Statistical Properties of the Population of the Galactic Center Filaments: the Spectral Index and Equipartition Magnetic Field

Yusef-Zadeh, F.; Arendt, R. G.; Wardle, M.; Heywood, I.; Cotton, W.; Camilo, F.

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac4802

Cited by 42Astrophysics and Cosmic PhenomenaAstrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsAstrophysics and Star Formation Studies

Statistical Properties of the Population of the Galactic Center Filaments: the Spectral Index and Equipartition Magnetic Field

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Yusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., Heywood, I., Cotton, W., Camilo, F.·2022·The Astrophysical Journal Letters

DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ac4802

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Abstract

We present high-pass-filtered continuum images of the inner 3.°5 × 2.°5 of the Galactic center at 20 cm with 6.″4 resolution. These mosaic images are taken with MeerKAT and reveal a large number of narrow filaments, roughly an order of magnitude increase in their numbers compared to past measurements. For the first time, we carry out population studies of the spectral index and magnetic field of the entire region. The mean spectral indices of the filaments are steeper than supernova remnants (SNRs) (−0.62) with a value of α ∼ −0.83. The variation in α is much larger than for the SNRs, suggesting that these characteristics have a different origin. A large-scale cosmic-ray-driven wind has recently been proposed to explain the origin of filaments and the large-scale 430 pc bipolar radio and X-ray structure. This favors the possibility that the large-scale bipolar radio/X-ray structure is produced by past activity of Sgr A* rather than a coordinated burst of supernovae. A trend of steeper indices is also noted with increasing distance from the Galactic plane. This could be explained either by synchrotron cooling or weak shocks accelerating cosmic-ray particles in the context of the cosmic-ray-driven wind. The mean magnetic field strengths along the filaments range from ∼100 to 400 μ G depending on the assumed ratio of cosmic-ray protons to electrons. Given that there is a high cosmic-ray pressure in the Galactic center, the large equipartition magnetic field implies that the magnetic filed is weak in most of the interstellar volume of the Galactic center.

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Inoue, 1984, PASJ, 36, 633
Morris, 1994, ASIC, 445, 185
Pohl, 1992, A&A, 262, 441
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SOFIA/HAWC+ Far-Infrared Polarimetric Large Area CMZ Exploration Survey. I. General Results from the Pilot Program
Butterfield, N., Chuss, D. T., Guerra, J. A., Morris, M., Paré, D. M., Wollack, E. J., Dowell, C. D., Hankins, M., Karpovich, K., Siah, J., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad12b9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The Radio Arc (annotated in Figure 1) was the first of these structures discovered (Yusef-Zadeh et al. 1984); however, since then many such structures have been observed, mostly oriented perpendicular to the Galactic plane (e.g., LaRosa et al. 2004; Heywood et al. 2022; Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2022).”
BackgroundMethod
SOFIA/HAWC+ Far-infrared Polarimetric Large-area CMZ Exploration Survey. III. Full Survey Data Set
Paré, D. M., Butterfield, N., Chuss, D. T., Guerra, J. A., Iuliano, J. I., Karpovich, K., Morris, M., & Wollack, E. J. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad4462 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“These NTFs are predominantly oriented perpendicular to the Galactic plane (Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2022; Heywood et al. 2022; Morris 1996).”
Background
Three-dimensional structure of the central molecular zone
Sofue, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2243 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Magnetic fields catalyse massive black hole formation and growth
Begelman, M. C., & Silk, J. I. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad124 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Population of the Galactic Center Filaments: Position Angle Distribution Reveals a Degree-scale Collimated Outflow from Sgr A* along the Galactic Plane
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., & Heywood, I. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acd54b · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The vertical and horizontal filaments are characterized to have nonthermal and thermal properties (Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2022a), respectively, based on their spectral indices.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Populations of Magnetized Filaments in the Intracluster Medium and the Galactic Center
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., & Wardle, M. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac982a · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A trend was noted between the length of the filaments and their brightness as well as with the steepening of the spectral index in the range between [-1.3,-1.0] (Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2022b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Statistical properties of the population of the Galactic centre filaments – II. The spacing between filaments
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., Boldyrev, S. A., Heywood, I., Cotton, W. D., & Camilo, F. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1696 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
The population of Galactic Centre filaments – III. Candidate radio and stellar sources
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., Heywood, I., & Cotton, W. D. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2415 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Non-thermal filaments and AGN recurrent activity in the galaxy group Nest200047: A LOFAR, uGMRT, MeerKAT, and VLA radio spectral analysis
Brienza, M., Rajpurohit, K., Churazov, E., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553676 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
SOFIA/HAWC+ Far-infrared Polarimetric Large-area CMZ Exploration Survey. IV. Relative Magnetic Field Orientation throughout the CMZ
Paré, D. M., Chuss, D. T., Karpovich, K., Butterfield, N., Iuliano, J. I., Pan, X., Wollack, E. J., Zhang, Q., Morris, M., Nilsson, M., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9586 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Representative mechanisms for this behavior include plasma compression, magnetic field line stretching, colliding and shearing flows, or a plasma stream that encounters an obstacle (Drake et al. 2013; Guo et al. 2020; Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2022a).”
Disruption of a massive molecular cloud by a supernova in the Galactic Centre
Nonhebel, M., Barnes, A. T., Immer, K., Armijos-Abendaño, J., Bally, J., Battersby, C., Burton, M., Butterfield, N., Colzi, L., García, P., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451190 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey extended source catalogue
Bordiú, C., Riggi, S., Bufano, F., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450356 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Supernova-remnant origin of the Galactic-Centre filaments
Sofue, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3137 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Discovery of a one-sided radio filament of PSR J0538+2817 in S147: escape of relativistic PWN leptons into surrounding supernova remnant?
Khabibullin, I. I., Churazov, E., Bykov, A. M., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3452 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A radio bubble shredded by gas sloshing?
Botteon, A., Gastaldello, F., ZuHone, J. A., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3305 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The JWST-NIRCam View of Sagittarius C. II. Evidence for Magnetically Dominated H ii Regions in the Central Molecular Zone
Bally, J., Crowe, S., Fedriani, R., Ginsburg, A. G., Schöedel, R., Andersen, M., Tan, J. C., Li, Z., Nogueras-Lara, F., Cheng, Y., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9d0b · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Very Large Array Study of Newly Discovered Southern Latitude Nonthermal Filaments in the Galactic Center: Radio Continuum Total-intensity and Spectral Index Properties
Paré, D. M., Lang, C., & Morris, M. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca40a · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This structure is also observed in Yusef-Zadeh et al. (2004), Heywood et al. (2022), and Yusef-Zadeh et al. (2022) (labeled as feature S3 in Heywood et al. 2022; Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2022).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Molecular fraction in the Galactic Centre: The Central Molecular and H i Zones
Sofue, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2445 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
G359.13142-0.20005: a steep spectrum radio pulsar candidate with an X-ray counterpart running into the Galactic Centre Snake (G359.1-0.2)
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Zhao, J., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., Heinke, C. O., Royster, M., Lang, C., & Michail, J. M. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae549 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Loaded layer-cake model for cosmic ray interaction around exploding super-giant stars making black holes
Allen, M. L., Biermann, P. L., Chieffi, A., et al. (2024) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.102976 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A VLA Study of Newly Discovered Southern Latitude Nonthermal Filaments in the Galactic Center: Polarimetric and Magnetic Field Properties
Paré, D. M., Lang, C., & Morris, M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad74fe · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Probing Three-dimensional Magnetic Fields. III. Synchrotron Emission and Machine Learning
Hu, Y., & Lazarian, A. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7950 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This radiation not only facilitates the estimation of magnetic field strengths at equipartition (Chevalier & Luo 1994; Arshakian et al. 2009; Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2022, 2024), which is pivotal for elucidating cosmic ray acceleration mechanisms (Jokipii 1966; Bell 1978; Bykov et al. 2012; Caprioli &…”
Background
CO Emission and Absorption-line Survey of the M87 Nucleus Using Archival ALMA Imaging
Boizelle, B. D., Li, X., LeVar, N., Norcross, S., Derieg, B. J., Davidson, J. R., Siaw, K., & Walsh, J. L. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adea52 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“We note that within and around radio galaxies, even more diffuse filaments reaching ∼ kpc widths have been observed (F. Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2022).”
SOFIA/HAWC+ Far-infrared Polarimetric Large Area CMZ Exploration Survey. V. The Magnetic Field Strength and Morphology in the Sagittarius C Complex
Zhao, R. J., Morris, M., Chuss, D. T., Paré, D. M., Guerra, J. A., Butterfield, N., Wollack, E. J., & Karpovich, K. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade80d · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“33-0.15 Filaments A fainter bundle of parallel radio filaments, referred to as the “Hummingbird” by Yusef-Zadeh et al. (2022a), is located to the southwest of the Sgr C H II region.”
Influential
Cosmic ray contributions from rapidly rotating stellar mass black holes: cosmic Ray GeV to EeV proton and anti-proton sources
Allen, M., Biermann, P. L., Chieffi, A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2024.1386305 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nonthermal Pressures: Key to Energy Balance and Structure Formation near Sgr A* in the Milky Way
Mazoochi, F., Tabatabaei, F. S., Barnes, A. T., Colzi, L., García, P., Henkel, C., Hu, Y., Longmore, S. N., Martín, S., Sánchez-Monge, Á., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae1b93 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Recently, Yusef-Zadeh et al. (2022) calculated the equipartition magnetic field strength in radio filaments of the CMZ to be on the order of ∼ 100–400 µ G.”
Cold fronts in galaxy clusters – I. A case for the large-scale global eigenmodes in unmagnetized and weakly magnetized cluster core
Choudhury, P. P., & Reynolds, C. S. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf184 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rhea-RT: Dynamical impact of Central Molecular Zone conditions on the properties of the interstellar medium and stellar feedback coupling
Treß, R. G., Brucy, N., Girichidis, P., Glover, S. C. O., Göller, J., Hirschmann, M., Klessen, R. S., Peter, T., Petersson, J., Sormani, M. C., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202558503 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ALMA Central Molecular Zone Exploration Survey (ACES) – VI. ALMA large program reveals a highly filamentary Central Molecular Zone
Battersby, C., Santa-Maria, M. G., Lipman, D., Paré, D. M., Lee, R. C., García, P., Jiménez-Serra, I., Pan, X., Walker, D. L., Sullivan, J., et al. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1119 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The interaction of a large-scale nuclear wind with the high-velocity H ii region G0.17+0.15
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Zhao, J., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., Royster, M., Rudnick, L., & Michail, J. M. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae526 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dark supernova remnant buried in the Galactic Center “Brick” G0.253+0.016 revealed by an expanding CO-line bubble
Sofue, Y. (2024) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psae047 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…We may conclude that case (ii) is more plausible, so that the radio features are not physically associated with the Brick, but are part of the background emission in the Galactic Centre, which is filled with numerous non-thermal filaments (Heywood et al. 2022; Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2022; Sofue 2023).”
Background
Bow-shock structure of Sgr-B molecular-cloud complex in the Galactic Centre inferred from 3D CO-line kinematics
Sofue, Y. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1724 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The SARAO MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey filamentary source catalogue
Williams, G. M., Thompson, M. A., Mutale, M., Rigby, A. J., Bordiú, C., Riggi, S., Bietenholz, M. F., Anderson, L. D., Camilo, F., Goedhart, S., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2690 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
High-energy emission from the Galactic Center
Goldwurm, A., Clavel, M., Stefano Gabici, A., & Terrier, R. (2025) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/9nww-fclb · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hundreds of strange filaments twist through the Galaxy’s centre
(2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00355-5
A Catalog of Filaments in the Central Molecular Zone
Arendt, R. G., Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Heywood, I. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ae1296
“One of the many distinctive features of the Galaxy’s central few hundred parsecs is the presence of a large population of NRFs.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
The Polarization and Magnetic Field of the Radio Arc as Observed by ALMA at 100 GHz
Salem, N., Paré, D. M., Cortés, P. C., Morris, M., & Gouellec, V. J. M. L. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae4b3e
“Radio observations towards the GC have revealed a population of thin, glowing strands with lengths up to 10s of parsecs and thicknesses of only a fraction of a parsec (e.g., Yusef-Zadeh et al. 1984, 2022, 1986; Morris 1996; Gray et al. 1995; Par´e et al. 2019, 2021, 2022, 2024).”
Electric discharges: Early growth of super-massive black holes
Allen, M., Biermann, P. L., Chieffi, A., et al. (2026) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2026.103251

Authors: Yusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., Heywood, I., Cotton, W., & Camilo, F.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
Macquarie University (AU)
Rhodes University (ZA)
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (ZA)
Corresponding author: Heywood, I.
Cotton, W.
ORCID: Yusef-Zadeh, F.
Arendt, R. G.
Wardle, M.
Heywood, I.
Cotton, W.
Camilo, F.
Venue: The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Publisher: American Astronomical Society
Published: 2022-02-01
Volume: 925
Issue: 2
Pages: L18
ISSN: 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
2041-8213
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac4802
OpenAlex: W4210496441
Semantic Scholar: f13a1b4636ca029481f5b219fb584a512f189ecb
Cited by: 42
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8
FWCI: 1.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2025-12-01)
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 1 d)
iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining (tdm, 1 d)
Locations: The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park) (cc-by)
Funders: F. Yusef-Zadeh (AST-0807400)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Keywords: spectral index, equipartition magnetic field, Sgr A*, synchrotron cooling, weak shock waves, cosmic ray acceleration, cosmic ray pressure, supernova remnants

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Statistical Properties of the Population of the Galactic Center Filaments: the Spectral Index and Equipartition Magnetic Field

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