Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development

Radlowski, Emily C.; Johnson, Rodney W.

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00585

Cited by 315Iron Metabolism and DisordersTrace Elements in HealthChild Nutrition and Water Access

Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development

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Radlowski, Emily C., Johnson, Rodney W.·2013·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00585PMC PMC3779843

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Abstract

Iron deficiency is the most common form of nutrient deficiency worldwide. It is highly prevalent due to the limited availability of high quality food in developing countries and poor dietary habits in industrialized countries. According to the World Health Organization, it affects nearly 2 billion people and up to 50% of women who are pregnant. Maternal anemia during pregnancy is especially burdensome to healthy neurodevelopment in the fetus because iron is needed for proper neurogenesis, development, and myelination. Maternal anemia also increases the risk of low birth weight, either due to premature birth or fetal growth restriction, which is associated with delayed neurocognitive development and even psychiatric illness. As rapid neurodevelopment continues after birth infants that received sufficient iron in utero, but that receive a low iron diet after 6 months of age, also show deficits in neurocognitive development, including impairments in learning and memory. Unfortunately, the neurocognitive complications of iron deficiency during critical pre- and postnatal periods of brain development are difficult to remedy, persisting into adulthood. Thus, preventing iron deficiency in the pre- and postnatal periods is critical as is devising new means to recapture cognitive function in individuals who experienced early iron deficiency. This review will discuss the prevalence of pre- and postnatal iron deficiency, the mechanism, and effects of iron deficiency on brain and cognitive development.

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Neurocognitive damage elicited by iron deficiency during neurodevelopment is irreversible and persists into adulthood.
“the neurocognitive damage elicited by iron deficiency during this period is irreversible and will persist into adulthood [176].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [176]
Appropriate iron supply during neurodevelopment from birth, and even before, up to the first years of life is critically important.
“There is a wide consensus regarding the critical importance of appropriate iron supply during neurodevelopment from birth, and even before, up to the first years of life”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [176]

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Background
Iron in the Brain: An Important Contributor in Normal and Diseased States
Piñero, D. J., & Connor, J. R. (2000) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/107385840000600607 · Cited by 131 · cited 14× · see citing works
“Also in Indonesia, when 12–18 month old infants that were diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia were given an oral iron intervention, Bayley Scales of Infant Development scores significantly improved compared to those given a placebo, even after only 4 months of supplementation (Idjradinata and Pollitt, 1993).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Developmental changes in the expression of iron regulatory proteins and iron transport proteins in the perinatal rat brain
Siddappa, A. M., Rao, R., Wobken, J. D., Leibold, E. A., Connor, J. R., & Georgieff, M. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.10246 · Cited by 128 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies done in rat pups showed that iron regulatory proteins, which are involved with the regulation of Tf receptor, were not readily expressed until post-natal day 15, when peak myelination occurs in the rat (Siddappa et al., 2002).”
Background
Brain iron: a lesson from animal models
Yehuda, S., & Youdim, M. B. H. (1989) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/50.3.618 · Cited by 128 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Iron deficient diets also resulted in cognitive deficits in the Morris Water Maze, a hippocampal-dependent task which requires the rat to develop a spatial map of the area surrounding the pool in order to reach a hidden platform (Yehuda and Youdim, 1989).”
Background
Iron deficiency and infant motor development
Shafir, T., Angulo-Kinzler, R. M., Jing, Y., Angelilli, M. L., Jacobson, S. W., & Lozoff, B. (2008) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.12.009 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
An Event-Related Potential Study of Attention and Recognition Memory in Infants With Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Burden, M. J., Westerlund, A., Armony-Sivan, R., Nelson, C. A., Jacobson, S. W., Lozoff, B., Angelilli, M. L., & Jacobson, J. L. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2525 · Cited by 126 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…months infants that were iron sufficient showed greater attentional response to the mother’s face and greater updating of memory to the stranger’s face, while iron deficient infants did not show this response until 12 months of age, suggesting a delay in cognitive development (Burden et al., 2007).”
Background
Gestational and Neonatal Iron Deficiency Alters Apical Dendrite Structure of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons in Adult Rat Hippocampus
Brunette, K. E., Tran, P. V., Wobken, J. D., Carlson, E. S., & Georgieff, M. (2010) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000314341 · Cited by 122 · cited 1× · see citing works
“At post-natal day 15, CA1 pyramidal neurons in rats that underwent a period of iron deficiency in utero showed reduced dendritic branching and smaller spine head diameters (Brunette et al., 2010).”
Background
Setting the Stage for Child Health and Development: Prevention of Iron Deficiency in Early Infancy
Chaparro, C. M. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/138.12.2529 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Ontogeny and regulation of the serotonin transporter: Providing insights into human disorders
Daws, L. C., & Gould, G. G. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.013 · Cited by 116 · cited 1× · see citing works
“SERT is expressed more during development than in adulthood (Daws and Gould, 2011).”
Background
Iron status at 9 months of infants with low iron stores at birth
Georgieff, M., Wewerka, S., Nelson, C. A., & deRegnier, R.-A. O. (2002) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2002.127090 · Cited by 112 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Multiple studies have shown that iron status in infants born to iron deficient mothers is still abnormally low 9 months after birth despite being provided adequate dietary iron (Georgieff et al., 2002; Geltman et al., 2004).”
Background
Iron Deficiency Alters Iron Regulatory Protein and Iron Transport Protein Expression in the Perinatal Rat Brain
Siddappa, A. M., Rao, R., Wobken, J. D., Casperson, K., Leibold, E. A., Connor, J. R., & Georgieff, M. (2003) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000058922.67035.d5 · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“During prenatal development iron accumulates in the brain so levels are highest immediately after birth (Siddappa et al., 2003).”
Background
Iron Status and Neurobehavioral Development of Premature Infants
Armony-Sivan, R., Eidelman, A. I., Lanir, A., Sredni, D., & Yehuda, S. (2004) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211178 · Cited by 105 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…premature and had low ferritin levels at birth performed significantly worse on tests involving spatial cognition and processing of auditory signals when tested at 9 to 10 years of age, even though their hemoglobin levels had returned to normal (Armony-Sivan et al., 2004; Yehuda and Yehuda, 2006).”
Background
Early-Life Iron Deficiency Anemia Alters Neurotrophic Factor Expression and Hippocampal Neuron Differentiation in Male Rats2
Tran, P. V., Carlson, E. S., Fretham, S. J. B., & Georgieff, M. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.108.091553 · Cited by 101 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Young rats whose mothers were fed an iron-deficient diet and who were born with iron deficiency, showed decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, down-regulation of BDNF target genes, and altered neuronal differentiation (Tran et al., 2008).”
Background
Maternal Hepcidin Is Associated with Placental Transfer of Iron Derived from Dietary Heme and Nonheme Sources4
Young, M. F., Griffin, I. J., Pressman, E. K., McIntyre, A. W., Cooper, E., McNanley, T. J., Harris, Z. L., Westerman, M. E., & O'Brien, K. O. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.145961 · Cited by 94 · cited 1× · see citing works
“MATERNAL IRON DEFICIENCY AND IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA: EFFECTS ON NEONATAL IRON STATUS As iron is concerned, the developing fetus was once considered a “perfect parasite,” able to acquire sufficient iron from the mother even when she was iron deficient (Young et al., 2012).”
Background
Long-term consequences of early iron deficiency in the rat
Weinberg, J., Levine, S. D., & Dallman, P. R. (1979) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(79)90254-5 · Cited by 82 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…deficits in both passive avoidance, where the rat had to inhibit its activity (i.e., not leave a platform and enter a chamber) in order to avoid shock, and active avoidance (i.e., where rats had to move into another chamber of the testing area in order to avoid shock) (Weinberg et al., 1979, 1981).”
Background
Nutrition and behavior.
Lozoff, B. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.44.2.231 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Brain iron-deficiency causes reduced learning capacity in rats
Yehuda, S., Youdim, M., & Mostofsky, D. I. (1986) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(86)90244-3 · Cited by 80 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Similar deficits were observed in a water Y-maze (where the rat had two choices and a dry platform was placed at the end of the arm of the correct choice as a reward), including increased incorrect arm entries and a longer time to reach the platform (Yehuda et al., 1986), both of which indicate cognitive deficits.”
BackgroundResult
Regional Variation in the Levels of Transferrin in the CNS of Normal and Myelin‐Deficient Rats
Connor, J. R., Phillips, T. M., Lakshman, M., Barron, K. D., Fine, R. E., & Csiza, C. K. (1987) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb01023.x · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This coincides with the onset of myelination and an increase in transferring mRNA levels in brain (Connor et al., 1987; Connor and Menzies, 1996; Roncagliolo et al., 1998).”
Background
Perinatal nutritional iron deficiency permanently impairs hippocampus-dependent trace fear conditioning in rats
McEchron, M. D., Cheng, A. Y. T., Liu, H., Connor, J. R., & Gilmartin, M. R. (2005) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/10284150500162952 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Fear conditioning (as measured by heart rate deceleration in a cage where the rat had been shocked previously, as well as exposure to a tone that was played during the shock in a novel cage) was also impaired in iron deficient rats (McEchron et al., 2005).”
Background
Early Life Iron Deficiency Impairs Spatial Cognition in Neonatal Piglets ,2
Rytych, J. L., Elmore, M. R. P., Burton, M. D., Conrad, M. S., Donovan, S. M., Dilger, R. N., & Johnson, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.165522 · Cited by 73 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The authors would also like to thank Jennifer Rytych for her input and help with the content of this article.”
Background
Frontal-striatal disconnection disrupts cognitive performance of the frontal-type in the rat
Dunnett, S. B., Meldrum, A., & Muir, J. L. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.033 · Cited by 70 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Dopamine is important for regulating cognition and emotion, reward and pleasure, movement, and hormone release (Dunnett et al., 2005).”
Background
Lack of Serotonin Transporter Alters BDNF Expression in the Rat Brain During Early Postnatal Development
Calabrese, F., Guidotti, G., Middelman, A., Racagni, G., Homberg, J. R., & Riva, M. A. (2013) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8449-z · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sub-Optimal Fetal Iron Acquisition under a Maternal Environment
Jaime‐Pérez, J. C., Herrera-Garza, J. L., & Gómez‐Almaguer, D. (2005) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.03.023 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Identifying a Window of Vulnerability during Fetal Development in a Maternal Iron Restriction Model
Mihaila, C., Schramm, J. C., Strathmann, F. G., Lee, D. L., Gelein, R. M., Luebke, A. E., & Mayer‐Pröschel, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017483 · Cited by 54 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In a Brazilian community, iron deficiency anemia in infants (average age 11.6 months) reached nearly 26% (Konstantyner et al., 2012); and in Canada, the rate of iron deficiency anemia in Cree Indian infants (average age 9 months) was nearly 32% (Willows et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Normal myelination of anatomic nerve fiber bundles: MR analysis.
Nakagawa, H., Iwasaki, S., Kichikawa, K., Fukusumi, A., Taoka, T., Ohishi, H., & Uchida, H. (1998) · PubMed Central · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Newborn cortical neurons: only for neonates?
Feliciano, D. M., & Bordey, A. (2013) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.09.004 · Cited by 51 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus also persists in the neonatal period (and throughout adulthood), and recent evidence indicates lingering neurogenesis in different cortical regions, including the prefrontal cortex in human infants (Sanai et al., 2011; Feliciano and Bordey, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Behavioral effects of iron supplementation in infants in Madang, Papua New Guinea
Heywood, A., Oppenheimer, S., Heywood, P., & Jolley, D. (1989) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/50.3.630 · Cited by 50 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus, in critical developmental periods environmental insults that inhibit neurogenesis or alter neuron maturation will likely affect present and future behavior.”
Background
Tissue effects of iron deficiency in the rat
MCKAY, R., Higuchi, D. A., Winder, W. W., Fell, R. D., & BROWN, E. (1983) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(83)90061-2 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Oligodendrocytes synthesize fatty acids and Frontiers in Human Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org September 2013 | Volume 7 | Article 585 | 7 cholesterol for myelin (Mackler et al., 1979; McKay et al., 1983).”
Background
Prevalence of anemia among James Bay Cree infants of northern Quebec.
Willows, N. D., Morel, J., & Gray‐Donald, K. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Iron Uptake in Blood‐Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells Cultured in Iron‐Depleted and Iron‐Enriched Media
van Gelder, W., Huijskes-Heins, M. I. E., Cleton, M. I., Dijk, J. P. V., & van Eijk, H. G. (1998) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71031134.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Iron deficiency in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Lahat, E., Heyman, E., Livne, A., Goldman, M., Berkovitch, M., & Zachor, D. A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Daily Multivitamins With Iron to Prevent Anemia in High-Risk Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Geltman, P. L., Meyers, A. F., Mehta, S. D., Brugnara, C., Villon, I., Wu, Y. A., & Bauchner, H. (2004) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.114.1.86 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Multiple studies have shown that iron status in infants born to iron deficient mothers is still abnormally low 9 months after birth despite being provided adequate dietary iron (Georgieff et al., 2002; Geltman et al., 2004).”
Background
Nutrition and behavior.
Lozoff, B. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.2.231 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Anemia among Brazilian Infants from the 2006 National Demographic Health Survey
Konstantyner, T., Konstantyner, T. C. R. D. O., & Taddei, J. A. D. A. C. (2012) · Anemia · doi:10.1155/2012/850681 · Cited by 35 · cited 2× · see citing works
“6 months) reached nearly 26% (Konstantyner et al., 2012); and in Canada, the rate of iron deficiency anemia in Cree Indian infants (average age 9 months) was nearly 32% (Willows et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Iron Deficiency and Cognitive Function
Pollitt, E. (1993) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.13.1.521 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Long lasting effects of infancy iron deficiency — Preliminary results
Yehuda, S., & Yehuda, M. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-33328-0_20 · Cited by 31 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…premature and had low ferritin levels at birth performed significantly worse on tests involving spatial cognition and processing of auditory signals when tested at 9 to 10 years of age, even though their hemoglobin levels had returned to normal (Armony-Sivan et al., 2004; Yehuda and Yehuda, 2006).”
Background
Long-term effects of early iron deficiency on consummatory behavior in the rat
Weinberg, J., Brett, L. P., Levine, S. D., & Dallman, P. R. (1981) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(81)90301-4 · Cited by 28 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The authors would also like to thank Jennifer Rytych for her input and help with the content of this article.”
Background
Iron status of babies born to iron-deficient anaemic mothers in an Iranian hospital
Emamghorashi, F., & Heidari, T. (2004) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2004.10.6.808 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…appears to have a programming effect on the physiologic mechanisms responsible for iron homeostasis resulting in offspring that are more likely to develop iron deficiency in the future regardless of adequate nutrition (De Pee et al., 2002; Georgieff et al., 2002; Emamghorashi and Heidari, 2004.”
Background
Spatial memory deficits in maternal iron deficiency paradigms are associated with altered glucocorticoid levels
Ranade, S. C., Nawaz, S., Chakrabarti, A., Gressèns, P., & Mani, S. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.04.005 · Cited by 22 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Another study was carried out to investigate the effects of perinatal iron deficiency on hippocampal development in mice (Ranade et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Iron Deficiency in the Rat: Effects on Phenylalanine Metabolism
Mackler, B. F., Person, R., Miller, L. R., & Finch, C. A. (1979) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-197909000-00012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cord Serum Ferritin Concentrations and Mental and Psychomotor Development of Children at Five Years of Age
Tamura, T., Goldenberg, R. L., Hou, J., Johnston, K. E., Cliver, S., Ramey, S. L., & Nelson, K. G. (2002) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-200208000-00008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Profile of Behavior and IQ in Anemic Children
Mubarak, A., Fadel, W. A., Said, S., & Hammar, M. A. (2010) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852912000089 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gradual inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase but not of interleukin-1β production in rat microglial cells of endotoxin- treated mixed glial cell cultures
(1996) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199606)17:2

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Sorted by citations

Iron deficiency anaemia.
Lopez, A., Cacoub, P., Macdougall, I., & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60865-0 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Iron neurochemistry in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: targets for therapeutics
Belaidi, A. A., & Bush, A. I. (2015) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13425 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence
Tardy, A.-L., Pouteau, E., Marquez, D., Yilmaz, C., & Scholey, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12010228 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Striking while the iron is hot: Iron metabolism and ferroptosis in neurodegeneration
Masaldan, S., Bush, A. I., Devos, D., Rolland, A., & Moreau, C. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.033 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
“stages, where the dysfunction may affect memory and learning ability [171].”
Iron Deficiency, Cognitive Functions, and Neurobehavioral Disorders in Children
Pivina, L., Semenova, Y., Doşa, M. D., Dauletyarova, M., & Bjørklund, G. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-019-01276-1 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Effect of Delayed Cord Clamping on Neurodevelopment at 4 Years of Age
Andersson, O., Lindquist, B., Lindgren, M. P., Stjernqvist, K., Domellöf, M., & Hellström-Westas, L. K. (2015) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0358 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The Role of Iron in Brain Development: A Systematic Review
McCann, S., Amadó, M. P., & Moore, S. E. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072001 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“…the brain’s learning and memory hub, and the process of myelination, in which brain cells are insulated to increase the speed of neural processing [10,11], may be particularly vulnerable to ID. Iron is also essential in enzymes involved in monoamine (dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and…”
Iron imbalance in neurodegeneration
Levi, S., Ripamonti, M., Moro, A. S., & Cozzi, A. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02399-z · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Effects of maternal iron status on placental and fetal iron homeostasis
Sangkhae, V., Fisher, A. L., Wong, S., Koenig, M. D., Tussing-Humphreys, L., Chu, A., Lelić, M., Ganz, T., & Nemeth, E. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci127341 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“However, consistent with our data, several human and macaque studies confirmed that neonatal iron stores are compromised when the mother is iron-deficient or anemic (41-47).”
Result
Iron Metabolism in Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes, Implications for Myelination and Remyelination
Cheli, V. T., Correale, J. D., Paez, P. M., & Pasquini, J. M. (2020) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/1759091420962681 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“According to the World Health Organization, it affects more than 2 billion people and nearly half of the pregnant women worldwide (Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
Background
Utilization of a combined EEG/NIRS system to predict driver drowsiness
Nguyen, T. H., Ahn, S., Jang, H., Jun, S. C., & Kim, J. G. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43933 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Bioactive Compounds in Functional Meat Products
Pogorzelska-Nowicka, E., Atanasov, A. G., Horbańczuk, J. O., & Wierzbicka, A. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23020307 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“It takes part in oxygen transport, the synthesis of enzymes, energy production and the regulation of immune functions [30,31].”
Background
Effects of Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping vs Early Clamping on Anemia in Infants at 8 and 12 Months
Ashish, K. C., Rana, N., Målqvist, M., Ranneberg, L. J., Subedi, K., & Andersson, O. (2017) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3971 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The relationship between iron dyshomeostasis and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: Two sides of the same coin
Peters, D. G., Connor, J. R., & Meadowcroft, M. D. (2015) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.007 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Iron deficiency during infancy causes delayed neurocognitive development, impaired learning and memory, and in some cases, psychiatric disorders; all in part due to the impairment of myelination (Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
Identification, Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency during the First 1000 Days
Burke, R. M., León, J. S., & Suchdev, P. S. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6104093 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Placental iron transport: The mechanism and regulatory circuits
Sangkhae, V., & Nemeth, E. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.001 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“However, several human and macaque studies confirmed that neonatal iron stores are compromised when the mother is irondeficient or anemic [73].”
Background
MicroRNA miR-29 controls a compensatory response to limit neuronal iron accumulation during adult life and aging
Ripa, R., Dolfi, L., Terrigno, M., Pandolfini, L., Savino, A., Arcucci, V., Groth, M., Tozzini, E. T., Baumgart, M., & Cellerino, A. (2017) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0354-x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“In addition, in rodents, the highest neuronal iron consumption seems to occur during perinatal development and coincides with neuronal maturation and myelin synthesis [74, 75]; subsequently, neuronal iron demand decreases along with Tfr1a mRNA expression.”
Background
Quercetin attenuates neurotoxicity induced by iron oxide nanoparticles
Bardestani, A., Ebrahimpour, S., Esmaeili, A., & Esmaeili, A. (2021) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-021-01059-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Iron‐load exacerbates the severity of atherosclerosis via inducing inflammation and enhancing the glycolysis in macrophages
Hu, X., Cai, X., Ma, R., Fu, W., Zhang, C., & Du, X. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.28518 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Deficiency of iron can contribute a lot to various disease (Radlowski & Johnson, 2013).”
Background
Manganese in teeth and neurodevelopment in young Mexican–American children
Gunier, R. B., Arora, M., Jerrett, M., Bradman, A., Harley, K. G., Mora, A. M., Kogut, K. R., Hubbard, A., Austin, C. E., Holland, N., et al. (2015) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Another limitation is that we used hemoglobin concentrations to assess iron deficiency because serum ferritin measurements, a better indicator of iron status (Radlowski and Johnson, 2013), were not”
Influential
Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Physiological and Pathological Pregnancy
Zhang, Y., Lu, Y., & Jin, L. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23169395 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“impaired emotion and memory process due to iron deficiency [36].”
Background
Maternal Iron Status in Pregnancy and Long-Term Health Outcomes in the Offspring
Hamamy, H., & Alwan, N. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Genetics · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556742 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Neuropathological Consequences of Gestational Exposure to Concentrated Ambient Fine and Ultrafine Particles in the Mouse
Klocke, C., Allen, J. L., Sobolewski, M., Mayer-Pröschel, M., Blum, J. L., Lauterstein, D., Zelikoff, J. T., & Cory-Slechta, D. A. (2017) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfx010 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“iron deficiency, disrupts CNS development and produces characteristic neurological sequelae, including protracted cognitive impairment and reductions in brain myelin (Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
Background
Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy: A contemporary review
Benson, C. S., Shah, A., Frise, M. C., & Frise, C. (2020) · Obstetric Medicine · doi:10.1177/1753495x20932426 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“There is increasing interest in the impact of maternal ID on the neonatal brain and cognitive development.(62) Fetal brain growth accelerates rapidly in the last trimester and continues for the first 2 years after birth,(63) by the end of which total brain volume reaches 80%–90% of adult volume.”
Background
Suboptimal iron deficiency screening in pregnancy and the impact of socioeconomic status in a high-resource setting
Teichman, J., Nisenbaum, R., Lausman, A., & Sholzberg, M. (2021) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004352 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Domestic Piglet: An Important Model for Investigating the Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Early Life Insults
Conrad, M. S., & Johnson, R. W. (2014) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-111049 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Iron Pathophysiology in Alzheimer’s Diseases
Wang, T., Xu, S.-F., Fan, Y.-G., Li, L.-B., & Guo, C. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9589-5_5 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Effect of Delayed Cord Clamping of Term Babies on Neurodevelopment at 12 Months: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Rana, N., Ashish, K. C., Målqvist, M., Subedi, K., & Andersson, O. (2018) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000491994 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Iron-Restricted Diet Affects Brain Ferritin Levels, Dopamine Metabolism and Cellular Prion Protein in a Region-Specific Manner
Pino, J. M. V., da Luz, M. H. M., Antunes, H. K. M., Giampá, S. Q. D. C., Martins, V. R., & Lee, K. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00145 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“These alterations appear to contribute to the memory impairment, attention deficiency and learning problems frequently observed in iron-deficient population (Youdim et al., 1989; Asanuma et al., 2003; Radlowski and Johnson, 2013; Gupta, 2016; Scott and Murray-Kolb, 2016).”
Background
Iron metabolism and ferroptosis in health and diseases: The crucial role of mitochondria in metabolically active tissues
Catapano, A., Cimmino, F., Petrella, L., Pizzella, A., D’Angelo, M., Ambrosio, K., Marino, F., Sabbatini, A., Petrelli, M. D., Paolini, B., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2025.109888 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effects of anemia at different stages of gestation on infant outcomes
Menon, K. C., Ferguson, E., Thomson, C. D., Gray, A. R., ZODPEY, S. P., Saraf, A., Das, P. K., & Skeaff, S. A. (2015) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.07.009 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Additive effects of maternal iron deficiency and prenatal immune activation on adult behaviors in rat offspring
Harvey, L., & Boksa, P. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effect of High-Dose Erythropoietin on Blood Transfusions in Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates
Juul, S. E., Vu, P. T., Comstock, B. A., Wadhawan, R., Mayock, D. E., Courtney, S. E., Robinson, T., Ahmad, K. A., Bendel‐Stenzel, E., Baserga, M., et al. (2020) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2271 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Safety and efficacy of rapid (1,000 mg in 1 hr) intravenous iron dextran for treatment of maternal iron deficient anemia of pregnancy
Wong, L., Smith, S. L., Thompson, M. G., Derman, R. J., Auerbach, S. A., London, N., Lenowitz, S., Bahrain, H., McClintock, J. Y., & Auerbach, M. (2016) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.24361 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“of behavioral and cognitive abnormalities up to 10 years after iron repletion [3,4].”
Background
Importance of Dietary Sources of Iron in Infants and Toddlers: Lessons from the FITS Study
Finn, K., Callen, C., Bhatia, J. J. S., Reidy, K., Bechard, L. J., & Carvalho, R. S. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9070733 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Iron status and risk factors of iron deficiency among pregnant women in Singapore: a cross-sectional study
Loy, S. L., Lim, L. M., Chan, S., Tan, P. T., Chee, Y. L., Quah, P. L., Chan, J. K. Y., Tan, K. H., Yap, F. K. P., Godfrey, K. M., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6736-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Iron deficiency in infancy and neurocognitive and educational outcomes in young adulthood.
East, P., Doom, J. R., Blanco, E., Burrows, R., Lozoff, B., & Gahagan, S. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001030 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Long-term outcomes of metabolic and bariatric surgery in adolescents with severe obesity with a follow-up of at least 5 years: A systematic review
Ruiz-Cota, P., Bacardí‐Gascón, M., & Jiménez–Cruz, A. (2018) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2018.10.016 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Chronic Inflammation and Iron Metabolism
Osterholm, E. A., & Georgieff, M. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.01.017 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Therefore, we will: (1) provide background to explain the importance of the supply and demand and regulatory proteins involved in iron metabolism; (2) review how these regulation principles apply to anemia of inflammation; and (3) propose how these principles apply to anemia of chronic disease and provide clinically r…”
Background
Effect of Oral Iron Supplementation on Cognitive Function among Children and Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Chen, Z., Yang, H., Wang, D., Sudfeld, C. R., Zhao, A., Xin, Y., Chen, J. C., Fawzi, W. W., Xing, Y., & Li, Z. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14245332 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Aside from anemia, iron deficiency is also associated with cognitive dyspraxia [11,12].”
Background
The role of nutrients in human neurodevelopment and their potential to prevent neurodevelopmental adversity
Heland, S., Fields, N. J., Ellery, S. J., Fahey, M. C., & Palmer, K. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.992120 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Iron is an essential element that both directly, through promoting neurogenesis and myelination, and indirectly, through the formation of haemoglobin and delivery of oxygen to developing tissues, has critical impacts on fetal neurodevelopment (64).”
BackgroundInfluential
National Recommendations for Infant and Young Child Feeding in the World Health Organization European Region
Koletzko, B. V., Hirsch, N. L., Jewell, J. M., dos Santos, Q., Breda, J., Fewtrell, M. S., & Weber, M. W. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002912 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“This is especially important for exclusively breastfed infants whose iron stores become depleted in the first 4 to 6 months of life (13,14), and during late infancy and toddlerhood when iron status continues to be critical for healthy brain development (15,16).”
Background
Quantitative Study of the Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Iron Deposition During Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
Li, D., Liu, Y., Zeng, X., Xiong, Z., Yao, Y., Liang, D., Qu, H., Xiang, H., Yang, Z., Nie, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200843 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The impacts of maternal iron deficiency and being overweight during pregnancy on neurodevelopment of the offspring
Berglund, S. K., Torres-Espínola, F. J., Garcia-Valdes, L., Segura, M. T., Martínez-Zaldívar, C., Padilla, C., Rueda, R., Pérez-Garcı́a, M., McArdle, H. J., & Campoy, C. (2017) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114517002410 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Fe is essential for optimal brain function, being involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, cellular metabolism and myelination of neurons((1,10)).”
Background
Are Pregnant Women Who Are Living with Overweight or Obesity at Greater Risk of Developing Iron Deficiency/Anaemia?
Wawer, A. A., Hodyl, N. A., Fairweather‐Tait, S. J., & Froessler, B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051572 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“ Infants born to ID mothers are more likely to remain ID beyond 9 months of age despite an iron rich diet [21].”
BackgroundInfluential
The iron status at birth of neonates with risk factors for developing iron deficiency: a pilot study
MacQueen, B. C., Christensen, R. D., Ward, D. M., Bennett, S. T., O’Brien, E. A., Sheffield, M. J., Baer, V. L., Snow, G. L., Lewis, K., Fleming, R. E., et al. (2016) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/jp.2016.234 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The content and health risk assessment of selected elements in bee pollen and propolis from Turkey
Tutun, H., Aluç, Y., Kahraman, H. A., Sevin, S., Yi̇pel, M., & Ekici, H. (2021) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104234 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Neonatal iron supplementation potentiates oxidative stress, energetic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease
Berggren, K. L., Chen, J., Fox, J. A., Miller, J., Dodds, L., Dugas, B., Vargas, L., Lothian, A., McAllum, E., Volitakis, I., et al. (2015) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2015.02.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Perinatal iron deficiency is a world-wide nutritional problem that can lead to delayed neurocognitive development [38].”
Background
Postnatal Iron Deficiency Alters Brain Development in Piglets
Leyshon, B. J., Radlowski, E. C., Mudd, A. T., Steelman, A. J., & Johnson, R. W. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.223636 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Deep grey matter iron accumulation in alcohol use disorder
Juhás, M., Sun, H., Brown, M. R. G., MacKay, M., Mann, K. F., Sommer, W. H., Wilman, A. H., Dursun, S. M., & Greenshaw, A. J. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Iron is an essential mineral that is vitally important for normal human development and physiological functions (Ganz, 2013; Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
Iron-rich food consumption and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys
Akalu, Y., Yeshaw, Y., Tesema, G. A., Demissie, G. D., Molla, M. D., Muche, A., Diress, M., & Tiruneh, S. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253221 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Iron deficiency in the absence of anemia is even more frequent and has a similar negative impact on mental development which may be irreversible, especially in children less than 2 years, despite adequate therapy [10, 11].”
Background
The Relationship Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Sensorineural Hearing Loss in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population
Schieffer, K. M., Connor, J. R., Pawelczyk, J. A., & Sekhar, D. L. (2017) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2017_aja-16-0093 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Examining the link between dose-dependent dietary iron intake and Alzheimer’s disease through oxidative stress in the rat cortex
Ceylan, H., Budak, H., Koçpınar, E. F., Baltacı, N. G., & Erdoğan, O. (2019) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.09.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Impaired Postnatal Myelination in a Conditional Knockout Mouse for the Ferritin Heavy Chain in Oligodendroglial Cells
Wan, R., Cheli, V. T., González, D. A. S., Rosenblum, S. L., Wan, Q., & Paez, P. M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1281-20.2020 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Iron deficiency in late-prenatal and early-postnatal periods can lead to long-term neurobehavioral deficits in humans, including impairments in learning and memory (Lozoff, 2007; Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
Background
Intravenous Ferumoxytol in Pediatric Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia
Hassan, N. E., Boville, B. M., Reischmann, D., Ndika, A. N., Sterken, D. J., & Kovey, K. (2017) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/1060028017699429 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Impaired behavioral, mental, and motor development has been shown in infants with IDA, and these effects may last beyond infancy.(8,9) IDA in children was shown to be associated with impaired humoral immunity in children and intracranial thrombotic events.”
Background
Association between pre-pregnancy weight status and maternal micronutrient status in early pregnancy
Scholing, J. M., Olthof, M. R., Jonker, F. A. M., & Vrijkotte, T. G. M. (2018) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018000459 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In the long term, maternal Fe deficiency is associated with delayed neurocognitive development during childhood, which can persist into adulthood((22)).”
Background
Recent Application of Zebrafish Models in Atherosclerosis Research
Tang, D., Geng, F., Yu, C., & Zhang, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.643697 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Large animal models such as pigs and non-human primates are suitable for AS research because their vascular lesion morphology and lipid metabolism are similar to that in humans (Rapacz et al., 1986; Getz and Reardon, 2012; Laila et al., 2018).”
Background
Complementary Feeding and Iron Status: “The Unbearable Lightness of Being” Infants
Miniello, V. L., Verga, M. C., Miniello, A., Mauro, C. D., Diaferio, L., & Francavilla, R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124201 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Infant Formula Supplemented With Milk Fat Globule Membrane, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Synbiotics Is Associated With Neurocognitive Function and Brain Structure of Healthy Children Aged 6 Years: The COGNIS Study
Nieto-Ruíz, A., García-Santos, J. A., Verdejo‐Román, J., Diéguez, E., Sepúlveda-Valbuena, N., Herrmann, F., Cerdó, T., De-Castellar, R., Jiménez, J., García-Bermúdez, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.820224 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Consequently, its deficiency during childhood has been associated with short- and longterm deficiencies in cognitive, motor, socio-emotional, and behavioral development (105, 106).”
Background
Micronutrient Intake Is Inadequate for a Sample of Pregnant African-American Women
Groth, S. W., Stewart, P. A., Ossip, D. J., Block, R., Wixom, N., & Fernandez, I. D. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.11.011 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Fer et neurodéveloppement
Vallée, L. (2017) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/s0929-693x(17)24005-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling modulates the inflammatory phenotype of fetal brain microglia: first evidence of interference by iron homeostasis
Cortes, M., Cao, M., Liu, H. L., Moore, C. S., Durosier, L. D., Burns, P., Fecteau, G., Desrochers, A., Barreiro, L. B., Antel, J. P., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09439-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“According to the World 329 Health Organization, it affects nearly 2 billion people and up to 50% of women who are pregnant.(33) At 330 birth, 25-85% of premature babies are iron deficient and all will become iron deficient after birth, if not 331 adequately supplemented, especially in developing countries.”
Background
Nutritional values and health benefits of dromedary camel meat
Kadim, I. T., Al-Amri, I. S., AlKindi, A. Y., & Haq, Q. M. I. (2022) · Animal Frontiers · doi:10.1093/af/vfac051 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Iron is one of the key minerals in human nutrition because of its physiological functions including oxygen transport, synthesis of enzymes, energy production, and regulation of immune functions (Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
Background
Dietary Diversity, nutrient intake and nutritional status among pregnant women in Laikipia County, Kenya
Kiboi, W. K., Kimiywe, J. O., & Chege, P. M. (2016) · Kenyatta University Institutional Repository (Kenyatta University) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Genotypic Variation for Micronutrient Content in Traditional and Improved Rice Lines and its Role in Biofortification Programme
Nachimuthu, V. V. (2014) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/2014/v7i9.15 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Iron Deficiency Anemia, Not Iron Deficiency, Is Associated with Reduced Attention in Healthy Young Women
Cook, R. L., O’Dwyer, N., Parker, H. M., Donges, C. E., Cheng, H. L., Steinbeck, K. S., Cox, E. P., Franklin, J., Garg, M. L., Rooney, K. B., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111216 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Iron is also known to play a crucial role in brain development and maintenance of neuronal activity and networks [2,3].”
Background
Article Commentary: Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Cellular Iron Homeostasis and Ultimate Links to Human Disease
Schreinemachers, D. M., & Ghio, A. J. (2016) · Environmental Health Insights · doi:10.4137/ehi.s36225 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Results of the First American Prospective Study of Intravenous Iron in Oral Iron-Intolerant Iron-Deficient Gravidas
Auerbach, M., James, S. E., Nicoletti, M., Lenowitz, S., London, N., Bahrain, H., Derman, R. J., & Smith, S. L. (2017) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.06.025 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Iron Deficiency May Predict Greater Risk for Hypothyroxinemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Pregnant Women in China
Teng, X., Shan, Z., Li, C., Yu, X., Mao, J., Wang, W., Xie, X., Du, J., ShaoWei, Z., Gao, Z., et al. (2018) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0491 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nutrient intake, introduction of baby cereals and other complementary foods in the diets of infants and toddlers from birth to 23 months of age
Nicklas, T. A., O’Neil, C. E., & Fulgoni, V. L. I. (2020) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2020012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Therefore, iron deficiency remains a public health concern for infants, particularly because iron is a critical nutrient for neurodevelopment [15,16].”
Background
Association of Maternal and Child Anemia With Brain Structure in Early Life in South Africa
Wedderburn, C. J., Ringshaw, J. E., Donald, K. A., Joshi, S. H., Subramoney, S., Fouché, J., Stadler, J. A. M., Barnett, W., Rehman, A. M., Hoffman, N., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44772 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“3% (46 of 147; median [IQR] gestation of measurement: 13 [9-20] weeks).”
Meeting iron needs for infants and children
Berglund, S. K., & Domellöf, M. (2014) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000043 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Defining peri‐operative anaemia in pregnant women – challenging the status quo
Ferguson, M., & Dennis, A. T. (2018) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.14468 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Maternal ferritin levels correlate with neonatal ferritin levels, and iron-dependent neurogenesis is maximum during the third trimester and in early neonatal life [15, 16].”
Background
Elemental composition of teff (a gluten-free grain), maize and wheat: Staple crops in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley
Nyachoti, S., Adebayo, S., & Godebo, T. R. (2020) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103660 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Early-Life Iron Deficiency Reduces Brain Iron Content and Alters Brain Tissue Composition Despite Iron Repletion: A Neuroimaging Assessment
Mudd, A. T., Fil, J. E., Knight, L., Lam, F., Liang, Z., & Dilger, R. N. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10020135 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping on anaemia at 8 and 12 months and later neurodevelopment in late pre-term and term infants; a facility-based, randomized-controlled trial in Nepal
Ashish, K. C., Målqvist, M., Rana, N., Ranneberg, L. J., & Andersson, O. (2016) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0576-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“As ID in infants even without anaemia has been associated with impaired development [15, 16], delayed cord clamping seems to benefit full term infants even in regions with a relatively low prevalence of ID anaemia [12].”
Background
The Effectiveness of Different Doses of Iron Supplementation and the Prenatal Determinants of Maternal Iron Status in Pregnant Spanish Women: ECLIPSES Study
Iglesias‐Vázquez, L., Arija, V., Aranda, N., Aparicio, E., Serrat, N., Fargas, F., Ruiz, F., Pallejà-Millán, M., Coronel, P., Gimeno, M., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102418 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Paving the way for adequate myelination: The contribution of galectin‐3, transferrin and iron
Franco, P. G., Pasquini, L. A., Pérez, M. J., Rosato‐Siri, M. V., Silvestroff, L., & Pasquini, J. M. (2015) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Maternal and Cord Blood Hepcidin Concentrations in Severe Iron Deficiency Anemia
Basu, S., Kumar, N., Srivastava, R., & Kumar, A. (2016) · Pediatrics & Neonatology · doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2015.09.012 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
High Consumption of Iron Exacerbates Hyperlipidemia, Atherosclerosis, and Female Sterility in Zebrafish via Acceleration of Glycation and Degradation of Serum Lipoproteins
Kim, S., Yadav, D., Kim, S., Kim, J., & Cho, K. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9070690 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effects of iron deficiency and iron supplementation at the host-microbiota interface: Could a piglet model unravel complexities of the underlying mechanisms?
Abbas, M., Hayirli, Z., Drakesmith, H., Andrews, S. C., & Lewis, M. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.927754 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Poor efficiency of iron transfer through the placenta is an important contributing factor for the relatively low maternal iron endowment received prior to birth in both humans (130) and pigs (131).”
Background
Auditory brainstem response in full-term neonates born to mothers with iron deficiency anemia: relation to disease severity
Elalfy, M. S., El-Farrash, R. A., Taha, H., Ismail, E. A. R., & Mokhtar, N. A. (2018) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1533940 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This finding supports earlier studies [2,5,7].”
Background
Factors associated with timing of umbilical cord clamping in tertiary hospital of Nepal
Nelin, V., Ashish, K. C., Andersson, O., Rana, N., & Målqvist, M. (2018) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3198-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Screening and Treatment for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Women: Results of a Survey of Obstetrician-Gynecologists
Marcewicz, L. H., Anderson, B. L., Byams, V. R., Grant, A. M., & Schulkin, J. A. (2017) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2252-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“IDA in pregnancy may also contribute to poorer cognitive development and IDA among children (Radlowski and Johnson 2013), and has been implicated in the development of post-partum depression (Albacar et al. 2011).”
Background
Maternal diet during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment up to age 3.5 years: the nationwide Étude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance (ELFE) birth cohort
de Lauzon‐Guillain, B., Marques, C., Kadawathagedara, M., Bernard, J. Y., Tafflet, M., Lioret, S., & Charles, M.-A. A. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac206 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Long-Term Effects of the Periconceptional Period on Embryo Epigenetic Profile and Phenotype; The Paternal Role and His Contribution, and How Males Can Affect Offspring’s Phenotype/Epigenetic Profile
Lucas, E. S., & Watkins, A. J. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62414-3_8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rapid diagnostics for point-of-care quantification of soluble transferrin receptor
Srinivasan, B., Finkelstein, J. L., O’Dell, D., Erickson, D., & Mehta, S. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.017 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Iron is the most common nutritional deficiency among infants and children, with an estimated prevalence of 3–80% [1], and is associated with long-term detrimental effects on neurodevelopment [2,3] which may be irreversible.”
Background
Schoolchildren with Learning Difficulties Have Low Iron Status and High Anemia Prevalence
Arcanjo, F. P. N., Arcanjo, C. P. C., & Santos, P. R. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2016/7357136 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“According to Radlowski and Johnson [17] ID delays learning and motor and emotional development; individuals exposed to ID during the perinatal period are at high risk for not reaching educational standards later in life.”
Background
Trace elements during primordial plexiform network formation in human cerebral organoids
Sartore, R., Cardoso, S. C., Lages, Y., Paraguassu, J. M., Stelling, M. P., da Costa, R. M., Guimarães, M. Z. P., Perez, C. A., & Rehen, S. K. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.2927 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“While less understood, abnormalities in the levels of essential minerals potentially 69 begin in utero (Radlowski & Johnson, 2013; Golub & Hogrefe, 2015).”
Background
Spectrum of anemia after kidney transplantation: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications
Bamgbola, O. F. (2016) · Clinical Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ctr.12813 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Children may sustain irreparable neurodevelopmental loss (115).”
Background
A novel nano-iron supplement versus standard treatment for iron deficiency anaemia in children 6–35 months (IHAT-GUT trial): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled non-inferiority phase II trial in The Gambia
Mohammed, N. I., Wason, J. M. S., Mendy, T., Nass, S. A., Ofordile, O., Camara, F., Baldeh, B., Sanyang, C., Jallow, A. T., Hossain, I. M., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101853 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Iron deficiency and iron treatment in the fetal developing brain – a pilot study introducing an experimental rat model
Moos, T., Skjørringe, T., & Thomsen, L. (2018) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0537-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Iron Deficiency Affects Seizure Susceptibility in a Time- and Sex-Specific Manner
Rudy, M. J., & Mayer‐Pröschel, M. (2017) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/1759091417746521 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Its effect on developing children is particularly devastating since iron supplementation later in life cannot remedy the learning difficulties, behavioral problems, and psychiatric disorders that are associated with early life ID (Lozoff et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2013; Lozoff et al., 2013; Radlowski and Johnson, 2013…”
Background
Associations of maternal characteristics and dietary factors with anemia and iron-deficiency in pregnancy
Kangalgil, M., Şahinler, A., Kırkbir, İ. B., & Özçelik, A. Ö. (2021) · Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jogoh.2021.102137 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Overview of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in women and girls of reproductive age
Derman, R. J., & Patted, A. (2023) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.14950 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Iron overload induces hypogonadism in male mice via extrahypothalamic mechanisms
Macchi, C., Steffani, L., Oleari, R., Lettieri, A., Valenti, L. V. C., Dongiovanni, P., Romero‐Ruíz, A., Tena‐Sempere, M., Cariboni, A. M., Magni, P., et al. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.019 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“It is also required for proper brain development during embryogenesis, and for brain function in the early neonatal period and adult age (Radlowski and Johnson, 2013).”
Background
Dietary Iron Repletion following Early-Life Dietary Iron Deficiency Does Not Correct Regional Volumetric or Diffusion Tensor Changes in the Developing Pig Brain
Mudd, A. T., Fil, J. E., Knight, L. C., & Dilger, R. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00735 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Trends in reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent values in critically ill neonates, stratified by gestational age
German, K. R., Vu, P. T., Irvine, J. D., & Juul, S. E. (2019) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-019-0434-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Early-Life Iron Deficiency and Its Natural Resolution Are Associated with Altered Serum Metabolomic Profiles in Infant Rhesus Monkeys
Sandri, B. J., Lubach, G. R., Lock, E. F., Georgieff, M., Kling, P. J., Coe, C. L., & Rao, R. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz274 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis during Inflammatory States
Cherayil, B. J. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.015 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“neurocognitive development, an issue of particular importance in infants and young children (4).”
Background

Authors: Radlowski, E. C., & Johnson, R. W.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author: Johnson, Rodney W.
ORCID: Johnson, Rodney W.
Venue: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2013
Volume: 7
Pages: 585-585
ISSN: 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00585
PMC: PMC3779843
OpenAlex: W1980560945
Cited by: 315
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 2.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG016710)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD069899)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
Keywords: iron deficiency, neurocognitive development, low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, brain development, neurogenesis, myelination, learning and memory impairment, cognitive recovery, iron deficiency prevention

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Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development

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