The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The performance of electric fences as elephant barriers in Amboseli, Kenya
Abstract
Electric fencing is increasingly used as a tool for elephant (Loxodonta africana) conservation in human-dominated landscapes and there are few empirical studies to demonstrate that electrified barriers are effective in deterring elephants from raiding crops. The factors determining the effectiveness of electric fences are not fully understood. We assessed the performance of Namelok and Kimana fences in reducing human–elephant conflict by comparing the frequency of crop-raiding by elephants and the perceptions of farmers on the effect of the fences in reducing elephant crop-raiding within fenced and adjacent unfenced farmlands. We also examined the effect of intact fence wires, presence of current and amount of voltage on fence breakage by elephants. Electric fencing reduced elephant crop-raiding and other forms of human–elephant conflicts. Namelok fence was not broken by elephants whereas Kimana fence was broken several times probably because it borders Kimana Sanctuary which provided cover where elephants could retreat after crop-raiding. The mere presence of current did not minimize fence breakage by elephants. Elephants entered fenced areas more frequently when the fence wires were broken than when wires were intact. Our results suggest that, location of fences in relation to landscape factors, maintenance of effective non-electrified fences and proximity of fences to areas of high elephant concentration are significant determinants of fence performance in mitigating elephant crop-raiding.
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In the citing paper
“elephants have been observed overcoming barriers to access and forage on crop fields (Fernando et al., 2008; Kioko et al., 2008; Mutinda et al., 2014)”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Kioko et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“To access crops, elephants have learned to overcome barriers, such as electric fences, that are meant to deter them from entering crop fields (Kioko et al., 2008; Mutinda et al., 2014).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Kioko et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“In the wild, elephants have demonstrated their ability to find solutions to novel problems when they determine how to overcome barriers, such as electric fences, to enter crop fields to forage (Fernando et al., 2008; Kioko et al., 2008; Mutinda et al., 2014).”
From Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation (2025) · cites this paper as Kioko et al., 2008
Citations
Cites
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Kinahan, A. A., Pimm, S. L., & van Aarde, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.09.002 · Cited by 83
Osborn, F. V., & Parker, G. E. (2002) · Pachyderm · doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v33i1.1107 · Cited by 83
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Hoare, R. E. (1995) · Pachyderm · doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v19i1.810 · Cited by 81
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Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia
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Population structure and behaviour of crop‐raiding elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Chiyo, P. I., & Cochrane, E. P. (2005) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00577.x · Cited by 67
Self-citationHuman-elephant conflict: the challenge ahead
Kangwana, K. (1995) · Pachyderm · doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v19i1.803 · Cited by 61
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Human-Elephant Conflict: A Review of Current Management Strategies and Future Directions
Shaffer, L. J., Khadka, K. K., Hoek, J. V. D., & Naithani, K. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00235 · Cited by 416
Beehive fences as a multidimensional conflict‐mitigation tool for farmers coexisting with elephants
King, L. E., Lala, F., Nzumu, H., Mwambingu, E., & Douglas‐Hamilton, I. (2017) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12898 · Cited by 202
Beehive fences as effective deterrents for crop-raiding elephants: field trials in northern Kenya
King, L. E., Douglas‐Hamilton, I., & Vollrath, F. W. (2011) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2011.01275.x · Cited by 154
Mumby, H. S., & Plotnik, J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00122 · Cited by 153
Effectiveness of intervention methods against crop‐raiding elephants
Davies, T. E., Wilson, S., Hazarika, N., Chakrabarty, J., Das, D., Hodgson, D. J., & Zimmermann, A. (2011) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2011.00182.x · Cited by 132
Metadata
- Authors
- Kioko, J., Muruthi, P., Omondi, P., & Chiyo, P. I.
- Affiliations
- Kenya Wildlife Service (KE)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kioko, John
- Venue
- South African Journal of Wildlife Research
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 52-58
- ISSN
- 0379-4369 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2145285905
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- South African Journal of Wildlife Research (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- electric fences, human-elephant conflict, crop raiding, Loxodonta africana, Amboseli, farmer perceptions, landscape factors
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