2016), ma- chine learning methods (Yèche et al. 2010), and…”
MethodSelf-citationPreliminary Target Selection for the DESI Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) Sample
Zhou, R., Newman, J. A., Dawson, K. S., Eisenstein, D. J., Brooks, D., Dey, A., Dey, B., Duan, Y., Eftekharzadeh, S., GAZTAÑAGA, E., et al. (2020) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abc0f4 · Cited by 80 · cited 1×
“…dark-time target classes observed by DESI (DESI Collaboration et al. 2016b) are emission line galaxies (ELGs; Raichoor et al. 2020, 2022), lu- minous red galaxies (LRGs; Zhou et al. 2020, 2022) and quasi-stellar objects (QSOs, also known as quasars; Yèche et al. 2020; Chaussidon et al. 2022a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPalanque‐Delabrouille, N., Magneville, C., Yèche, C., Pâris, I., Petitjean, P., Burtin, E., Dawson, K., McGreer, I. D., Myers, A. D., Rossi, G., et al. (2016) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527392/pdf · Cited by 76
Self-citationPreliminary Target Selection for the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS)
Ruiz-Macias, O., Zarrouk, P., Cole, S., Norberg, P., Baugh, C. M., Brooks, D., Dey, A. T., Duan, Y., Eftekharzadeh, S., Eisenstein, D. J., et al. (2020) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abc25a · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“…in Jupyter Notebook format. a dedicated Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS; Ruiz-Macias et al. 2020; Hahn et al. 2022), and a variety of Galactic sources as part of a Milky Way Survey (MWS; Allende Prieto et al. 2020; Cooper…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPreliminary Target Selection for the DESI Quasar (QSO) Sample
Yèche, C., Palanque‐Delabrouille, N., Claveau, C.-A., Brooks, D., Chaussidon, E., Davis, T. M., Dawson, K. S., Dey, A., Duan, Y., Eftekharzadeh, S., et al. (2020) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abc01a · Cited by 70 · cited 1×
“…dark-time target classes observed by DESI (DESI Collaboration et al. 2016b) are emission line galaxies (ELGs; Raichoor et al. 2020, 2022), lu- minous red galaxies (LRGs; Zhou et al. 2020, 2022) and quasi-stellar objects (QSOs, also known as quasars; Yèche et al. 2020; Chaussidon et al. 2022a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVariability selected high-redshift quasars on SDSS Stripe 82
Palanque‐Delabrouille, N., Yèche, C., Myers, A. D., Petitjean, P., Ross, N. P., Sheldon, E. S., Aubourg, É., Delubac, T., Le Goff, J. M., Pâris, I., et al. (2011) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 69
Self-citationPreliminary Target Selection for the DESI Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) Sample
Zhou, R., Newman, J. A., Dawson, K., Eisenstein, D. J., Brooks, D., Dey, A. T., Dey, B., Duan, Y., Eftekharzadeh, S., GAZTAÑAGA, E., et al. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 62
Self-citationPreliminary Target Selection for the DESI Milky Way Survey (MWS)
Prieto, C. A., Cooper, A. P., Dey, A. T., Gänsicke, B. T., Koposov, S. E., Li, T. S., Manser, C. J., Nidever, D. L., Rockosi, C. M., Wang, M.-Y., et al. (2020) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abc1dc · Cited by 61 · cited 4×
“4 https://github.com/desihub/desitarget/blob/2.5.0/doc/nb/ target-selection-bits-and-bitmasks.ipynb, in Jupyter Notebook format. a dedicated Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS; Ruiz-Macias et al. 2020; Hahn et al. 2022), and a variety of Galactic sources as part of a Milky Way Survey (MWS; Allende Prieto et al. 2020; Cooper et…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA SIMPLE LIKELIHOOD METHOD FOR QUASAR TARGET SELECTION
Kirkpatrick, J. A., Schlegel, D. J., Ross, N. P., Myers, A. D., Hennawi, J. F., Sheldon, E. S., Schneider, D. P., & Weaver, B. A. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/743/2/125 · Cited by 61
Self-citationPreliminary Target Selection for the DESI Emission Line Galaxy (ELG) Sample
Raichoor, A., Eisenstein, D. J., Karim, T., Newman, J. A., Moustakas, J., Brooks, D., Dawson, K. S., Dey, A., Duan, Y., Eftekharzadeh, S., et al. (2020) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abc078 · Cited by 59 · cited 1×
“…of DESI Target Classes The primary dark-time target classes observed by DESI (DESI Collaboration et al. 2016b) are emission line galaxies (ELGs; Raichoor et al. 2020, 2022), lu- minous red galaxies (LRGs; Zhou et al. 2020, 2022) and quasi-stellar objects (QSOs, also known as quasars; Yèche et…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPreliminary Target Selection for the DESI Quasar (QSO) Sample
Yèche, C., Palanque‐Delabrouille, N., Claveau, C.-A., Brooks, D., Chaussidon, E., Davis, T. M., Dawson, K., Dey, A. T., Duan, Y., Eftekharzadeh, S., et al. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 50
Self-citationPreliminary Target Selection for the DESI Emission Line Galaxy (ELG) Sample
Raichoor, A., Eisenstein, D. J., Karim, T., Newman, J. A., Moustakas, J., Brooks, D., Dawson, K., Dey, A. T., Duan, Y., Eftekharzadeh, S., et al. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 46
Self-citationAngular clustering properties of the DESI QSO target selection using DR9 Legacy Imaging Surveys
Chaussidon, E., Yèche, C., Palanque‐Delabrouille, N., de Mattia, A., Myers, A. D., Rezaie, M., Ross, A. J., Seo, H., Brooks, D., GAZTAÑAGA, E., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3252 · Cited by 40
Self-citationThe 2dF QSO Redshift Survey -- III. The input catalogue
Smith, R. J., Croom, S. M., Boyle, B. J., Shanks, T., Miller, L., & Loaring, N. S. (2005) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08870.x · Cited by 34 · cited 1×
“…to account for different emulsions on glass plates versus films, and the survey pipeline generated masks to miti- gate density fluctuations caused by bright stars, varying flux limits, satellite tracks and plate defects (e.g. Colless et al. 2001, 2003; Croom et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2005).”
BackgroundThe Sloan Digital Sky Survey 1-Dimensional Spectroscopic Pipeline
SubbaRao, M. U., Frieman, J. A., Bernardi, M., Loveday, J., Nichol, B., Castander, F. J., & Meiksin, A. A. (2002) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.461108 · Cited by 29 · cited 1×
“Specialist pipelines were developed for imaging reductions (Lup- ton et al. 2001; Blanton et al. 2011), spectroscopic re- ductions, source classifications and redshift-fitting (Sub- baRao et al. 2002; Bolton et al. 2012), and tiling and fiber assignment (Blanton et al. 2003), among other goals.”
MethodThe multi-telescope telescope - A cost-effective approach to fiber-fed spectroscopy
Jr. Bagnuolo William, G., Furenlid, I. K., Gies, D. R., Barry, D. J., Russell, W. H., & Dorsey, J. F. (1990) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/132677 · Cited by 13 · cited 1×
“With the advent of multi-object spectrographs (e.g. Bagnuolo et al. 1990; Lewis et al. 2002; Smee et al. 2013), spectroscopic surveys have greatly expanded in scope.”
Overview of the Instrumentation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
Abareshi, B., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S. P., Alam, S., Alexander, D. M., Alfarsy, R., Allen, L., Prieto, C. A., Alves, O., Ameel, J., et al. (2022) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2205.10939 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPerformance of Kitt Peak's Mayall 4-meter telescope during DESI commissioning
Meisner, A., Abareshi, B., Dey, A. T., Rockosi, C. M., Joyce, R. R., Sprayberry, D., Besuner, R. W., Honscheid, K., Kirkby, D. P., Kong, H., et al. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 8
Self-citationTarget Selection and Validation of DESI Luminous Red GalaxiesPreprint
Zhou, R., Dey, B., Newman, J. A., Eisenstein, D. J., Dawson, K., Bailey, S., Berti, A., Guy, J., Lan, T.-W., Zou, H., et al. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2208.08515 · Cited by 8
Self-citationPerformance of Kitt Peak’s Mayall 4-meter telescope during DESI commissioning
Meisner, A., Abareshi, B., Dey, A., Rockosi, C. M., Joyce, R. R., Sprayberry, D., Besuner, R. W., Honscheid, K., Kirkby, D. P., Kong, H., et al. (2020) · Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX · doi:10.1117/12.2574776 · Cited by 7 · cited 1×
“Commissioning, Survey Validation, and the Main Survey The DESI survey has progressed through a number of targeting phases: • First, DESI underwent commissioning (e.g. Besuner et al. 2020; Meisner et al. 2020; Perruchot et al. 2020; Poppett et al. 2020; Shourt et al. 2020).”
MethodSelf-citationPrecision alignment and integration of DESI's focal plane using a laser tracker
Shourt, W. V., Besuner, R., Silber, J. H., Dunlop, P., Evatt, M., Brooks, D., Doel, P., Duan, Y., Fanning, K., GAZTAÑAGA, E., et al. (2020) · Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes IX · doi:10.1117/12.2562687 · Cited by 5 · cited 1×
“Commissioning, Survey Validation, and the Main Survey The DESI survey has progressed through a number of targeting phases: • First, DESI underwent commissioning (e.g. Besuner et al. 2020; Meisner et al. 2020; Perruchot et al. 2020; Poppett et al. 2020; Shourt et al. 2020).”
MethodSelf-citationInstallation of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument at the Mayall 4-meter telescope
Besuner, R. W., Allen, L., Baltay, C., Brooks, D., Carton, P.-H., Doel, A. P., Donaldson, J., Duan, Y., Dunlop, P., Edelstein, J., et al. (2020) · Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX · doi:10.1117/12.2561507 · Cited by 5 · cited 1×
“Commissioning, Survey Validation, and the Main Survey The DESI survey has progressed through a number of targeting phases: • First, DESI underwent commissioning (e.g. Besuner et al. 2020; Meisner et al. 2020; Perruchot et al. 2020; Poppett et al. 2020; Shourt et al. 2020).”
MethodSelf-citationPerformance of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) fiber system
Poppett, C., Jelinsky, P. N., Guy, J., Edelstein, J., Jelinsky, S. R., Aguilar, J., Sharples, R. M., Schmoll, J., Bramall, D. G., Tyas, L., et al. (2020) · Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX · doi:10.1117/12.2562565 · Cited by 5 · cited 1×
“Commissioning, Survey Validation, and the Main Survey The DESI survey has progressed through a number of targeting phases: • First, DESI underwent commissioning (e.g. Besuner et al. 2020; Meisner et al. 2020; Perruchot et al. 2020; Poppett et al. 2020; Shourt et al. 2020).”
MethodSelf-citationTesting the 10 spectrograph units for DESI: approach and results
Perruchot, S., Blanc, P.-É., Guy, J., Guillou, L. L., Ronayette, S. D., Régal, X., Castagnoli, G., Suu, A. L. V., Sepulveda, E. S., Jullo, E., et al. (2020) · Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IX · doi:10.1117/12.2561275 · Cited by 3 · cited 1×
“Commissioning, Survey Validation, and the Main Survey The DESI survey has progressed through a number of targeting phases: • First, DESI underwent commissioning (e.g. Besuner et al. 2020; Meisner et al. 2020; Perruchot et al. 2020; Poppett et al. 2020; Shourt et al. 2020).”
MethodSelf-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Høg, 2000, A&A, 355, L27
- Palmese, 2021, GCN, 30923, 1
- Wells, 1981, A&AS, 44, 363
Cited by
Sorted by citations
DESI 2024 VI: cosmological constraints from the measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations
Adame, A. G., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S. P., Alam, S., Alexander, D. M., Alvarez, M. A., Alves, O., Anand, A., Andrade, U., Armengaud, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/02/021 · Cited by 1,156
Self-citationDESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints
Abdul Karim, M., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S., Alam, S., Allen, L., Prieto, C. A., Alves, O., Anand, A., Andrade, U., Armengaud, E., et al. (2025) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/tr6y-kpc6 · Cited by 856
Self-citationThe Early Data Release of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
Adame, A. G., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S. P., Alam, S., Aldering, G., Alexander, D. M., Alfarsy, R., Prieto, C. A., Alvarez, M. A., Alves, O., et al. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad3217 · Cited by 362
“First, the tractorphot catalogs contain all the photometric quantities measured by Tractor in the LS / DR9, not just the measurements included in the light-weight sweep catalogs used to select DESI targets ( see also Myers et al. 2023 ) .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe DESI Bright Galaxy Survey: Final Target Selection, Design, and Validation
Hahn, C., Wilson, M. J., Ruiz-Macias, O., Cole, S., Weinberg, D. H., Moustakas, J., Kremin, A., Tinker, J. L., Smith, A. G., Wechsler, R. H., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/accff8 · Cited by 283
“These targets can be accessed in DESI catalogs as described in Myers et al. (2023) under the BGS_WISE bit name.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman alpha forest
Adame, A. G., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S. P., Alam, S., Alexander, D. M., Alvarez, M. A., Alves, O., Anand, A., Andrade, U., Armengaud, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/01/124 · Cited by 281
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Myers, A. D., Moustakas, J., Bailey, S., Weaver, B. A., Cooper, A. P., Forero-Romero, J. E., Abolfathi, B., Alexander, D. M., Brooks, D., Chaussidon, E., Chuang, C.-H., Dawson, K., Dey, A., Dey, B., Dhungana, G., Doel, P., Fanning, K., Gaztañaga, E., A Gontcho, S. G., Gonzalez-Morales, A. X., Hahn, C., Herrera-Alcantar, H. K., Honscheid, K., Ishak, M., Karim, T., Kirkby, D., Kisner, T., Koposov, S. E., Kremin, A., Lan, T.-W., Landriau, M., Lang, D., Levi, M. E., Magneville, C., Napolitano, L., Martini, P., Meisner, A., Newman, J. A., Palanque-Delabrouille, N., Percival, W., Poppett, C., Prada, F., Raichoor, A., Ross, A. J., Schlafly, E. F., Schlegel, D., Schubnell, M., Tan, T., Tarle, G., Wilson, M. J., Yèche, C., Zhou, R., Zhou, Z., & Zou, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Wyoming (US)
- Siena College (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- NSF NOIRLab (US)
- National Tsing Hua University (TW)
- Universidad de Los Andes (CO)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Durham University (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- University of Utah (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Institute of Space Sciences (ES)
- Universidad de Guanajuato (MX)
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Perimeter Institute (CA)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Space Sciences Laboratory (US)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (ES)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Myers, Adam D.
- ORCID
- Moustakas, John
- Bailey, Stephen
- Cooper, Andrew P.
- Forero-Romero, Jaime E.
- Abolfathi, Bela
- Alexander, David M.
- Brooks, David
- Chaussidon, Edmond
- Chuang, Chia-Hsun
- Dawson, Kyle
- Dey, Arjun
- Dey, Biprateep
- Dhungana, Govinda
- Doel, Peter
- Fanning, Kevin
- Gaztañaga, Enrique
- Gonzalez-Morales, Alma X.
- Hahn, ChangHoon
- Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K.
- Honscheid, Klaus
- Ishak, Mustapha
- Karim, Tanveer
- Kirkby, David
- Kisner, Theodore
- Koposov, Sergey E.
- Kremin, Anthony
- Lan, Ting-Wen
- Landriau, Martin
- Lang, Dustin
- Levi, Michael E.
- Napolitano, Lucas
- Martini, Paul
- Meisner, Aaron
- Newman, Jeffrey A.
- Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie
- Percival, Will
- Poppett, Claire
- Prada, Francisco
- Raichoor, Anand
- Ross, Ashley J.
- Schlafly, Edward F.
- Schlegel, David
- Schubnell, Michael
- Tan, Ting
- Tarle, Gregory
- Yèche, Christophe
- Zhou, Rongpu
- Zhou, Zhimin
- Zou, Hu
- Venue
- The Astronomical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2023-01-11
- Volume
- 165
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 50
- ISSN
- 0004-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3881
- OpenAlex
- W4292421616
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 33
- FWCI
- 18.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astronomical Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Apollo
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0019022, DE-SC0020086, DE-AC02-05CH11231)
- Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (109-2112-M-007-011-MY3)
- National Science Foundation (AST-0950945)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Keywords
- DESI, target selection, emission-line galaxies, luminous red galaxies, quasars, standard stars, Dark Energy Survey
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