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Effectiveness of intervention methods against crop‐raiding elephants

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Detusking Fence-Breaker Elephants as an Approach in Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation

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Fencing bodes a rapid collapse of the unique Greater Mara ecosystem

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Scaling-Up the Use of Chili Fences for Reducing Human-Elephant Conflict Across Landscapes in Tanzania

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There will be conflict – agricultural landscapes are prime, rather than marginal, habitats for Asian elephants

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Fencing Africa's protected areas: Costs, benefits, and management issues

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Herbivore Dynamics and Range Contraction in Kajiado County Kenya: Climate and Land Use Changes, Population Pressures, Governance, Policy and Human-wildlife Conflicts

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Behavioral Causes, Ecological Consequences, and Management Challenges Associated with Wildlife Foraging in Human-Modified Landscapes

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Elevated levels of stress hormones in crop-raiding male elephants

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Farming on the edge: Farmer training to mitigate human-wildlife conflict at an agricultural frontier in south Sri Lanka

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Between a rock and a hard place: rugged terrain features and human disturbance affect behaviour and habitat use of Sumatran elephants in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia

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The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants

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Assessment of crop raiding situation by elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in farms around Kakum conservation area, Ghana

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Low-cost electric fencing for peaceful coexistence: An analysis of human-wildlife conflict mitigation strategies in smallholder agriculture

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Does traditional and advanced guarding reduce crop losses due to wildlife? A comparative analysis from Africa and Asia

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Efficacy of beehive fences as barriers to African elephants: a case study in Tanzania

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Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

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Human-carnivore conflicts and mitigation options in Qinghai province, China

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Fencing for Purpose: A Case Study of Elephants in South Africa

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Community Based Conflict Mitigation Trials: Results of Field Tests of Chilli as an Elephant Deterrent

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Do topography and fruit presence influence occurrence and intensity of crop-raiding by forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis)?

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Seasonal and spatial vulnerability to agricultural damage by elephants in the western Serengeti, Tanzania

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Assessment of human–elephant conflicts in multifunctional landscapes of Taita Taveta County, Kenya

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Persistence is key: investigating innovative problem solving by Asian elephants using a novel multi-access box

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Assessing the cost of living with elephants (Loxodonta africana) in areas adjacent to Meru National Park, Kenya

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Assessing tolerance for wildlife: human-elephant conflict in Chimanimani, Mozambique

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Socioeconomic and Health Implications of Human—Wildlife Interactions in Nthongoni, Eastern Kenya

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Measuring the conservation attitudes of local communities towards the African elephant Loxodonta africana, a flagship species in the Mara ecosystem

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Residents’ perceptions of human–elephant conflict: case study in Bahundangi, Nepal

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Movement tortuosity and speed reveal the trade-offs of crop raiding for African elephants

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Prevalence and Severity of Current Human-Elephant Conflicts in Amboseli Ecosystem, Kenya: Insights from the Field and Key Informants

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Crash Theory: Entrapments of Conservation Drones and Endangered Megafauna

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Electrified fencing as a mitigation strategy for human-elephant conflict in Western Serengeti: Community perspectives

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THE EFFECTS OF PROTECTED AREA AND VETERINARY FENCING ON WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

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Testing the effects of perimeter fencing and elephant exclosures on lion predation patterns in a Kenyan wildlife conservancy

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Usage of Specialized Fence-Gaps in a Black Rhinoceros Conservancy in Kenya

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A ghost fence-gap: surprising wildlife usage of an obsolete fence crossing

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Deforestation and water availability as main drivers of human-elephant conflict

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Human-elephant conflict in the African rainforest landscape: crop-raiding situations and damage mitigation strategies in rural Gabon

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Differentiated drivers in wildlife-induced damage necessitate species-specific mitigation strategies in the western Serengeti, Tanzania

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De-/Fencing Grasslands: Ongoing Boundary Making and Unmaking in Postcolonial Kenya

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Reflecting on research produced after more than 60 years of exclosures in the Kruger National Park

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Wire netting reduces African elephant (Loxodonta africana) impact to selected trees in South Africa

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Testing the Prey-Trap Hypothesis at Two Wildlife Conservancies in Kenya

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“Smelly” Elephant Repellent: Assessing the Efficacy of a Novel Olfactory Approach to Mitigating Elephant Crop Raiding in Uganda and Kenya

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A Need for Context-Based Conservation: Incorporating Local Knowledge to Mitigate Livestock Predation by Large Carnivores

Bijoor, A., Khanyari, M., Dorjay, R., Lobzang, S., & Suryawanshi, K. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2021.766086 · Cited by 12

A Field Study in the Status and Threats of Cultivation in Kimana and Ilchalai Swamps in Amboseli Dispersal Area, Kenya

Okello, M. M., & Kioko, J. (2011) · Natural Resources · doi:10.4236/nr.2011.24026 · Cited by 12

Raid range selection by elephants around Kakum Conservation Area: Implications for the identification of suitable mitigating measures

Dakwa, K. B., Monney, K. A., & Attuquayefio, D. K. (2016) · International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.5897/ijbc2015.0825 · Cited by 11

Effectiveness of Solar Fence in Reducing Human–Elephant Conflicts in Manchahalli Village, Mysuru, Karnataka, India

Vibha, G., Lingaraju, H. G., & Venktaramana, G. V. (2021) · Current Science · doi:10.18520/cs/v120/i4/707-711 · Cited by 11

Human‐wildlife conflicts in communities bordering a Savannah‐Fenced wildlife conservancy

Dupuis‐Désormeaux, M., Kaaria, T. N., Kinoti, J., Paul, A., Gilisho, S., Kobia, F., Onyango, R., Chege, G., Kimiti, D. W., Mwololo, M., et al. (2023) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.13151 · Cited by 11

Leopard tortoise Stigmochelys pardalis (Bell, 1928) mortality caused by electrified fences in central South Africa and its impact on tortoise demography

Holt, S., Horwitz, L. K., Wilson, B., & Codron, D. (2021) · African Journal of Herpetology · doi:10.1080/21564574.2020.1860140 · Cited by 11

Automated virtual elephant fence based on detection, alarming, and coordinated redirection of wild elephants

Dampage, U., Thajudeen, R., Jasenthuliyana, S., & Jayawardena, J. (2021) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-021-09024-y · Cited by 11

Wildlife corridor degradation and human‐wildlife conflict: A case study from Tanzania

Elisa, M., Caro, T., Yon, L., Hardy, I. C. W., Roberts, S., & Symeonakis, E. (2024) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/aje.13264 · Cited by 10

Scars of human–elephant conflict: patterns inferred from field observations of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka

LaDue, C. A., Vandercone, R. P. G., Kiso, W. K., & Freeman, E. W. (2021) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr20175 · Cited by 11

Testing the Short-Term Effectiveness of Various Deterrents for Reducing Crop Foraging by Primates

Findlay, L. J., Lucas, C., Walker, E. M., Evers, S., & Hill, R. A. (2022) · African Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.3957/056.052.0029 · Cited by 9

Elephant corridor use and threats in the eastern range of Amboseli elephants, Kenya

Kioko, J., & Seno, S. O. (2011) · Pachyderm · doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v49i.252 · Cited by 9

Effectiveness of physical barriers in mitigating human–elephant negative interactions in North-East India

Das, G., Selvan, K., Lahkar, B. P., & Gopi, G. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2022.956568 · Cited by 9

Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Sunsari District, Nepal

Karki, D., Poudel, N., Dixit, S., Bhatta, S., Gotame, B., Dhamala, M. K., & Khadka, D. (2022) · Journal of Resources and Ecology · doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2022.06.007 · Cited by 9

Do elephants really never forget? What we know about elephant memory and a call for further investigation

Hope, S. F., Willgohs, K. R., Dittakul, S., & Plotnik, J. M. (2025) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-024-00655-y · Cited by 8

Governance and Challenges of Wildlife Conservation and Management in Kenya

Otiang’a-Owiti, G. E., Okori, J. J. L., Nyamasyo, S. K., & Amwata, D. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64682-0_4 · Cited by 8

How effective are interventions to reduce damage to agricultural crops from herbivorous wild birds and mammals? A systematic review protocol

Eklund, A., Månsson, J., & Frank, J. (2023) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/s13750-023-00315-0 · Cited by 8

Do African savanna elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) eat crops because they crave micronutrients?Preprint

Vogel, S. M., de Boer, W. F., Masake, M., Songhurst, A., McCulloch, G. P., Stronza, A. L., Henley, M. D., & Coulson, T. N. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/673392 · Cited by 8

Impact of drought and development on the effectiveness of beehive fences as elephant deterrents over 9 years in Kenya

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Effectiveness of Solar-powered Fence in Reducing Human - Wild Elephant Conflict (HEC) in Northeast Jhapa District, Nepal

Neupane, B., Khatiwoda, B., & Budhathoki, S. (2018) · Forestry Journal of Institute of Forestry Nepal · doi:10.3126/forestry.v15i0.24917 · Cited by 7

The influence of biophysical characteristics on elephant space use in an African savanna

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Fencing and Forest Conservation: Attitudes of Local People Living Adjacent to Eastern Slopes of Mount Kenya

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Genetic Analyses of Non-invasively Collected Samples Aids in the Conservation of Elephants

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Monitoring & Tracking System for Elephants Using GPS/GSM with Smart Electric Fencing

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Human Dimensions of Human-Elephant Conflict in Botswana: Exploring Visible and Hidden Well-Being Impacts

Mayberry, A. (2015) · The Atrium (University of Guelph) · Cited by 5

Association between attitudes toward wildlife and patterns of risk of human–wildlife conflict near Giant Panda National Park

Qiu, L., Dai, Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Yang, Z., Qi, D., Hai-jun, G., Gu, X., Yang, X., & Wei, W. (2024) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14428 · Cited by 6

Rapid assessment of human–elephant conflict: a crime science approach

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How did the elephant cross the fence? Electric fence crossing by elephants in Udawalawe, Sri Lanka

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Status of conflict mitigation measures in Nilambur, Western Ghats of Kerala, India

Rohini, C. K., Aravindan, T., Das, K. S. A., & Vinayan, P. A. (2017) · Journal of Threatened Taxa · doi:10.11609/jott.3465.9.12.11025-11032 · Cited by 4

People's perceptions on the effectiveness of human-wildlife conflict mitigation measures in Nepal's Tarai Arc Landscape

Shrestha, U. B., Shrestha, S., Khanal, S., Baral, N., Dhungel, U., Shrestha, A., Neupane, D., Dahal, B. R., & Thapa, S. K. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127944 · Cited by 3

Minimal effect of honey beehive fences on native bee diversity and abundance at the farm scale during the dry season in southern Kenya

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Conservation Genetic Assessment of Savannah Elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Greater Kruger Biosphere, South Africa

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Assessment of Mitigation of Human–Elephant Conflict in the Highlands of Northwest Namibia

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Human-elephant conflicts and attitude of the local communities toward African elephant (Loxodonta africana) conservation in Kafta Sheraro National Park, Tigray region, Ethiopia

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Status of Electric Fences as a Mitigation Strategy for Human-Elephant Conflicts in the Northern Districts of West Bengal, India

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Climate-Driven Human-Wildlife Conflict in Mkomazi National Park: The Role of Land Use Changes and Ecosystem Stressors in Shaping Conservation Challenges

Hariohay, K. M., Kisingo, A. W., Lyimo, E. H., Castico, D., & Shoo, R. A. (2025) · Environmental sciences · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1012815 · Cited by 2

Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and perceptions towards elephants and the restraining poliwire fences in Mambova wildlife corridor, southern Zambia

Hichoonga, E., Carter, K. D., Kalinda, C., Namukonde, N., & Nyirenda, V. R. (2024) · Discover Animals · doi:10.1007/s44338-024-00018-x · Cited by 2

"Wire is not dead": Wired-backscatter Communication for Breakage Detection in Electric Fences

Jayasuriya, N., Sayakkara, A., Suduwella, C., Keppitiyagama, C., Zoysa, K. D., & Hewage, K. (2017) · International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks · doi:10.5555/3108009.3108087 · Cited by 2

Do anthropogenic and natural features act as barriers to African elephant (Loxodonta africana) space use

Robertson, K. (2014) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 2

Impact of human-elephant conflict on the communities’ livelihood: a study in Southern Bhutan

Dorji, C., Chhetri, R. K., & Dorji, T. (2024) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-024-11184-6 · Cited by 1

Effectiveness of Human-wildlife Conflict (HWC) Mitigation Strategies and Preventive Measures in Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) Region, Karnataka

Naik, N. K., Venkatesh, P., Singh, D. R., Singh, A., Jha, G. K., Sangeetha, V. H., Sharma, D. K., & Balasubramanian (2025) · Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development · doi:10.5958/2231-6736.2025.00036.4 · Cited by 1

Ecological and climatic drivers of wildlife road mortality in Kenya’s Athi-Kapiti Plains

Chemwa, A. W., Namu, F. N., Jacobson, O. T., Finerty, G. E., & Kimuyu, D. M. (2026) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-026-03361-5 · Cited by 1

Analysing land cover patterns in relation to fencing of African national parks

Cilliers, D., Retief, F. P., Verster, J. R., Roos, C., Alberts, R. C., & Moolman, J. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111516 · Cited by 1

Spatial Patterns and Socio-Economic Drivers of Wildlife-Related Loss in South Africa’s Agricultural–Conservation Interface

Makwarela, T. G., Nelufule, T., Shivambu, T. C., Shivambu, N., Nangammbi, T. C., Pillay, N., & Seoraj-Pillai, N. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18052649 · Cited by 1

The expansion of agriculture in Kenya and its effect on the African elephant

Öhman, C. (2015) · Cited by 1

The performance of electric fences as elephant barriers in Amboseli, Kenya : research article

Kioko, J., Muruthi, P. M., Omondi, P., & Chiyo, P. I. (2008) · African Journal of Wildlife Research · Cited by 1

Shocking elephants: Fences and crop raiders in Laikipia District, Kenya

Thouless, C. R., & Sakwa, J. (1995) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00071-w · Cited by 153

The Effectiveness of Electric Fence in Mitigating Human-Elephants conflicts in the Aberdare National Park, Kenya.

Mwangi, G. P. (2013) · Kenyatta University Institutional Repository (Kenyatta University)

Social and ecological effectiveness of electric fences in Laikipia, Kenya

Sen, M. (2023) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja

Assessing the Efficacy of Multiple Elephant Deterrents in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

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