Higher total protein intake and change in total protein intake affect body composition but not metabolic syndrome indexes in middle-aged overweight and obese adults who perform resistance and aerobic exercise for 36 weeks
Open accessAbstract
Background Studies assessing the effects of protein supplementation on changes in body composition (BC) and health rarely consider the impact of total protein intake (TPro) or the change in TPro (CTPro) from participants' usual diets.Objective This secondary data analysis assessed the impact of TPro and CTPro on changes in BC and metabolic syndrome (MetS) indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults who participated in an exercise training program.Methods Men and women [n = 117; age: 50 ± 0.7 y, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 30.1 ± 0.3; means ± SEs] performed resistance exercise 2 d/wk and aerobic exercise 1 d/wk and consumed an unrestricted diet along with 200-kcal supplements (0, 10, 20, or 30 g whey protein) twice daily for 36 wk. Protein intake was assessed via 4-d food records. Multiple linear regression model and stratified analysis were applied for data analyses.Results Among all subjects, TPro and CTPro were inversely associated (P < 0.05) with changes in body mass, fat mass (FM), and BMI. Changes in BC were different (P < 0.05) among groups that consumed <1.0 (n = 43) vs. ≥1.0 to <1.2 (n = 29) vs. ≥1.2 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) (n = 45). The TPro group with ≥1.0 to <1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) reduced FM and %FM and increased percentage of LM (%LM) compared with the lowest TPro group, whereas the TPro group with ≥1.2 g ·: kg(-1) ·: d(-1) presented intermediate responses on changes in FM, %FM, and %LM. The gain in LM was not different among groups. In addition, MetS indexes were not influenced by TPro and CTPro.Conclusions In conjunction with exercise training, higher TPro promoted positive changes in BC but not in MetS indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Changes in TPro from before to during the intervention also influenced BC responses and should be considered in future research when different TPro is achieved via diet or supplements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00812409.
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Whether increasing protein intake during weight loss can limit the weight-loss-induced loss of fat-free mass is unclear because of conflicting results reported in the literature.
“Whether increasing protein intake during weight loss can limit the weight-loss-induced loss of fat-free mass is unclear because of conflicting results reported in the literature (54, 56, 96, 98, 101-108).”
From Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
The Introduction (page not supplied) says findings on protein intake and exercise-related body-composition changes are equivocal. The Discussion (page not supplied) reports no association between protein intake and change in lean mass in this study. Neither passage establishes that the literature specifically conflicts on preserving fat-free mass during weight loss; participants were not instructed to restrict their food intake for weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.79)
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References 61 · Cited by 28
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- [26]26. Weinheimer EM, Conley TB, Kobza VM, Sands LP, Lim E, Janle EM, Campbell WW. Whey protein supplementation does not affect exercise training-induced changes in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults. J Nutr 2012;142:1532-9. Supplemental figure 1 [cited 2015 May 14]. Available from: http://jn.nutrition.org.ezproxy.lib.purdue.edu/content/suppl/2012/ 08/01/jn.111.153619.DC1/nut153619-SFig1.pdf.
- [31]31. ACSMÕs guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 8th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
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- Authors
- Campbell, W. W., Kim, J. E., Amankwaah, A. F., Gordon, S. L., & Weinheimer-Haus, E. M.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Campbell, Wayne W
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2076-2083
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4548166
- OpenAlex
- W2144417011
- Semantic Scholar
- 4ee1fb0a9d9ac1cbb5af87c0e42b8711626c1e19
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Protein Research Consortium
- NIH (T32AG025671, UL1TR001108)
- Purdue University Ingestive Behavior Research Center
- Purdue University Center on Aging
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- whey protein supplementation, body composition, fat mass, lean body mass, metabolic syndrome, resistance training, aerobic exercise, overweight, obesity, middle-aged adults, exercise training
- MeSH terms
- Whey Proteins, Adult, Aged, Appetite, Blood Glucose, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Dietary Proteins, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Prospective Studies, Triglycerides, Exercise, Nutrition Assessment, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Metabolic Syndrome, Overweight, Resistance Training
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