EGCG protects against UVB-induced apoptosis via oxidative stress and the JNK1/c-Jun pathway in ARPE19 cells
Open accessAbstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is part of the spectrum of light produced by the sun. This form of radiation has been implicated as one of the potential etiological factors causing age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Oxidative injury to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has also been thought to play a key role in AMD. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism by which UVB causes damage to the RPE cells, whether it occurs through oxidative stress and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and whether the green tea extract, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), has a protective role. Cell viability assays were used to determine the viability of the cells under different conditions. Cell death caused by apoptosis was determined using fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated-annexin V/PI labeling, followed by flow cytometry. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to detect UVB-induced MAPK signaling pathways. The findings showed that UVB induced apoptosis, which increased intracellular ROS in ARPE19 cells. Inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) with a specific inhibitor augmented this apoptosis, and anisomycin (an activator of JNK) attenuated this apoptosis. In addition, UVB decreased the phosphorylation of JNK1 and c-Jun. Finally, EGCG reduced the ROS generation and apoptosis, and also partially blocked the decreased phosphorylation of JNK1 and c-Jun by UVB irradiation. The findings show that UVB irradiation is able to induce apoptosis in ARPE19 cells through oxidative stress, but EGCG treatment attenuates this damage. In this situation, the JNK pathway plays an anti-apoptotic role. The use of selective activators or antioxidants may be useful in reducing the oxidative damage occurring in AMD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
JNK activation has an anti-apoptotic role in UVA-induced damage in RPE cells.
“and they implicate an “anti-apoptotic role” of JNK activation in this context [ 40 ].”
From MAPK Pathways in Ocular Pathophysiology: Potential Therapeutic Drugs and Challenges (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results section ('Inhibition of JNK augments UVB-induced ARPE19 cell apoptosis') reports that JNK activation reduced apoptosis in ARPE19 cells. The claim changes the exposure from UVB to UVA; our copy does not establish the anti-apoptotic role under UVA exposure. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing
Finkel, T., & Holbrook, N. J. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35041687 · Cited by 9,413 · see citing works
Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases
Davis, R. J. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00116-1 · Cited by 4,237 · see citing works
The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Beatty, S., Koh, H.-H., Phil, M., Henson, D., & Boulton, M. (2000) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00140-5 · Cited by 2,051 · see citing works
Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging
Fisher, G. J., Kang, S., Varani, J., Bata-Csorgo, Z., Wan, Y., Datta, S., & Voorhees, J. J. (2002) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.138.11.1462 · Cited by 1,849 · see citing works
Retinal damage by light in rats.
Noell, W. K., Walker, V. S., Kang, B. S., & Berman, S. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
Behrens, A., Sibilia, M. C., & Wagner, E. F. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/6854 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
MAPK pathways in radiation responses
Dent, P., Yacoub, A., Fisher, P. B., Hagan, M. P., & Grant, S. (2003) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206701 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Retinal light damage: Mechanisms and protection
Organisciak, D. T., & Merriman, D. K. (2009) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.11.004 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Katiyar, S. K., Afaq, F., Perez, A., & Mukhtar, H. (2001) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/22.2.287 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Spectral transmission of the human ocular media
Norren, D. V., & Vos, J. J. (1974) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(74)90222-3 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in UV-Induced Signal Transduction
Bode, A. M., & Dong, Z. (2003) · Science s STKE · doi:10.1126/stke.2003.167.re2 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Marc, R. E., Jones, B. W., Watt, C. B., Vázquez-Chona, F., Vaughan, D. K., & Organisciak, D. T. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Sunlight and the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the beaver dam eye study.
Cruickshanks, K. J., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., & Nondahl, D. M. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases
Davis, R. J. (2000) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8468-6_2 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
p38 MAP kinase mediates stress‐induced internalization of EGFR: implications for cancer chemotherapy
Zwang, Y., & Yarden, Y. (2006) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601297 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The true face of JNK activation in apoptosis
Lin, A., & Dibling, B. C. (2002) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00014.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
MEKK1 suppresses oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes
Minamino, T., Yujiri, T., Papst, P. J., Chan, E. D., Johnson, G. L., & Terada, N. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.26.15127 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
MAP kinase pathways in UV-induced apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelium ARPE19 cells
Roduit, R., & Schorderet, D. F. (2008) · Apoptosis · doi:10.1007/s10495-008-0179-8 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
c‐Jun Expression, activation and function in neural cell death, inflammation and repair
Raivich, G. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05684.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Light damage revisited: converging evidence, diverging views?
Remé, C., Reinboth, J., Clausen, M., & Hafezi, F. (1996) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/bf00186512 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Spectra, Classification, and Rationale of Ultraviolet-Protective Intraocular Lenses
Mainster, M. A. (1986) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/0002-9394(86)90400-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Ho, T.-C., Yang, Y.-C., Cheng, H.-C., Wu, A.-C., Chen, S.-L., Chen, H.-K., & Tsao, Y.-P. (2006) · Apoptosis · doi:10.1007/s10495-006-9403-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in UV-Induced Signal Transduction
Bode, A. M., & Dong, Z. (2003) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.1672003re2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Qin, S., McLaughlin, A. P., & De Vries, G. W. (2006) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0318 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Ultraviolet-induced junD Activation and Apoptosis In Myeloblastic Leukemia ML-1 Cells
Li, T., Dai, W. H., & Luo, L. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m203519200 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Jiang (2009) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm_00000218 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Price, S. R., Hounsom, L., Purves-Tyson, T. D., Fernyhough, P., & Tomlinson, D. R. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1299.015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Defense potential of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants under UV-B stress
Takshak, S., & Agrawal, S. B. (2019) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.02.002 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Chen, X., Li, M., Li, L., Xu, S., Huang, D. Y., Ju, M., Huang, J., Chen, K., & Gu, H. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep28423 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Wang, C., Han, J., Pu, Y.-T., & Wang, X. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12125874 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Li, K.-R., Yang, S., Gong, Y.-Q., Yang, H., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Yao, J., Jiang, Q. L., & Cao, C. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25525 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationSC79 protects retinal pigment epithelium cells from UV radiation via activating Akt-Nrf2 signaling
Gong, Y.-Q., Huang, W., Li, K., Liu, Y.-Y., Cao, G.-F., Cao, C., & Jiang, Q. L. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.11164 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, L., Li, K., Yi, N., Li, X., Wang, F., Xue, B., Pan, Y.-S., Yao, J., Jiang, Q. L., & Wu, Z. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14489 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationSilván, J. M., Reguero, M., & de Pascual‐Teresa, S. (2016) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c5fo01368b · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Qin, Y., Yip, Y. W. Y., Chan, K. P., Chu, K. O., Chu, W. K., Ng, T. K., Pang, C. P., & Chan, S. O. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep29546 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
MAPK Pathways in Ocular Pathophysiology: Potential Therapeutic Drugs and Challenges
Moustardas, P., Aberdam, D., & Lagali, N. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12040617 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Two studies have reported the anti-oxidant effects of the green tea extract, EGCG, in protecting RPE cells from UVA-induced damage and apoptosis while inhibiting the UVA-induced ERK activation [39], and they implicate an “anti-apoptotic role” of JNK activation in this context [40].”
BackgroundThe Prospective Role of Plant Products in Radiotherapy of Cancer: A Current Overview
Hazra, B., Ghosh, S., Kumar, A., & Pandey, B. (2012) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2011.00094 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Tang, C.-Z., Li, K., Yu, Q., Jiang, Q., Yao, J., & Cao, C. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.001 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationNakanishi‐Ueda, T., Majima, H. J., Watanabe, K., Ueda, T., Indo, H. P., Suenaga, S., Hisamitsu, T., Ozawa, T., Yasuhara, H., & Koide, R. (2013) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2013.829570 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Li, C., Yao, J., Tao, Z.-F., Li, X., Jiang, Q. L., & Yan, B. (2013) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.097 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, B., Liu, G., Zou, P., Li, X., Hao, Q., Jiang, B., Yang, X., & Hu, Z. (2015) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370215573394 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mahendra, C. K., Tan, L. T., Pusparajah, P., Htar, T. T., Chuah, L., Lee, V. S., Low, L. E., Tang, S. Y., Chan, K., & Goh, B. H. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/1904178 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hu, H., Hao, L., Tang, C.-Z., Zhu, Y., Jiang, Q., & Yao, J. (2017) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.078 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, X., Tang, Y. R., Cheng, L., Yao, J., Jiang, Q. L., Li, K.-R., & Zhen, Y.-F. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.024 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationCia, D., Vergnaud, J., Jacquemot, N., & Doly, M. (2014) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713683.2014.885532 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Phytochemicals and cancer chemoprevention
Dave, A., Parande, F., Park, E., & Pezzuto, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment · doi:10.20517/2394-4722.2020.106 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hwang, N., Kwon, M., Woo, J. M., & Chung, S. W. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20236028 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Aimjongjun, S., Sutheerawattananonda, M., & Limpeanchob, N. (2013) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.04.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
UVB induces apoptosis via downregulation of CALML3-dependent JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 pathways in cataract
Jia, Y., Qin, Q., Fang, C., Shen, W., Sun, T., Huang, Y., Li, W., & Deng, A. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3478 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Role of flavonoids in age-related macular degeneration
Sun, M., Yu, T., Zhao, J., Zhu, X., Xin, W., Zhang, F., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114259 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Courtial, L., Picco, V., Grover, R., Cormerais, Y., Rottier, C., Labbe, A., Pagès, G., & Ferrier‐Pagès, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep45713 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Phloroglucinol inhibits ultraviolet B radiation-induced oxidative stress in the mouse skin
Piao, M. J., Ahn, M. J., Kang, K. A., Kim, K. C., Zheng, J., Yao, C. W., Cha, J. W., Hyun, C. L., Kang, H. K., Lee, N. H., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.3109/09553002.2014.911990 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Chen, M.-H., Tsai, C.-F., Hsu, Y., & Lu, F. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Renno, W. M., Al‐Maghrebi, M., & Al-Banaw, A. G. (2012) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-012-0758-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cheng, Z., Yao, W., Zheng, J., Ding, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, T., Zhu, L., & Zhou, F. (2018) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2018.12.011 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
SanGiovanni, J. P., & Lee, P. H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071239 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ma, J., SHI, M., Li, G., Wang, N., Wei, J., Wang, T., Ma, J., & Wang, Y. (2013) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2013.2043 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mavrogonatou, E., Angelopoulou, M. T., Rizou, S. V., Pratsinis, H., Gorgoulis, V. G., & Kletsas, D. (2022) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-022-05106-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
MIND4-17 protects retinal pigment epithelium cells and retinal ganglion cells from UV
Li, C., Yan, K., Wang, W., Bai, Q., Dai, C., Li, X., & Huang, D. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21131 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Huang, D., Dai, C., Li, S., & Li, X. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202437 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Serving up health: How phytochemicals transform food into medicine in the battle against cancer
Sharma, E., Tewari, M., Sati, P., Sharma, I., Attri, D. C., Rana, S., Aldahish, A. A., Călina, D. C., Dhyani, P., Sharifi‐Rad, J., et al. (2024) · Food Frontiers · doi:10.1002/fft2.439 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Green Tea Polyphenols: Versatile Cosmetic Ingredient
Kumar, S., Singh, N., ., S., & Fernandes, A. H. (2012) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Emoto, Y., Yoshizawa, K., Kinoshita, Y., Yuri, T., Yuki, M., Sayama, K., Shikata, N., & Tsubura, A. (2014) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-014-2702-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ruban, V. V., Archana, P. T., Mahalingam, S., Geraldine, P., & Thomas, P. A. (2017) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12718 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wu, Q., Song, J., Gao, Y., Zou, Y.-Y., Guo, J., Zhang, X., Liu, D., Guo, D., & Bi, H. (2022) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2022.12603 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Xie, L., Cheng, L., Xu, G., Zhang, J., Ji, X., & Song, E. (2017) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.128 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Martínez‐Gil, N., Vidal‐Gil, L., Flores‐Bellver, M., Maisto, R., Sancho-Pellúz, J., Díaz-Llopis, M., Barcia, J. M., & Romero, F. J. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9090776 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
MiR-340/iASPP axis affects UVB-mediated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell damage
Yan, J., Qin, Y., Yu, J., Peng, Q., & Chen, X. (2018) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
New insights into the anti-apoptotic mechanism of natural polyphenols in complex with Bax protein
Zhang, W., Zhuang, S., Guan, H., Li, F., Zou, H. L., & Li, D. (2023) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2023.2212066 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Potential therapeutic effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in eye diseases, a review
Boroughani, M., Tahmasbi, Z., Heidari, M. M., Johari, M., Hashempur, M. H., & Heydari, M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28829 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bose, B., Rashid, N. A., & Sudheer Shenoy, P. (2018) · Molecular Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12033-018-0136-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sources of Natural Antioxidants and Their Activities
Charles, D. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4310-0_4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sugita, Y., & Furukawa, T. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.08.013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
PF-06409577 activates AMPK signaling to protect retinal pigment epithelium cells from UV radiation
Li, X., Liu, X., Huang, D., Cao, H.-J., & Wang, J. (2018) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ye, P., Lin, K.-N., Li, Z., Liu, J., Yao, K., & Xu, W. (2013) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1134/s0026893313020106 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Photoprotective Effect of Tea and its Extracts against Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Disorders
Li, N., Deng, L., Li, X., & Liang, Y. (2014) · Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.4314/tjpr.v13i3.24 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Neuroligin-3 protects retinal cells from H2O2-induced cell death via activation of Nrf2 signaling
Li, X., Huang, D. F., Yu, Q., Yang, J., & Yao, J. (2018) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.141 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
El-Zaher, H. M., Eid, S. Y., Shaaban, M. M., Ahmed-Farid, O. A.-H., Tawab, A. M. A. E., & Khattab, M. S. A. (2020) · Zygote · doi:10.1017/s0967199420000611 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hao, R., Song, X., Li, Y., Lin, X., Guan, H., Sun‐Waterhouse, D., & Li, D. (2024) · eFood · doi:10.1002/efd2.155 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rusciano, D. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60121957 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Interactions of tea polyphenols with intestinal microbiota and their effects on cerebral nerves
Zhang, Y., Cheng, L., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.13575 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yang, M., Zhu, B., Zhang, Y., Yang, Q., & Amraii, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Engineering Research · doi:10.1016/j.jer.2023.07.013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Role of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) in Retinal Degeneration and Vision Loss
Kim, B.-J., & Zack, D. J. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_43 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cocoa Flavanol Supplementation and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Christen, W. G., Rist, P. M., Moorthy, M. V., Smith, D. C., Holman, B., Clar, A., Glynn, R. J., Mares, J. A., Sobrin, L., Shadyab, A. H., et al. (2025) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.0353 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hwang, R. (2021) · International journal of high school research · doi:10.36838/v3i4.5
Tea catechins and visual motion processing
Sugita, Y. (2024) · Tea in Health and Disease Prevention · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14158-4.00075-0
- Authors
- Jiang, Q.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Jiang, Qin
- ORCID
- Jiang, Qin
- Venue
- Molecular Medicine Reports
- Publisher
- Spandidos Publications
- Published
- 2011-09-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 54-9
- ISSN
- 1791-2997 (ISSN-L)
- 1791-3004
- OpenAlex
- W2057243273
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Medicine Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Government of Jiangsu Province
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular and Laser Science Research
- Keywords
- epigallocatechin gallate, UV-B radiation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, retinal pigment epithelium, ARPE-19 cells, age-related macular degeneration, reactive oxygen species, MAPK signaling, green tea extract, anisomycin
- MeSH terms
- Anisomycin, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Catechin, Cell Line, Epithelial Cells, Humans, Phosphorylation, Ultraviolet Rays, Apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, MAP Kinase Signaling System, JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
