Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss
Open accessAbstract
Weight loss is the cornerstone of therapy for people with obesity because it can ameliorate or completely resolve the metabolic risk factors for diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity-associated cancers. The potential health benefits of diet-induced weight loss are thought to be compromised by the weight-loss-associated loss of lean body mass, which could increase the risk of sarcopenia (low muscle mass and impaired muscle function). The objective of this review is to provide an overview of what is known about weight-loss-induced muscle loss and its implications for overall physical function (e.g., ability to lift items, walk, and climb stairs). The currently available data in the literature show the following: 1 ) compared with persons with normal weight, those with obesity have more muscle mass but poor muscle quality; 2 ) diet-induced weight loss reduces muscle mass without adversely affecting muscle strength; 3 ) weight loss improves global physical function, most likely because of reduced fat mass; 4 ) high protein intake helps preserve lean body and muscle mass during weight loss but does not improve muscle strength and could have adverse effects on metabolic function; 5 ) both endurance- and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss, and resistance-type exercise also improves muscle strength. We therefore conclude that weight-loss therapy, including a hypocaloric diet with adequate (but not excessive) protein intake and increased phy…
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Claims the paper makes
66 of 115 cited sources checked · 17 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Resistance-type exercise helps preserve muscle mass during weight loss.
“both endurance-and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
“adding exercise (endurance and resistance type) to a hypocaloric diet helps preserve muscle mass during weight loss”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
- cites [65] Frimel, 2008, Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [66] Figueroa, 2013, Effects of hypocaloric diet, low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement, or both on aortic hemodynamics and muscle mass in obese postmenopausal women, Menopause source
- cites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results report that thigh muscle volume did not change in older overweight and obese adults who combined resistance training with caloric restriction. But they also report a significant loss of total lean mass, and the trial had no weight-loss-only group to show how much muscle resistance training preserved compared with weight loss without exercise. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
- Interpretationnone given
High protein intake could have adverse effects on metabolic function.
“and could have adverse effects on metabolic function”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · hedged
“and could have adverse effects on metabolic function”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim5 of 8 sources checked- cites [106] Smith, 2016, High protein intake during weight loss therapy eliminates the weight loss-induced improvement in insulin action in postmenopausal women, Cell Reports source
- cites [120] Linn, 2000, Effect of long-term dietary protein intake on glucose metabolism in humans, Diabetologia source
- cites [121] Linn, 1996, Effect of dietary protein intake on insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [122] Wang, 2010, Higher protein intake is associated with diabetes risk in South Asian Indians: the Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study, J Am Coll Nutr source
- cites [123] Tinker, 2011, Biomarker-calibrated dietary energy and protein intake associations with diabetes risk among postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative, Am J Clin Nutr source
- cites [124] Sluijs, 2010, Dietary intake of total, animal, and vegetable protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL study, Diabetes Care source
- cites [125] Levine, 2014, Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population, Cell Metab source
The Results (Association between Protein and Mortality; page not provided) associate higher protein intake with increased diabetes-related mortality, which supports concern about a possible adverse metabolic effect. The paper does not show that high protein intake impairs metabolic function itself, and its Discussion notes that the effects of protein intake differ by age. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [126] Similä, 2012, Carbohydrate substitution for fat or protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in male smokers, Eur J Clin Nutr source
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · hedged
- Interpretationcitation
Endurance-type exercise helps preserve muscle mass during weight loss.
“both endurance-and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
“adding exercise (endurance and resistance type) to a hypocaloric diet helps preserve muscle mass during weight loss”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites (53,59,(62)(63)(64)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [63] Yoshimura, 2014, Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity, Obes Facts source
- cites [53] Weiss, 2007, Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss, J Appl Physiol source
- cites [59] Ross, 2000, Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med source
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
- Interpretationcitation
High protein intake does not improve muscle strength during weight loss.
“but does not improve muscle strength”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
“but does not improve muscle strength”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results section (‘Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function’; page not provided) reports that strength improved over 13 weeks in both groups, with no difference between them. This supports no additional strength benefit from the whey protein–, leucine–, and vitamin D–enriched supplement in obese older adults undergoing diet and resistance exercise, but not the broader claim that high protein intake does not improve strength during weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- cites [98] Schollenberger, 2016, Impact of protein supplementation after bariatric surgery: a randomized controlled double-blind pilot study, Nutrition source
- cites [107] Longland, 2016, Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
- Interpretationcitation
High protein intake helps preserve lean body and muscle mass during weight loss.
“high protein intake helps preserve lean body and muscle mass during weight loss”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“high protein intake helps preserve lean body and muscle mass”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [109] Kim, 2016, Effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes after weight loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutr Rev source
The Conclusion (p. 13) says adults aged 50 and older better retain lean mass on energy-restricted higher-protein diets than on normal-protein diets. The section on lean mass versus skeletal muscle mass (pp. 9, 12) cautions against equating the two: only one included study directly measured skeletal muscle mass. Thus, the lean-mass claim is supported, but preservation of muscle mass specifically is not established by this review. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Interpretationcitation
Whether increasing protein intake during weight loss can limit the weight-loss-induced loss of fat-free mass is unclear because of conflicting results reported in the literature.
“Whether increasing protein intake during weight loss can limit the weight-loss-induced loss of fat-free mass is unclear because of conflicting results reported in the literature (54, 56, 96, 98, 101-108).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim6 of 10 sources checked- cites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results (Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function; page unavailable) report that the enriched-supplement group preserved appendicular muscle mass better than controls during weight loss. The Introduction says data in obese older adults are limited, but the paper does not report conflicting results in the literature or conclude that the effect of increasing protein intake is unclear. Its intervention also combined protein with leucine and vitamin D, rather than testing protein alone. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- cites [96] Campbell, 2015, Higher total protein intake and change in total protein intake affect body composition but not metabolic syndrome indexes in middle-aged overweight and obese adults who perform resistance and aerobic exercise for 36 weeks, J Nutr source
The Introduction (page not supplied) says findings on protein intake and exercise-related body-composition changes are equivocal. The Discussion (page not supplied) reports no association between protein intake and change in lean mass in this study. Neither passage establishes that the literature specifically conflicts on preserving fat-free mass during weight loss; participants were not instructed to restrict their food intake for weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [98] Schollenberger, 2016, Impact of protein supplementation after bariatric surgery: a randomized controlled double-blind pilot study, Nutrition source
- cites [101] Layman, 2003, A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women, J Nutr source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says the ideal carbohydrate-to-protein ratio remains unknown and that few experimental studies exist. The Results (page unavailable) report a trend toward less lean-body-mass loss with higher protein intake (P = 0.07), but the paper does not describe conflicting findings in the literature about preservation of fat-free mass; its Discussion cites similar findings from other studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [102] Farnsworth, 2003, Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women, Am J Clin Nutr source
- cites [103] Leidy, 2007, Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
The Body Weight and Body Composition Changes section reports that higher protein intake preserved more lean body mass during weight loss, and the Discussion describes similar findings in earlier studies. The paper therefore supports the possibility that protein limits fat-free-mass loss, but the cited passages do not support the claim that conflicting results make the question unclear. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [104] Meckling, 2007, A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab source
- cites [105] Brehm, 2008, Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice?, Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes source
- cites [106] Smith, 2016, High protein intake during weight loss therapy eliminates the weight loss-induced improvement in insulin action in postmenopausal women, Cell Reports source
The Introduction says increased protein intake during weight loss helps preserve lean tissue mass, and the Results report about 45% less fat-free-mass loss in the high-protein group. The paper does not describe conflicting results in the literature as making that effect unclear; its Discussion instead questions the clinical importance of the small difference observed. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The most recent systematic review and meta-analysis supports a very small but significant beneficial effect (400-800 g of lean mass preservation) of high protein intake on fat-free mass during weight-loss therapy.
“The results from the most recent systematic review and meta-analysis (109) support a very small but significant beneficial effect (400-800 g of lean mass preservation) of high protein intake on fat-free mass during weight-loss therapy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [109] Kim, 2016, Effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes after weight loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutr Rev source
The effects section (p. 8) reports significantly greater lean-mass retention with higher-protein diets during energy restriction: 0.45 kg in one analysis and 0.83 kg in another, broadly matching the quoted 400–800 g. The review studied adults aged 50 and older, however, while the citing sentence does not limit its claim to that population. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingcitation
The reductions in muscle mass in young and old men and women with obesity after diet-induced weight loss of 8-10% were about 2-10%.
“The reductions in muscle mass in young and old men and women with obesity after diet-induced weight-loss of 8-10% were ;2-10% (47, 52-56, 59, 62-66).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim8 of 10 sources checked- cites [47] Bosy-Westphal, 2009, Contribution of individual organ mass loss to weight loss–associated decline in resting energy expenditure, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Body composition section reports a 3.2% mean reduction in skeletal muscle mass after diet-induced weight loss, within the claimed 2–10% range. But the Study protocol limits the participants to women aged 22–41, predominantly with obesity; the paper does not establish that range for men or older adults. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes source
The Results (§3.4, page unavailable) report a 2.2% reduction in thigh muscle cross-sectional area, within the claimed 2–10% range. But §3.2 reports average weight loss of 5.5%, not 8–10%, and the trial studied older adults receiving physical activity alongside dietary weight loss; it does not establish the claim for young adults or diet-induced weight loss alone. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [53] Weiss, 2007, Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss, J Appl Physiol source
The Abstract reports a 6.9% decrease in thigh muscle volume after caloric restriction, within the claimed 2–10% range. But this study examined adults aged 50–60 with BMIs of 23.5–29.9, not young and old men and women with obesity generally; its caloric-restriction group also lost 10.7% of body weight on average, rather than 8–10%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results sections (page not supplied) report a 0.5 kg mean reduction in appendicular muscle mass in the control group of obese older adults, so the paper supports the possibility of muscle loss during weight loss. But weight loss was about 3%, not 8–10%; the paper does not establish a 2–10% muscle-mass reduction or findings across young and old men and women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
The Results (Body Weight and Composition) report 10% weight loss and a 5% reduction in lean body mass with diet alone, within the claimed ranges. This study involved older adults, however; the Discussion says most participants were women and cautions against broader inference. It does not establish the stated range for young people or for men and women separately. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- cites [59] Ross, 2000, Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med source
- cites [62] Ryan, 2014, Effects of weight loss and exercise on trunk muscle composition in older women, Clin Interv Aging source
The Results (Response to AEX+WL and WL; page unavailable) report an 8% decrease in erector spinae muscle area after weight loss, within the claimed 2–10% range. But the study involved older women only, measured trunk muscle area rather than overall muscle mass, and found no significant change in the other three muscle areas. It does not establish the claimed range across young and old men and women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [63] Yoshimura, 2014, Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity, Obes Facts source
The Abstract Results (page unavailable) report a 5.1% reduction in thigh muscle cross-sectional area in the diet-only group, within the claimed 2–10% range. But that group's mean weight loss was 6.6%, not 8–10%, and the Discussion describes the participants as middle-aged to elderly, not young and old adults. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [64] Chomentowski, 2009, Moderate exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle mass that occurs with intentional caloric restriction-induced weight loss in older, overweight to obese adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
The Results (page unavailable) report 9.2% weight loss and reductions of 4.3% in fat-free mass and 5.2% in thigh muscle area in the diet-only group, consistent with the claimed ranges. The study examined older adults, however; its Discussion refers to younger people only through previous research, and it could not determine meaningful differences by sex. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Resistance-type exercise improves muscle strength during weight loss.
“resistance-type exercise also improves muscle strength”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“and resistance-type exercise also improves muscle strength”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
- cites [65] Frimel, 2008, Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Premisecitation
Progressive resistance exercise training in conjunction with a hypocaloric diet attenuates the weight-loss-associated loss of muscle mass in middle-aged and older men and women.
“Several investigators found that a progressive resistance exercise training program in conjunction with a hypocaloric diet attenuated the weight-loss-associated loss of muscle mass in middle-aged and older men and women (55,65,66).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
The Results (Body Weight and Composition; page not supplied) report less lean-body-mass loss with diet plus exercise than with diet alone. The Methods describe a calorie-deficit diet and progressive resistance training, but the exercise program also included aerobic activity. Participants were at least 65 years old, so this paper does not establish the claim for middle-aged adults or isolate the effect of resistance training. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [65] Frimel, 2008, Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
The Discussion reports that adding exercise incorporating progressive resistance training to a weight-loss diet reduced lean-tissue loss by about half. The Methods identify the participants as frail obese older adults (mean age 70 ± 5 years), so this paper does not establish the claim for middle-aged adults. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [66] Figueroa, 2013, Effects of hypocaloric diet, low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement, or both on aortic hemodynamics and muscle mass in obese postmenopausal women, Menopause source
- Premisecitation
Prolonged moderate calorie restriction and 5-10% weight loss increased the rate of muscle protein synthesis.
“Prolonged moderate calorie restriction and 5-10% weight loss, on the other hand, increased the rate of muscle protein synthesis (78,79).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [78] Campbell, 2009, Resistance training preserves fat-free mass without impacting changes in protein metabolism after weight loss in older women, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
- cites [79] Villareal, 2012, Effect of weight loss on the rate of muscle protein synthesis during fasted and fed conditions in obese older adults, Obesity (Silver Spring) source
The Abstract reports a greater muscle protein synthesis response to feeding during active calorie restriction at about 7% weight loss. It also says basal synthesis was unchanged, and the enhanced feeding response was not seen after about 10% weight loss followed by weight maintenance. The claim omits these conditions and makes the increase sound general across 5–10% weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
The improvements in physical function after diet-induced weight loss are most likely due to the loss of excess total body fat mass.
“The improvements in physical function after diet-induced weight loss are most likely due to the loss of excess total body fat mass (128), which can interfere with range of motion, gait, etc.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [128] Beavers, 2013, Fat mass loss predicts gain in physical function with intentional weight loss in older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
The Discussion reports that fat mass loss predicts improvements in gait speed and mobility during intentional weight loss in older adults. It also says the causal mechanisms have not been fully elucidated and calls for studies of weight loss without concomitant exercise, so the claim that improvements after diet-induced weight loss are most likely due to fat loss is stronger and broader than the paper establishes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
The effect of endurance-type exercise training on muscle mass during weight-loss therapy is less clear.
“The effect of endurance-type exercise training on muscle mass during weight-loss therapy, however, is less clear (53,59,(62)(63)(64).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites (53,59,(62)(63)(64)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Increased protein intake, if distributed evenly throughout the day, may prevent the loss of muscle mass during weight-loss therapy.
“Together, these results suggest that increased protein intake, if distributed evenly throughout the day, may prevent the loss of muscle mass during weight-loss therapy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The effect of bariatric surgery on muscle mass remains unclear.
“Accordingly, the effect of bariatric surgery on muscle mass remains unclear.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In the general population, muscle mass is a poor predictor of muscle strength because of interindividual differences in muscle composition and neuromuscular adaptations.
“In the general population, muscle mass is a poor predictor of muscle strength (19)(20)(21), because of interindividual differences in muscle composition (e.g., deposition of noncontractile material, such as lipids and connective tissue) and neuromuscular adaptations to regular use or disuse that affect the ability of muscle to generate force (19)(20)(21).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites (19)(20)(21)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Bariatric surgery does not seem to accelerate the loss of fat-free mass relative to total body or fat mass loss.
“Bariatric surgery, which results in rapid and massive weight loss (>20% of total body weight), does not seem to accelerate the loss of fat-free mass relative to total body or fat mass loss (67)(68)(69)(70)(71)(72).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites (67)(68)(69)(70)(71)(72)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Weight loss achieved through a calorie-reduced diet decreases both fat and fat-free (or lean body) mass.
“Weight loss, achieved through a calorie-reduced diet, decreases both fat and fat-free (or lean body) mass (44)(45)(46).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites (44)(45)(46)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The loss of muscle mass during prolonged moderate calorie restriction is mediated by increased muscle proteolysis rather than suppressed muscle protein synthesis.
“The loss of muscle mass during prolonged moderate calorie restriction is therefore mediated by increased muscle proteolysis rather than suppressed muscle protein synthesis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Persons with obesity have more total fat-free and muscle mass than those with normal weight.
“Accordingly, persons with obesity have more total fat-free and muscle mass than those with normal weight (26)(27)(28).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites (26)(27)(28)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The effects of fish-oil-derived n-3 FA and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle mass and strength during weight loss are not known.
“However, their effects on muscle mass and strength during weight loss are not known.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 16
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationDiet-induced weight loss reduces muscle mass without adversely affecting muscle strength.
“diet-induced weight loss reduces muscle mass without adversely affecting muscle strength”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · hedged
“weight loss reduces muscle mass without adversely affecting muscle strength and improves global physical function, most likely because of reduced fat mass”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim8 of 10 sources checked- cites [47] Bosy-Westphal, 2009, Contribution of individual organ mass loss to weight loss–associated decline in resting energy expenditure, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Body composition section reports a mean loss of 923 g of skeletal muscle mass after the low-calorie weight-loss intervention. The paper does not report a muscle-strength outcome, so it does not support the claim that strength was unaffected. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes source
Results §§3.4–3.5 report reduced thigh muscle area in the physical-activity-plus-weight-loss group, but also a 12.4% decline in knee extensor strength from baseline to six months (P = .01). The Discussion likewise says the group lost a significant amount of strength. The difference in strength change between intervention groups was not statistically significant (P = .11), but the paper does not support the claim that strength was unaffected. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [53] Weiss, 2007, Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss, J Appl Physiol source
The Discussion states that caloric restriction reduced both muscle size and strength, contrary to the claim that strength was unaffected. It qualifies that the strength decrease was proportional to weight loss, but does not say strength was preserved. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
In “Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function” (page not provided), the control group had a numerical decline in appendicular muscle mass, while muscle strength improved in both groups. The decline in muscle mass was not statistically significant within the control group, and all participants also performed resistance training. The findings therefore do not establish that diet-induced weight loss alone reduces muscle mass without adversely affecting strength. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
- cites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- cites [59] Ross, 2000, Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med source
- cites [62] Ryan, 2014, Effects of weight loss and exercise on trunk muscle composition in older women, Clin Interv Aging source
The Results (page not available in our copy) report an 8% decrease in erector spinae muscle area after weight-loss interventions, but no significant area change in three other trunk muscles; this only partly supports a general claim about reduced muscle mass. The paper does not report whether muscle strength was preserved, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [63] Yoshimura, 2014, Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity, Obes Facts source
The Results report that thigh muscle area decreased in the diet-only group, supporting the muscle-mass part of the claim. The Methods describe measurements of muscle area and body composition, but the paper does not report a muscle-strength outcome; it therefore cannot establish that strength was unaffected. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [64] Chomentowski, 2009, Moderate exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle mass that occurs with intentional caloric restriction-induced weight loss in older, overweight to obese adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
The Discussion reports that diet-induced weight loss significantly reduced muscle mass in older overweight to obese adults. It also states that the study did not include a muscular strength or power test, so it cannot support the claim that muscle strength was unaffected. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · hedged
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe potential health benefits of diet-induced weight loss could be compromised by weight-loss-associated loss of lean body (including muscle) mass, which could increase the risk of sarcopenia, especially in vulnerable populations such as postmenopausal women and older adults.
“The potential health benefits of diet-induced weight loss are thought to be compromised by the weight-loss-associated loss of lean body mass, which could increase the risk of sarcopenia (low muscle mass and impaired muscle function).”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“The potential health benefits of diet-induced weight loss could be compromised by the weight-loss-associated loss of lean body (including muscle) mass (9,10), which could increase the risk of sarcopenia (defined as low muscle mass and impaired muscle function) (10)(11)(12), especially in vulnerable populations, such as postmenopausal women and older adults (10,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [9] Gill, 2015, Weight management in older adults, Curr Obes Rep source
- cites [10] Miller, 2008, The danger of weight loss in the elderly, J Nutr Health Aging source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites (10)(11)(12)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites (10,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationWeight loss improves global physical function, most likely because of reduced fat mass.
“weight loss improves global physical function, most likely because of reduced fat mass”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“improves global physical function, most likely because of reduced fat mass”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim6 of 8 sources checked- cites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes source
The Abstract and Discussion report improved physical function in the physical-activity-plus-weight-loss group and suggest that fat loss explains the improvement. However, Results §3.6 found no significant difference in SPPB improvement between groups, and the Discussion notes that the study cannot distinguish weight loss alone from the activity intervention. The unqualified claim overstates what this trial establishes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results report that fat mass decreased and muscle function improved during the 13-week intervention; the Discussion says physical-performance measures improved in both groups. The paper does not establish that reduced fat mass was the likely reason, and it discusses both training and weight loss as possible contributors. It also reports specific performance measures rather than a measure of global physical function. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
The Discussion reports that weight loss improved physical function in obese older adults and suggests that changes in body composition could underlie the improvement. The claim omits that population restriction and presents reduced fat mass as a more likely explanation than the paper establishes. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- cites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results (page not specified) report improved physical-function measures in overweight and obese older adults receiving resistance training with caloric restriction, and associate greater fat loss with better 400-m walk time. The Discussion says fat-mass loss is a stronger predictor of functional improvement than lean-mass loss. The trial does not establish that reduced fat mass caused an improvement in global physical function: several measures improved similarly with resistance training alone, and the fat-loss analysis was correlational. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [115] Porter Starr, 2016, Improved function with enhanced protein intake per meal: a pilot study of weight reduction in frail, obese older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
The Abstract Results (page unavailable) report that both weight-loss groups improved physical function, and Results > Secondary Outcomes (page unavailable) report reduced fat mass in both groups. The paper does not establish that fat loss was the most likely cause of the functional improvement; the protein group improved more despite no between-group difference in fat-mass change. The findings also concern obese, functionally limited older adults, rather than weight loss generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [127] Steele, 2015, Impact of bariatric surgery on physical functioning in obese adults, Obes Rev source
- cites [128] Beavers, 2013, Fat mass loss predicts gain in physical function with intentional weight loss in older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
The Discussion reports that fat mass loss predicts improvements in gait speed and mobility during intentional weight loss in older adults. The claim broadens those measured outcomes to global physical function and suggests a causal explanation, whereas the Discussion says the causal mechanisms have not been fully established. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWeight loss is the cornerstone of therapy for people with obesity because it can ameliorate or completely resolve the metabolic risk factors for diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity-associated cancers.
“Weight loss is the cornerstone of therapy for people with obesity because it can ameliorate or completely resolve the metabolic risk factors for diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity-associated cancers.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Obesity is associated with cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes and coronary artery disease) (1-3) and certain types of cancer (e.g., colon) (4-6), and diet-induced weight loss can ameliorate or completely resolve the metabolic risk factors (e.g., insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, increased blood pressure) for these conditions (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 7 sources checked- cites [1] Klein, 2002, AGA technical review on obesity, Gastroenterology source
- cites [2] Kirk, 2009, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome, J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) source
The Abstract and Summary describe obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk, but neither addresses weight loss as therapy. Searches for weight-loss treatment, resolution of risk factors, and obesity-associated cancers found no passage in our copy supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [3] Klein, 2004, Circulation source
- cites [4] Moghaddam, 2007, Obesity and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 31 studies with 70,000 events, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev source
- cites [5] Gallagher, 2015, Obesity and diabetes: the increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality, Physiol Rev source
- cites [6] Wolin, 2010, Obesity and cancer, Oncologist source
The 'Weight Loss and Intermediate Endpoints' section reports improvements in insulin, glucose, and blood pressure with weight loss and increased activity; 'Counseling for Weight Loss' describes diabetes prevention, and 'Weight Loss and Cancer Risk Reduction' describes reduced cancer risk. The paper does not establish that weight loss completely resolves these risk factors, specifically addresses coronary artery disease, or calls weight loss the cornerstone of obesity therapy. Page numbers were not available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationDiet-induced weight loss reduces muscle lipid content and does not affect or slightly decreases leg muscle strength.
“Diet-induced weight loss reduces muscle lipid content (assessed by X-ray attenuation or MRI) (52,62,63,74) and does not affect (55,65,93), or slightly decreases (48,52,56), leg muscle strength.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim6 of 9 sources checked- cites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes source
The Results (§3.4) report reduced muscle lipid content, measured by CT muscle attenuation, in the physical-activity-plus-weight-loss group. The Results (§3.5) also report a significant 12.4% decline in knee extensor strength over six months, which is not clearly a slight decrease. Because the intervention combined diet-induced weight loss with physical activity, the study does not isolate the effect of diet alone. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [62] Ryan, 2014, Effects of weight loss and exercise on trunk muscle composition in older women, Clin Interv Aging source
The Results (Response to AEX+WL and WL; page unavailable) report reduced CT-measured intramuscular fat after diet-induced weight loss, although the reduction with weight loss alone was statistically significant only in the lateral abdominal muscle. The paper studies trunk muscles and does not report whether leg muscle strength was unchanged or slightly decreased after weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [63] Yoshimura, 2014, Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity, Obes Facts source
The Methods (Computed Tomography; page unavailable) identify low-density muscle area as a marker of lipid-rich skeletal muscle, and the Results report that it decreased in the diet-only group. This supports a reduction in lipid-rich muscle area, but not a direct measurement of muscle lipid content. The paper does not report whether diet-induced weight loss affected leg muscle strength. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [74] Teichtahl, 2016, Associations of surgical and nonsurgical weight loss with knee musculature: a cohort study of obese adults, Surg Obes Relat Dis source
- cites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
The Results (Body Weight and Composition; page unavailable) report reduced fat mass and similar changes in thigh fat after diet-induced weight loss, but do not establish a reduction in muscle lipid content. The Results (Strength, Balance, Gait, and Quality of Life; page unavailable) say total strength was maintained in the diet group; that measure included leg exercises but does not establish the claim specifically for leg muscle strength. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [65] Frimel, 2008, Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The results report that thigh intermuscular adipose tissue decreased in the resistance-training-plus-caloric-restriction group, but it also decreased in the resistance-training-only group; the study therefore does not establish that diet-induced weight loss caused the reduction. Knee extensor strength increased in both groups, with no significant difference between them. Thus, the paper supports no additional effect of caloric restriction on leg strength during resistance training, not that leg strength was unchanged overall. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [48] Johnson, 1994, Loss of muscle mass is poorly reflected in grip strength performance in healthy young men, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- cites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningGrip strength and global measures of physical function, such as balance, walking speed, or climbing stairs, improve after weight loss.
“Grip strength and global measures of physical function, such as balance, walking speed, or climbing stairs, improve after weight loss (52, 54-56, 93, 115, 127).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim5 of 7 sources checked- cites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes source
Results §3.6 (page unavailable) reports improved overall physical function in the physical-activity-plus-weight-loss group, measured by a battery that includes walking and balance; it found no significant difference in improvement between intervention groups. The paper does not report improved grip strength or stair-climbing performance, and its intervention combined weight loss with physical activity rather than testing weight loss alone. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results section (page not specified) says muscle strength and function improved over the 13-week weight-loss intervention, and Table 4 reports increased handgrip strength. The Methods section lists walking tests, but not balance or stair-climbing tests, so this paper does not support those specific examples. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
The Results (page unavailable) report improved Physical Performance Test scores after diet-induced weight loss; the test includes walking, balance, and stair-climbing tasks. They also report improved balance in the diet group. However, the paper does not report grip strength, and its measured strength was maintained—not improved—in the diet-only group; gait-speed improvement was reported for the diet–exercise group, not the diet-only group. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- cites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Treatment effects results (page not provided) report improved grip strength, walking time, gait speed, and overall physical-performance score in older adults receiving resistance training plus caloric restriction. The Discussion (page not provided) says most functional gains were attributable to resistance training rather than weight loss; balance was not reported separately as improved, and stair climbing was not measured. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [115] Porter Starr, 2016, Improved function with enhanced protein intake per meal: a pilot study of weight reduction in frail, obese older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
The Results > Primary Outcomes section reports improved overall physical function scores in both weight-loss groups. But Results > Secondary Outcomes explicitly says handgrip strength remained unchanged, and the study measured chair stands rather than stair climbing. Thus the source supports improved global function, not the full claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [127] Steele, 2015, Impact of bariatric surgery on physical functioning in obese adults, Obes Rev source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFish-oil-derived n-3 FA supplementation improves muscle mass, strength, and physical function in weight-stable older adults, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate improves both muscle mass and strength in healthy young and older adults.
“Fish-oil-derived n-3 FA supplementation has been shown to improve muscle mass, strength, and physical function in weight-stable older adults (130, 131); and b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate, a metabolite of leucine, improved both muscle mass and strength in healthy young and older adults (132, 133).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [130] Rodacki, 2012, Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women, Am J Clin Nutr source
- cites [131] Smith, 2015, Fish oil–derived n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy increases muscle mass and strength in older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results section reports increased thigh muscle volume and handgrip and one-repetition-maximum strength after six months of fish-oil n-3 PUFA therapy, without a significant change in body weight. The study assessed muscle strength and power, but did not directly demonstrate improved physical function; its increase in muscle power was a nonsignificant trend. The beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate claim is attached to different citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [132] Nissen, 2003, Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a meta-analysis, J Appl Physiol source
- cites [133] Wu, 2015, Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch Gerontol Geriatr source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationCompared with persons with normal weight, those with obesity have more muscle mass but poor muscle quality.
“compared with persons with normal weight, those with obesity have more muscle mass but poor muscle quality”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
“persons with obesity have more muscle mass than those with normal weight but poor muscle quality”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites (26)(27)(28)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites (27)(28)(29)(30)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationObesity is associated with poor muscle quality, which adversely affects muscle function.
“obesity is associated with poor muscle quality, which adversely affects muscle function”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites (27)(28)(29)(30)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningResistance-type exercise is an effective strategy to attenuate or even prevent the weight-loss-induced loss of muscle mass during weight loss, whereas the effects of endurance-type exercise on muscle mass during weight loss are uncertain.
“Together, these results suggest that resistance-type exercise is an effective strategy to attenuate or even prevent the weight-loss-induced loss of muscle mass during weight loss, whereas the effects of endurance-type exercise on muscle mass during weight loss are uncertain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn persons who are overweight or obese, fat-free mass contributes only about 20-30% to total weight loss, and weight regain does not prevent fat-free mass regain.
“In persons who are overweight or obese, fat-free mass contributes only ;20-30% to total weight loss (48,(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59), and weight regain does not prevent fat-free mass regain (49).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites (48,(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [49] Bosy-Westphal, 2014, Measuring the impact of weight cycling on body composition: a methodological challenge, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoth weight loss and weight gain are accompanied by corresponding changes in both body fat and fat-free (including muscle) mass.
“Moreover, both weight loss and weight gain are accompanied by corresponding changes in both body fat and fat-free (including muscle) mass (22)(23)(24)(25).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites (22)(23)(24)(25)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationDiet-induced weight loss in those with obesity results in a more favorable fat-free mass to fat mass ratio despite loss of lean mass, and weight cycling has no adverse effect on body composition in persons with obesity.
“Diet-induced weight loss in those with obesity therefore results in a more favorable fat-free mass to fat mass ratio despite loss of lean mass, and weight cycling (yo-yo effect) has no adverse effect on body composition in persons with obesity (49).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [49] Bosy-Westphal, 2014, Measuring the impact of weight cycling on body composition: a methodological challenge, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationShort-term calorie restriction decreases the postprandial rate of muscle protein synthesis and decreases or does not change the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis in overweight and obese young and middle-aged men and women.
“Studies that evaluated the effect of short-term (14-21 d) calorie restriction (;30-40% energy deficit/d) on the rate of muscle protein synthesis in young and middle-aged men and women who were overweight and obese found that calorie restriction decreases the postprandial rate of muscle protein synthesis and decreases or does not change the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis (75)(76)(77).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites (75)(76)(77)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningWeight loss, despite causing loss of muscle mass, has beneficial effects on muscle quality and improves overall physical function.
“Together, these results suggest that weight loss, despite causing loss of muscle mass, has beneficial effects on muscle quality and improves overall physical function.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA recent meta-analysis found a small but significant positive effect of dietary vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, especially in older people with vitamin D insufficiency, but no effect on muscle mass.
“A recent meta-analysis of studies conducted between 1996 and 2014 found a small but significant positive effect of dietary vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, especially in older people with vitamin D insufficiency, but no effect on muscle mass (129).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [129] Beaudart, 2014, The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Resistance training directly counteracts the disproportionate loss of fat-free mass and the decline in resting energy expenditure (adaptive thermogenesis) that accompany rapid weight loss.
“Resistance training directly counteracts the disproportionate loss of fat-free mass and the decline in resting energy expenditure (adaptive thermogenesis) that accompany rapid weight loss [25,70,78].”
From Adherence and Persistence with GLP-1-Based Therapies: International Real-World Evidence and the Role of Nutritional and Lifestyle Support—A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
The section on exercise during diet-induced weight loss reports that resistance training attenuates muscle-mass loss in middle-aged and older adults. But the section on weight loss in persons with obesity says rapid, massive weight loss after bariatric surgery does not seem to cause disproportionate fat-free-mass loss; the paper also does not show that resistance training counteracts a decline in resting energy expenditure. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRapid weight reduction from GLP-1 use frequently leads to loss of both fat and muscle mass.
“Rapid weight reduction from (but not limited to) GLP‐1 use frequently leads to loss of both fat and muscle mass [62, 63].”
From Nutritional priorities to support <scp>GLP</scp> ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
The section on diet-induced weight loss says that weight loss reduces both fat and fat-free mass, and the abstract states that diet-induced weight loss reduces muscle mass. The section also discusses rapid weight loss after bariatric surgery, but our copy does not establish that GLP-1 use frequently causes losses of both fat and muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStructured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction.
“Structured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction [62, 168].”
From Nutritional priorities to support <scp>GLP</scp> ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
The ‘Effects of exercise training’ section reports that resistance training attenuates muscle loss during diet-induced weight loss, and the ‘Summary and Conclusions’ section says adding exercise helps preserve muscle mass. The copy does not specifically establish that a combined resistance-plus-aerobic program preserves lean mass; it also describes the evidence for aerobic exercise as uncertain. Page numbers were not provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWeight loss is associated with a loss of lean body mass of approximately 1.3 kg on average.
“with a recent meta-analysis showing that weight loss is associated with a loss of lean body mass of ~ 1.3 kg on average [7–9].”
From The effects of a home-based resistance training programme on body composition and muscle function during weight loss in people living with overweight or obesity: a randomised controlled pilot trial (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
The section ‘Effect of diet-induced weight loss on muscle mass in persons with obesity’ states that calorie-reduced weight loss decreases lean body mass. It gives proportions of weight lost as fat-free mass, but does not report an average loss of approximately 1.3 kg. The paper describes itself as a review, not the meta-analysis described in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring weight loss, research shows that a caloric restriction diet and the associated energy deficit may impair the muscle protein synthesis response to resistance exercise, limiting hypertrophic adaptations and the resources required to build new muscle tissue.
“There is also, during weight loss, research showing that a caloric restriction diet and the associated energy deficit may impair the muscle protein synthesis response to resistance exercise, limiting hypertrophic adaptations and the resources required to build new muscle tissue [7, 54, 55].”
From The effects of a home-based resistance training programme on body composition and muscle function during weight loss in people living with overweight or obesity: a randomised controlled pilot trial (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Around 20-30% of weight lost is lean tissue.
“Indeed around ∼20–30% of weight lost is lean tissue”
From The effects of a home-based resistance training programme on body composition and muscle function during weight loss in people living with overweight or obesity: a randomised controlled pilot trial (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
The section “Effect of diet-induced weight loss on muscle mass in persons with obesity” states that fat-free mass accounts for about 20–30% of total weight loss in people who are overweight or obese. The citing sentence omits that population qualifier; the same passage says the proportion often exceeds 35% in people with normal weight. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWeight loss can sometimes decrease muscle strength due to the reduction in body mass, but it often improves physical function by reducing the mechanical load on the body.
“Although weight loss can sometimes decrease muscle strength due to the reduction in body mass [7], it often improves physical function by reducing the mechanical load on the body [69].”
From The effects of a home-based resistance training programme on body composition and muscle function during weight loss in people living with overweight or obesity: a randomised controlled pilot trial (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
The review’s section on diet-induced weight loss and muscle strength reports that leg strength is unchanged in some studies and slightly decreased in others. It does not establish that the decrease is caused by reduced body mass. The physical-function clause is attached to citation [69], not this source’s citation [7]. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResistance training helps mitigate these effects by maintaining muscle mass and preserving metabolic capacity, including mitochondrial function and glucose utilization.
“Resistance training helps mitigate these effects by maintaining muscle mass and preserving metabolic capacity, including mitochondrial function and glucose utilization.”
From Weight maintenance after discontinuation of GLP-1 therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
The section on exercise during diet-induced weight loss says resistance-type exercise can attenuate or prevent muscle-mass loss. The section on mechanisms also says exercise improves insulin sensitivity, but it does not establish that resistance training preserves mitochondrial function or glucose utilization during weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence indicates that distributing protein intake of approximately 25-30 g across each of three to four daily meals maximizes the muscle protein synthetic response in adults.
“by evidence that distributing protein intake of approximately 25–30 g across each of three to four daily meals maximizes the muscle protein synthetic response in adults [68,70].”
From Adherence and Persistence with GLP-1-Based Therapies: International Real-World Evidence and the Role of Nutritional and Lifestyle Support—A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
In “Effect of high-protein intake on lean body and muscle mass during diet-induced weight loss” (page not specified), the review reports greater daily muscle protein synthesis with evenly distributed rather than dinner-skewed protein intake in healthy young and middle-aged adults. It does not establish that 25–30 g at each of three to four meals maximizes that response, and it also reports trials finding no synthesis benefit from even distribution. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe recommendation to integrate MNT and behavioral support into routine care rests on extrapolation from trials and broader MNT literature rather than from randomized comparisons of GLP-1 RA therapy with versus without formal MNT in real-world settings, which are presently lacking.
“The recommendation to integrate MNT and behavioral support into routine care therefore rests on extrapolation from these trials and from the broader MNT literature in dyslipidemia, obesity, and T2DM [63,64,68,70], rather than from randomized comparisons of GLP-1 RA therapy with versus without formal MNT in real-world settings, which are presently lacking.”
From Adherence and Persistence with GLP-1-Based Therapies: International Real-World Evidence and the Role of Nutritional and Lifestyle Support—A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecommendations for elevated protein intake (1.2-1.5 g/kg/day in adults with chronic disease, with higher targets up to ~1.6 g/kg/day during active weight loss), combined with resistance training, are supported by primary trial data and aligned international consensus statements, even though no trial has tested these specific targets in GLP-1 RA users.
“Recommendations for elevated protein intake (1.2–1.5 g/kg/day in adults with chronic disease, with higher targets up to ~1.6 g/kg/day during active weight loss), combined with resistance training, are supported by primary trial data and aligned international consensus statements addressing protein requirements in older adults, in chronic disease, and during intentional weight loss [68,69,70,78],”
From Adherence and Persistence with GLP-1-Based Therapies: International Real-World Evidence and the Role of Nutritional and Lifestyle Support—A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredImproving insulin sensitivity by weight loss interventions contributes to an adaptive process of muscle mass and function.
“Improving insulin sensitivity by weight loss interventions therefore contributes to an adaptive process of muscle mass and function.20”
From Changes in lean body mass with <scp>glucagon‐like peptide</scp> ‐1‐based therapies and mitigation strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
The Introduction says diet-induced weight loss can improve insulin resistance, and the section on preventing muscle loss says exercise improves insulin sensitivity while helping preserve muscle. But the review does not say that improved insulin sensitivity drives an adaptive process in muscle mass or function; it attributes improved physical function after weight loss chiefly to reduced fat mass. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCollectively, exercise training mitigates skeletal muscle loss during weight loss, and programs including resistance training may be particularly effective.
“Collectively, these results suggest that exercise training mitigates skeletal muscle loss during weight loss, and programs including resistance training may be particularly effective [41].”
From Fundamental Body Composition Principles Provide Context for Fat-Free and Skeletal Muscle Loss With GLP-1 RA Treatments (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Resistance-type exercise improves muscle strength during weight loss.
“both endurance and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss, resistance-type exercise has been shown to also improve muscle strength.20”
From Changes in lean body mass with <scp>glucagon‐like peptide</scp> ‐1‐based therapies and mitigation strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
Both endurance and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss.
“both endurance and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss, resistance-type exercise has been shown to also improve muscle strength.20”
From Changes in lean body mass with <scp>glucagon‐like peptide</scp> ‐1‐based therapies and mitigation strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
According to the American College of Sports Medicine, people with obesity undergoing weight loss treatment should consume approximately 1.25-1.5 times the Recommended Dietary Allowance for daily protein intake (for athletes >1.5), with at least ∼25-30 g of protein per meal to limit muscle mass loss.
“According to the American College of Sports Medicine, people with obesity undergoing WL treatment should consume approximately 1.25–1.5 times the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for daily protein intake (for athletes > 1.5), with at least ∼25–30 g of protein per meal [83,84] to limit muscle mass loss.”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
Women with sarcopenia who take a high-protein supplement containing Branched-Chain Amino Acids, markedly with L-Leucine, can maintain lean body mass, but there are no differences in muscle strength compared to the placebo group.
“According to recent studies, women with sarcopenia who take a high-protein supplement containing Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs), markedly with L-Leucine, can maintain lean body mass, but there are no differences in muscle strength compared to the placebo group [84,90,91].”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
Rapid weight reduction from GLP-1 use frequently leads to loss of both fat and muscle mass.
“Rapid weight reduction from (but not limited to) GLP-1 use frequently leads to loss of both fat and muscle mass [58,59].”
Structured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction.
“Structured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) [160] programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction [58].”
Some degree of lean mass loss is common with acute weight loss induced by diet restrictions or bariatric surgery, with 5-25% reductions in muscle mass reported across various studies.
“Some degree of lean mass loss is a common phenomenon with acute weight loss induced by diet restrictions or bariatric surgery, with 5–25 % reductions in muscle mass being reported across various studies [23].”
From Antibody blockade of activin type II receptors preserves skeletal muscle mass and enhances fat loss during GLP-1 receptor agonism (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
Rapid weight reduction from GLP-1 use frequently leads to loss of both fat and muscle mass.
“Rapid weight reduction from (but not limited to) GLP-1 use frequently leads to loss of both fat and muscle mass [62,63].”
Structured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction.
“Structured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction [62,168].”
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Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Sayer, A. A. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31138-9 · Cited by 3,905 · see citing works
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“20 Interestingly, GLP-1RAs and dual GLP-1R/GIPR agonists improve insulin sensitivity through weight loss and increase first-and second-phase insulin secretion via their insulinotropic actions.”
Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions
Varady, K. A., Cienfuegos, S., Ezpeleta, M., & Gabel, K. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00638-x · Cited by 378 · see citing works
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“Furthermore, it has been established that during weight loss, people of normal weight lose a greater proportion of weight as fat-free mass than people with overweight/obesity—in excess of 35% versus 20 to 30%, respectively [98]—thus potentially resulting in more favourable fat percentage changes in individuals with hi…”
BackgroundSarcopenic obesity: time to meet the challenge
Barazzoni, R., Bischoff, S., Boirie, Y., Busetto, L., Cederholm, T., Dicker, D., Toplak, H., Van Gossum, A., Yumuk, V., & Vettor, R. (2018) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000490361 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“…common and almost invariably lead to skeletal muscle catabolism at least in the initial rapid weight loss phase characterized by profoundly negative energy balance [50]; low-or very low calorie diets are associated with similar qualitative changes although to less pronounced degrees [23,51].”
Nuijten, M. A. H., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Monpellier, V. M., Janssen, I. M. C., Hazebroek, E. J., & Hopman, M. T. E. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13370 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“Postoperative factors such as protein intake and exercise levels may also contribute to the interindividual variation that was observed.(93) It is likely that the observed residual heterogeneity is caused by a combination of preoperative and postoperative factors.”
BackgroundMoon, S., Kang, J., Kim, S. H., Chung, H. S., Kim, Y. J., Yu, J. M., Cho, S. T., Oh, C.-M., & Kim, T. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051267 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“Therefore, researchers recommend that persons on a CR diet should increase physical activity and protein intake to preserve muscle mass [54].”
BackgroundWang, S. H., Keenan, B. T., Wiemken, A. S., Zang, Y., Staley, B. A., Sarwer, D. B., Torigian, D. A., Williams, N. N., Pack, A. I., & Schwab, R. J. (2020) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201903-0692oc · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Linge, J., Birkenfeld, A. L., & Neeland, I. J. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.124.067676 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“18 GLP-1 and GIP RAs improve insulin sensitivity by effecting weight loss and improving postprandial insulin secretion through their insulinotropic actions.”
Look, M., Dunn, J. P., Kushner, R. F., Cao, D., Harris, C., Gibble, T. H., Stefanski, A., & Griffin, R. (2025) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16275 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Strategies for minimizing muscle loss during use of incretin‐mimetic drugs for treatment of obesity
Mechanick, J. I., Butsch, W. S., Christensen, S. M., Hamdy, O., Li, Z., Prado, C. M., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13841 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D., Agarwal, M., Aggarwal, M., Alexander, L., Apovian, C. M., Bindlish, S., Bonnet, J., Butsch, W. S., Christensen, S., Gianos, E., et al. (2025) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.023 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Structured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) [160] programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction [58].”
Stefanakis, K., Kokkorakis, M., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2024) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156057 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D., Agarwal, M., Aggarwal, M., Alexander, L., Apovian, C. M., Bindlish, S., Bonnet, J., Butsch, W. S., Christensen, S., Gianos, E., et al. (2025) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.24336 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“…grains), dairy, seafood, eggs, and lean poultry should generally be encouraged based on their links to general health, with red and processed meats considered in moderation or minimized given links to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and colorectal cancer in general populations [ [62, 168].”
Nunn, E., Jaiswal, N., Gavin, M., Uehara, K., Stefkovich, M., Drareni, K., Calhoun, R., Lee, M., Holman, C. D., Baur, J. A., et al. (2024) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101880 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Some degree of lean mass loss is a common phenomenon with acute weight loss induced by diet restrictions or bariatric surgery, with 5 e 25 % reductions in muscle mass being re-ported across various studies [23].”
BackgroundDouble burden of malnutrition in persons with obesity
Barazzoni, R., & Cappellari, G. G. (2020) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09578-1 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“surgery: bariatric procedures are becoming increasingly common and almost invariably lead to skeletal muscle catabolism at least in the initial rapid weight loss phase characterized by profoundly negative energy balance [57, 58]; low- or very low calorie diets are associated with similar qualitative changes although t…”
BackgroundDorling, J. L., van Vliet, S., Huffman, K. M., Kraus, W. E., Bhapkar, M. V., Pieper, C. F., Stewart, T. M., Das, S. K., Racette, S. B., Roberts, S. B., et al. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa085 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
A systematic review of the effect of semaglutide on lean mass: insights from clinical trials
Bikou, A., Dermiki-Gkana, F., Penteris, M., Constantinides, T. K., & Kontogiorgis, C. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2343092 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“While losing lean mass may not be ideal, having a higher proportion of body fat leads to greater danger than having less proportion of lean mass [47].”
BackgroundCardiovascular Disease in Saudi Arabia: facts and the way forward
Tash, A. A., & Al‐Bawardy, R. (2023) · Journal of the Saudi Heart Association · doi:10.37616/2212-5043.1336 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Older age is associated with increased CV risks, but increasing exercise and reducing calorie-intake as people grow older can help increase muscle mass and prevent obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia; thus promoting vitality and longevity [67 e 69].”
Morgan-Bathke, M., Raynor, H. A., Baxter, S. D., Halliday, T. M., Lynch, A., Malik, N., Garay, J. L., & Rozga, M. (2023) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2022.11.014 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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Effects of Antidiabetic Drugs on Muscle Mass in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ida, S., Kaneko, R., Imataka, K., Okubo, K., Shirakura, Y., Azuma, K., Fujiwara, R., & Murata, K. (2021) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399816666200705210006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity in women
Petroni, M. L., Caletti, M. T., Dalle Grave, R., Bazzocchi, A., Aparisi Gómez, M. P., & Marchesini, G. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061302 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Kim, D., Lee, J., Park, R., Oh, C., & Moon, S. (2023) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13397 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“3,4 Furthermore, it is important to note that sarcopenia can occur in individuals with obesity, a condition referred to as sarcopenic obesity.”
BackgroundDierkes, J., Dahl, H. M., Welland, N. L., Sandnes, K., Sæle, K., Sekse, I., & Marti, H. (2018) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-018-1055-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Protein-rich diets have been recommended in weight loss studies due to their effects on satiety and maintenance of muscle mass [31, 32], however, CKD patients are advised not to increase their protein intake [22, 33].”
BackgroundTinsley, G. M., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2024) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvae164 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Collectively, these results suggest that exercise training mitigates skeletal muscle loss during weight loss, and programs including resistance training may be particularly effective [41].”
BackgroundAshtary-Larky, D., Bagheri, R., Abbasnezhad, A., Tinsley, G. M., Alipour, M., & Wong, A. (2020) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711452000224x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“In practice, WL achieved through a energy-reduced diet decreases both FM and FFM, the latter of which contains the majority of skeletal muscle(42).”
BackgroundVolpe, S., Lisco, G., Fanelli, M., Racaniello, D., Colaianni, V., Lavarra, V., Triggiani, D., Crudele, L., Triggiani, V., Sabbà, C., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1240263 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Study period T0 T3 T6 muscle, connective tissue, and fl uids within the body, contributes about 20-30% of the total diet-i nduced weight loss (45).”
Impact of Adipose Tissue and Lipids on Skeletal Muscle in Sarcopenia
Jang, S. Y., & Choi, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70000 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Weight loss by calorie restriction may enhance physical function, probably owing to a reduction in muscular lipid contents and improved mobility because of decreased overall fat mass [103].”
Healthy Food on Instagram Social Network: Vegan, Homemade and Clean Eating
Pilař, L., Stanislavská, L. K., Kvasnička, R., Hartman, R. T., & Tichá, I. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061991 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Weight reduction is a building block when dealing with obesity [110,111], which is currently a global problem [112,113] and causes many health problems, such as metabolic diseases [114], cancer [115], higher risk of severe COVID-19 [116] or cardiovascular diseases [117].”
BackgroundA critical review of weight loss recommendations before total knee arthroplasty
Godziuk, K., Prado, C. M. M., Beaupré, L. A., Jones, C. A., Werle, J. R., & Forhan, M. A. (2020) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.105114 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sajoux, I., Lorenzo, P. M., Gómez-Arbeláez, D., Zulet, M. Á., Abete, I., Castro, A. I., Baltar, J., Portillo, M. P., Tinahones, F. J., Martínez, J. A., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102368 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Diet-induced weight loss is used as treatment for obesity; however, the main problem of these diets is that high amount of fat-free mass—mainly skeletal muscle mass [5]—is also lost together with the fat mass [4,6]; this may increase the risk of sarcopenic obesity [4,6,7].”
BackgroundInfluentialObesity and critical care nutrition: current practice gaps and directions for future research
Dickerson, R. N., Andromalos, L., Brown, J. C., Correia, M. I. T. D., Pritts, W., Ridley, E. J., Robinson, K. N., Rosenthal, M. D., & van Zanten, A. R. H. (2022) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04148-0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Overall, assessments should consider the possibility of underlying malnutrition, signs and symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies, and poor muscle quality despite the presence obesity should be considered [45, 51].”
BackgroundObesity Interventions for Older Adults: Diet as a Determinant of Physical Function
Bales, C. W., & Starr, K. N. P. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmx016 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“In Figure 1, we see that both aging and obesity are consistently associated with poor muscle quality (25) and resulting deterioration of muscle function (26).”
BackgroundFreedland, S. J., Howard, L. E., Allen, J., Smith, J. L., Stout, J., Aronson, W. J., Inman, B. A., Armstrong, A. J., George, D. J., Westman, E. C., et al. (2019) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/s41391-019-0126-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Lorenzo, P. M., Sajoux, I., Izquierdo, A. G., Gómez-Arbeláez, D., Zulet, M. Á., Abete, I., Castro, A. I., Baltar, J., Portillo, M. P., Tinahones, F. J., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.05.007 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle and MASLD: Mechanistic and clinical insights
Marjot, T., Armstrong, M. J., & Stine, J. G. (2025) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000000711 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“[157,158] Even though it is poorly studied in MASLD, it is essential that individuals meet their dietary protein targets (eg, 1.0 – 1.5 g/kg of ideal body weight/d) in conjunction with initiating pharmacological weight loss to preserve muscle mass.”
InfluentialCorreia, J. M., Santos, I., Pezarat‐Correia, P., Silva, A. M., & Mendonça, G. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.625240 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Interestingly, it has been contended that weight loss resulting from Ramadan IF is also accompanied by reductions in FFM (>35% in normoponderal people and ∼20–30% in those with overweight/obesity) (54).”
BackgroundKetogenic diets as treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Casanueva, F. F., Castellana, M., Bellido, D., Trimboli, P., Castro, A. I., Sajoux, I., Rodríguez-Carnero, G., Gómez-Arbeláez, D., Crujeiras, A. B., & Olmos, M. Á. M. (2020) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09580-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sarcopenia and polypharmacy among older adults: A scoping review of the literature
Pana, A., Sourtzi, P., Kalokairinou, A., & Velonaki, V. S. (2022) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.104520 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hernández-Reyes, A., Cámara-Martos, F., Molina-Luque, R., Romero-Saldaña, M., Molina-Recio, G., & Moreno-Rojas, R. (2019) · BMC Women's Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-019-0864-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Schwingshackl, L., Zähringer, J., Nitschke, K., Torbahn, G., Lohner, S., Kühn, T., Fontana, L., Veronese, N., Schmucker, C., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1757616 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Therefore, lifestyle interventions including both, nutrition and exercise, seem to result in better results and should be recommended since loss of muscle mass should be preserved in weight loss interventions (Cava, Yeat, and Mittendorfer 2017).”
BackgroundHealthy Food on the Twitter Social Network: Vegan, Homemade, and Organic Food
Pilař, L., Stanislavská, L. K., & Kvasnička, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073815 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Weight loss is considered to be the cornerstone of treatment for obese people [89,90].”
BackgroundPohl, A., Schünemann, F., Bersiner, K., & Gehlert, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113884 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Gigliotti, L., Warshaw, H., Evert, A., Dawkins, C., Schwartz, J., Susie, C., Kushner, R., Subramanian, S., Handu, D., & Rozga, M. (2025) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2024.10.023 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Solianik, R., & Sujeta, A. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.028 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“It is well established that, to preserve muscle mass, physical activity (endurance and resistance-type activity) should be prompted during weight-loss programs in overweight persons [66].”
Ashtary‐Larky, D., Bagheri, R., Tinsley, G. M., Asbaghi, O., Paoli, A., & Moro, T. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113453 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Body Protein Sparing in Hibernators: A Source for Biomedical Innovation
Bertile, F., Habold, C., Maho, Y. L., & Giroud, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.634953 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dubin, R. L., Heymsfield, S. B., Ravussin, E., & Greenway, F. L. (2024) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15913 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
da Silva, T. L., Nogueira, V. D. S. C. S., & Mulder, A. D. R. P. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.07.031 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kokura, Y., Ueshima, J., Saino, Y., & Maeda, K. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.030 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nachit, M., Lanthier, N., Rodriguez, J., Neyrinck, A. M., Cani, P. D., Bindels, L. B., Hiel, S., Pachikian, B. D., Tréfois, P., Thissen, J., et al. (2021) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100323 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“We first observed that a modest diet-induced weight loss might be associated with a significant decrease of muscle mass.(38) This illustrates the potential hurdle of weight loss in obese patients that have a low muscle mass at baseline.”
BackgroundChen, J.-H., Lu, L. W., Ge, Q., Feng, D., Yu, J., Liu, B., Zhang, R., Zhang, X., Ouyang, C., & Chen, F. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1974335 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“It is suggested that resistance-type exercise and high protein intake need to be included in the diet-induced weight loss strategy to prevent excess FFM reduction (Cava, Yeat, and Mittendorfer 2017).”
BackgroundCastela, I., Rodrigues, C., Ismael, S., Barreiros-Mota, I., Morais, J., Araújo, J. R., Marques, C., Silvestre, M. P., Ângelo‐Dias, M., Martins, C. G., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.06.021 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hernández-Reyes, A., Cámara-Martos, F., Recio, G. M., Molina-Luque, R., Romero-Saldaña, M., & Rojas, R. M. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/13747 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“These results provide evidence that a combined program of aerobic and resistance-type exercise helps to preserve muscle mass during weight loss, results that matched those of a recent review [59].”
Vitale, R., & Kim, Y. (2020) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2020.0048 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“64 Research in older adults ( > 65 years) with obesity, has shown that a calorie deficit with regular exercise helps to preserve FFM more than the diet alone.”
Sinai, T., Axelrod, R., Shimony, T., et al. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10123054 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Consuming more protein while exercising is a common approach used for reducing fat mass and maintaining/building muscle mass [49].”
BackgroundThe influence of skeletal muscle on appetite regulation
Grannell, A., VITO, G. D., Murphy, J. C., & le Roux, C. W. (2019) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2019.1618185 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Given that unintentional muscle loss is commonplace with weight loss treatments such as diet [80], diet and exercise [81], pharmacotherapy [82] and bariatric surgery [83] it is of interest to understand the potential impact muscle loss has on hunger and weight regain and ultimately realise how best to prevent loss of…”
BackgroundBarreto, A. P. M. M., Silva, M. I. B., Pontes, K. S. D. S., da Costa, M. S., Rosina, K. T. D. C., Souza, E., Bregman, R., & Klein, M. R. S. T. (2019) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114519002459 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“However, significant changes in muscle metabolism, impairment of muscle strength and endurance may result from the high body adiposity(7,19) in this population.”
BackgroundWitham, M. D., Granic, A., Pearson, E. R., Robinson, S. M., & Sayer, A. A. (2023) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-023-01042-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“A small trial comparing liraglutide 1.8 mg once a day with placebo in 24 participants with T2DM measured maximal and submaximal measures of endurance but not measures of skeletal muscle strength [142].”
BackgroundInfluentialReljic, D., Dieterich, W., Herrmann, H. J., Neurath, M. F., & Zopf, Y. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14101996 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Although caloric restriction is a key measure to reduce weight, it has also been well documented that weight loss achieved through caloric deficit alone is usually accompanied by a loss in skeletal muscle mass by amounts ranging between ~2 and 10% [70].”
BackgroundObesity, cancer risk, and time-restricted eating
Das, M., & Webster, N. J. G. (2022) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-022-10061-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ilich, J. Z., Kelly, O. J., Liu, P., Shin, H., Kim, Y. J., Chi, Y., Wickrama, K. K. A. S., & Colić‐Barić, I. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051157 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Although weight loss might improve these chronic conditions, it often leads to loss of bone [3–9] and muscle [10], especially without added resistance training [11,12]; the extent of the latter is dependent on many factors [13].”
BackgroundKim, B. I., Cochrane, N. H., O’Donnell, J. A., Wu, M. Z., Wellman, S. S., Ryan, S. P., & Seyler, T. M. (2021) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2021.12.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
GLP-1 receptor agonists and sarcopenia: Weight loss at a cost? A brief narrative review
Pantazopoulos, D., Gouveri, E., Papazoglou, D., & Παπάνας, Ν. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112924 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sinn, D. H., Kang, D., Cho, S. J., Paik, S. W., Guallar, E., Cho, J., & Gwak, G.-Y. (2021) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000002158 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Liu, H., Chen, S.-Y., Ji, H., & Dai, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1020887 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Studies have found that obese men and women who walked for 35–45 min at a moderate pace 3–5 times per week showed a reduction in the muscular cross-sectional area with no positive effects on the muscle mass (55).”
BackgroundMechanism of reduced muscle atrophy via ketone body (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate
Chen, J., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Liu, Z., Yuan, H., Pang, X., Liu, Y., Tao, W., et al. (2022) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-022-00826-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“3HB may also pose tractable implementation for the weight loss ones to save muscle mass in the fat-only loss condition and those bodybuilders desiring to get stronger muscular fitness and more muscle mass [48, 84].”
BackgroundRochira, V., Greco, C., Boni, S., Costantino, F., Valentina, L. D., Zanni, E., Itani, L., & Ghoch, M. E. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12090204 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“%) of FFM [70].”
The Asia–Oceania consensus: Definitions and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity
Chen, T., Kao, H., Ogawa, W., Arai, H., Tahapary, D. L., Assantachai, P., Tham, K. W., Chan, D., Yuen, M. M. A., Appannah, G., et al. (2025) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2025.05.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Valsdottir, T. D., Øvrebø, B., Falck, T. M., Litleskare, S., Johansen, E. I., Henriksen, C., & Jensen, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010110 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This finding is unexpected, as previous weight-loss research has shown a reduction in primarily FM, although combined with some reduction in LBM [27,58,59].”
BackgroundResultBays, H. E., Golden, A., & Tondt, J. (2022) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100034 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Potential strategies to mitigate skeletal muscle mass reduction during active weight reduction include higher intakes of protein, and increased physical exercise, especially resistance training [202,203].”
BackgroundNederveen, J. P., Mastrolonardo, A. J., Xhuti, D., Di Carlo, A., Manta, K., Fuda, M. R., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173693 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Thus, care must be taken to preserve the muscle during weight loss [95].”
BackgroundAnyiam, O., Ardavani, A., Rashid, R. S. A., Panesar, A., & IDRIS, I. R. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13916 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In relation to this, the vast majority of included studies used non-gold standard techniques (DXA, BIA, or ADP) for estimating MM.”
InfluentialDefining and diagnosing sarcopenia: Is the glass now half full?
Barazzoni, R., Cederholm, T., Zanetti, M., & Cappellari, G. G. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155558 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Huang, L., Chen, Y., Wen, S., Lu, D.-H., Shen, X.-Y., Deng, H.-X., & Xu, L.-Z. (2022) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.3194 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The potential health and metabolic benefits of weight loss are associated with minimal reduction in lean mass (Cava et al., 2017).”
BackgroundChen, Y., Li, X., Yang, M., Chen, J., He, Z., Zhou, S., Ruan, P., Wang, Y., Tang, C., Pan, W., et al. (2024) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103422 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Exercise prevents lean muscle tissue loss and increases the amount of lean muscle tissue, which is the most effective way to promote basal metabolic rate [41].”
Choi, L. S., Jo, I. G., Kang, K. S., Im, J. H., Kim, J., Kim, J., Chung, J. W., & Yoo, S. (2020) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-020-00686-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Serrano, N., Hyatt, J. K., Houmard, J. A., Murgia, M., & Katsanos, C. S. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00190.2023 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ali, S. R., Nkembo, A. T., Tipparaju, S. M., Ashraf, M., & Xuan, W. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2024-0201 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Muscle loss and GLP-1R agonists use
Rossi, G., Bucciarelli, L., Mananguite, C.-L., Giovarelli, M., & Fiorina, P. (2025) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-025-02611-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Given the sarcopenia-related increase in morbidity and mortality, preventing muscle mass loss in patients taking weight-loss drugs, such as GLP-1RAs, is of primary importance and should include both physical exercise and dietary strategies [37].”
Physical activity in the new era of antiobesity medications
Jakicic, J. M., Rogers, R. J., & Church, T. S. (2024) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23930 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…that the focus should shift to lean tissue (muscle) quality, as muscle quality is enhanced with physical activity, even in the presence of reductions in total body weight and lean mass [9] and even when these reductions are induced by medical treatments such as metabolic/bariatric surgery [10].”
BackgroundMitigating sarcoplasmic reticulum stress limits disuse-induced muscle loss in hindlimb unloaded mice
Khan, A. A., Gul, M. T., Karim, A., Ranade, A. V., Azeem, M., Ibrahim, Z., Ramachandran, G., Nair, V. A., Ahmad, F., Elmoselhi, A. B., et al. (2022) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-022-00211-w · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Xie, Y., Zhou, K., Shang, Z., Bao, D., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193390 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“(1) Supplement S1: Table S1 Subgroup analysis results; Figure S1: Certainty of the evidence; (2) Supplement S2: Search query history for Seven electronic databases; and (3) Supplement S3: Body Fat Percentage Calculation.”
BackgroundMwala, N. N., Borkent, J. W., van der Meij, B. S., & de van der Schueren, M. A. E. (2024) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s095442242400012x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Studies suggest that a higher BMI is associated with a higher muscle mass due to the additional weight, comprising both fat and muscle (55,57) .”
BackgroundLiraglutide Does Not Adversely Impact Fat‐Free Mass Loss
Grannell, A., Martin, W. P., Dehestani, B., Al‐Najim, W., Murphy, J. C., & le Roux, C. W. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23098 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the inevitable reduction of lean tissue associated with caloric restriction appears to be modifiable with specific diet and exercise considerations (11).”
BackgroundFirman, C., Mellor, D. D., Unwin, D., & Brown, A. C. (2023) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-023-01492-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The metabolic benefits of other conventional diets may be reduced as a result of the well-established loss of muscle mass concomitant with weight reduction [67].”
BackgroundMozaffarian, D., Agarwal, M., Aggarwal, M., Alexander, L., Apovian, C. M., Bindlish, S., Bonnet, J., Butsch, W. S., Christensen, S., Gianos, E., et al. (2025) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2025.100181 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The effect of obesity pharmacotherapy on body composition, including muscle mass
Argyrakopoulou, G., Gitsi, E., Konstantinidou, S. K., & Kokkinos, A. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01533-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“However, it appears that this is disproportionately less than FM reduction and without adversely affecting muscle strength [9, 11].”
InfluentialScheen, A. J. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2025.101681 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Binmahfoz, A., Dighriri, A., Gray, C. M., & Gray, S. R. (2025) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002363 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“7 Incorporating strategies to maintain fat-free/muscle mass and muscle strength may improve the beneficial effects of dietary weight loss interventions.”
Christensen, R. A. G., & Kirkham, A. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103476 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kim, H. J., & Kwon, O. (2024) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13762 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The inclusion of exercise, especially resistance training, enhaces muscle protein synthesis and helps maintain muscle mass. 34 Hence, an integrated strategy that aligns proper nutrition with exercise stands pivotal in addressing and improving the complexities of obesity and T2D.”
Friedman, A. N., Schauer, P. R., Beddhu, S., Kramer, H., le Roux, C. W., Purnell, J. Q., Sunwold, D., Tuttle, K. R., Jastreboff, A. M., & Kaplan, L. M. (2022) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.06.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Yao, K., Su, H., Cui, K., Gao, Y., Xu, D., Wang, Q., Ha, Z., Zhang, T., Chen, S., & Liu, T. (2024) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100165 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hassan, N. E., El-Masry, S. A., Shebini, S. M. E., Ahmed, N. H., Mehanna, N. S., Wahed, M. M. A., Amine, D., Hashish, A. F., Selim, M. K., Afify, M. A. S., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61130-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…composition, and laboratory parameters were almost all significantly decreased after the intervention, taking into consideration the decrease in fat-free mass including muscle mass together with the decrease in water content that seems to be an at least early side effect of weight reduction 21 .”
Ogilvie, A. R., Schlussel, Y., Sukumar, D., Meng, L., & Shapses, S. A. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23428 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The benefits of more LBM and greater insulin sensitivity with increased protein intake have been studied extensively (7,2730); however, there is still lack of clarity regarding whether the health benefits are entirely due to protein intake alone when individuals are selfselecting sources of protein during WL (31).”
BackgroundCamajani, E., Feraco, A., Proietti, S., Basciani, S., Barrea, L., Armani, A., Lombardo, M., Gnessi, L., & Caprio, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.955024 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In general, skeletal muscle loss may occur in the context of BW reduction during a hypocaloric diet (26), and an increase in muscle proteolysis has been suggested to play a role in muscle mass reduction under calorie restriction.”
Background
- Authors
- Cava, E., Yeat, N. C., & Mittendorfer, B.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mittendorfer, Bettina
- Venue
- Advances in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 511-519
- ISSN
- 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-8313
- PMC
- PMC5421125
- OpenAlex
- W2615166425
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Rural Development Administration
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000448, DK56341, TR000448, UL1TR002345)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK094483, P30DK056341)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- weight loss, obesity, sarcopenia, lean body mass, muscle mass, muscle strength, physical function, protein intake, resistance training, endurance exercise, hypocaloric diet, fat mass, muscle quality
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Obesity, Weight Loss, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Strength, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
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