The DOI matches its Crossref record; 115 of the 115 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Role of Iron in Learning and Memory
Open accessAbstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutrient deficiency, affecting 2 billion people and 30% of pregnant women and their offspring. Early life ID affects at least 3 major neurobehavioral domains, including speed of processing, affect, and learning and memory, the latter being particularly prominent. The learning and memory deficits occur while the infants are iron deficient and persist despite iron repletion. The neural mechanisms underlying the short- and long-term deficits are being elucidated. Early ID alters the transcriptome, metabolome, structure, intracellular signaling pathways, and electrophysiology of the developing hippocampus, the brain region responsible for recognition learning and memory. Until recently, it was unclear whether these effects are directly due to a lack of iron interacting with important transcriptional, translational, or post-translational processes or to indirect effects such as hypoxia due to anemia or stress. Nonanemic genetic mouse models generated by conditionally altering expression of iron transport proteins specifically in hippocampal neurons in late gestation have led to a greater understanding of iron's role in learning and memory. The learning deficits in adulthood likely result from interactions between direct and indirect effects that contribute to abnormal hippocampal structure and plasticity.
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“Iron is very important for neuronal development and is essential for the myelination of nerve fibers, mitochondrial function, and hippocampus development.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [97]
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“Its deficiency has a negative effect on learning and memory, neurotransmitter synthesis such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acts as an enzyme co-factor [96,97].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [97]
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Weiss, G., Ganz, T., & Goodnough, L. T. (2019) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2018-06-856500 · Cited by 1,219
Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development—Folate Review
Bailey, L. B., Stover, P. J., McNulty, H., Fenech, M. F., Gregory, J. F., Mills, J. L., Pfeiffer, C. M., Fazili, Z., Zhang, M., Ueland, P. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.206599 · Cited by 1,170
Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)—Iron Review
Lynch, S. R., Pfeiffer, C. M., Georgieff, M., Brittenham, G. M., Fairweather‐Tait, S. J., Hurrell, R. F., McArdle, H. J., & Raiten, D. J. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxx036 · Cited by 363
Self-citationPerinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development
Radlowski, E. C., & Johnson, R. W. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00585 · Cited by 315
Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency
Georgieff, M. (2011) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00432.x · Cited by 326
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fretham, S. J. B., Carlson, E. S., & Georgieff, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Georgieff, Michael K.
- Venue
- Advances in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 112-121
- ISSN
- 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-8313
- PMC
- PMC3065765
- OpenAlex
- W2097509137
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HD039386)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F31NS063667, F31NS047876)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD29421, R21HD054490, R01HD029421, P01HD039386)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Keywords
- iron deficiency, learning and memory, hippocampus, neurobehavioral deficits, iron repletion, iron transport proteins, mouse model, hypoxia, anemia, hippocampal plasticity, intracellular signaling
- MeSH terms
- Iron Deficiencies, Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Learning, Memory, Neurons, Pregnancy, Trace Elements, Gene Expression, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Iron, Dietary, Mice, Rats, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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