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Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia
Open accessAbstract
El presente trabajo analiza las fuentes legales peninsulares y coloniales con referencia a los caminos desde la Alta Edad Media al siglo XIX. El objetivo es rastrear en los cuerpos legales de la monarquía española sus planteamientos en lo referente a los caminos reales y a su implantación y desarrollo en España y América. Se estudian, además, los diferentes condicionamientos impuestos por las circunstancias históricas en la aplicación del proyecto real sobre vías de comunicación. Pretendemos con ello contribuir a esclarecer los mecanismos que estuvieron en el origen de la apertura y consolidación de los caminos reales con anterioridad a las reformas borbónicas del siglo XVIII. Intentamos, asimismo, poner de manifiesto la importancia decisiva de esta red de caminos en la integración y comunicación territorial en América según el proyecto de la monarquía española. En el desarrollo de esta investigación hemos revisado fuentes del Archivo General de Indias y la legislación peninsular y colonial que se produce sobre caminos desde los siglos medievales hasta principios del siglo XIX. Y hemos podido comprobar la utilidad del análisis comparativo de la documentación para entender de manera más precisa los acontecimientos históricos.
Overview
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TL;DR
This article traces Spanish royal and colonial legislation on *caminos reales* from the High Middle Ages to the nineteenth century, arguing that the “royal road” was above all a legal and public-interest category tied to royal sovereignty and territorial integration. In both Spain and America, the crown sought to protect roads and travelers, but implementation was repeatedly frustrated by conflicting jurisdictions, private interests, and weak enforcement.
Key findings
- Medieval Castilian codes established the public character of roads and royal responsibility for them: the *Partidas* state that public roads belong to all people, including strangers, and that the king must order bridges and causeways built and bad passages smoothed; maintenance was to be paid from common rents or, if insufficient, by local inhabitants.
- Royal protection was extended to transhumant livestock and carters: in 1354 the kingdom’s livestock *cabañas* came under royal protection and drove roads became *cañadas reales*; carters received privileges in 1497, 1516, and 1533, with the first recognizing the *Cabaña Real de Carreteros*; in 1629 the *cabaña Real* expanded to include *cabañiles* and long-distance muleteers with convoys of up to one hundred mules.
- In America, the 1680 *Recopilación de las leyes de Indias* largely repeated medieval concerns, and later compilations added few new road provisions; the 1573 *Ordenanzas* required new settlements to have good land and sea access, while a 1563 law ordered bridges and roads repaired at the expense of those receiving benefit.
- The American *camino real* was not necessarily a fixed or technically superior road: the *Camino Real de Tierra Adentro* was “a road in name only,” unsurfaced and with alternate routes; the Veracruz road had unequal sections and changing routes; by the late eighteenth century the terms “Real,” “Principal,” and “General” appeared, and Diego Panes distinguished twelve *varas* for a *camino real* versus eight to ten *pies* for a *camino de travesía*.
- A late example records that from 1803 to 1811 the Mexico–Veracruz/Perote road, 41 *leguas*, received 2,776,906 pesos and 7 reales from the consulado to make it passable for wheels.
Methods
- Historical-legal study reviewing peninsular and colonial legal corpora from the medieval period to the early nineteenth century, including the *Fuero Viejo*, *Fuero Real*, *Partidas*, *Ordenamiento de Alcalá*, *Ordenanzas Reales*, *Leyes de Toro*, *Nueva Recopilación*, *Novísima Recopilación*, *Recopilación de Indias*, Beleña’s *Recopilación Sumaria*, Ayala’s *Diccionario*, the *Pandectas Hispano-Megicanas*, and Zamora y Coronado’s *Biblioteca de legislación ultramarina*.
- Archival and published-source research, including documents from the Archivo General de Indias (e.g., Patronato 237; Indiferente General 108 and 427; Estado 40, N 30) and secondary authorities such as Menéndez Pidal, Serrera, Humboldt, Bakewell, and González Tascón.
- Comparative analysis of legal texts and historical documentation to trace how royal road policy was conceived, applied, and adapted in Spain and America.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a formal limitations section. It states that it cannot expand here on the decisive importance of the *Honrado Concejo de la Mesta*, and it notes that a review of Muro Orejón’s *Cedularios* yielded no results regarding roads.
- The text itself makes evident that the study relies heavily on normative legal sources and selected archival examples rather than systematic quantitative evidence, and that coverage is uneven across American regions, with extended discussion of New Spain, Veracruz, and some Andean/Caribbean examples.
- The paper repeatedly notes that many laws were contradictory, not generally applied, or not complied with, which limits what legislative sources alone can show about actual road conditions.
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Claims the paper makes
61 Own interpretation · 32 Sources not found · 22 No basis given · 4 Not checked yet · 1 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se observa claramente que hay un énfasis especial en la legislación sobre el camino de Veracruz, camino real y verdadero cordón umbilical con la metrópoli.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación colonial
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In the paper
“A propósito de los caminos, las Pandectas no aportan ninguna novedad.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación colonial
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En la recopilación del propio Beleña, no hay referencia específica a caminos en las materias contempladas.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación colonial
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No se recoge ninguna real cédula u orden expedida después de publicada la Recopilación de Indias específicamente referidas a caminos.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación colonial
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In the paper
“Lo cierto es que la adecuación del nombre a la realidad topográfica del camino real sólo se empezó a producir hacia finales del siglo XVIII.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
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In the paper
“En la mayoría de los casos en Nueva España no se logró nunca.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
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In the paper
“En el siglo XVIII se intenta la racionalización de toda la red de caminos.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“En los siglos anteriores, como hemos visto, siempre se dio una cierta ambigüedad en la apertura y conservación de los caminos reales, sin que por regla general se aludiera explícitamente a sus prerrogativas particulares.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
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In the paper
“Al fin y al cabo ellos eran los que habían arriesgado su fortuna abriéndolo y consolidándolo a sus expensas.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > LOS CAMINOS REALES DE AMÉRICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y EN LA HISTORIA
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Por ejemplo, en la confrontación entre Martín de Ursúa y Roque Soberanis a finales del siglo XVII por la sucesión en la gobernación de Yucatán se usa como baza principal el camino que el primero había empezado a abrir para comunicar la provincia con Guatemala.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Como conclusión al análisis de estas obras lo primero que se aprecia es la escasez de disposiciones que aporten alguna novedad tras la Recopilación de Indias de 1680 que, a su vez, retoma los cuerpos legales reales del derecho peninsular.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación colonial
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In the paper
“El camino real no sigue una ruta fija, ni tampoco es siempre el mejor (el camino carretero que garantiza el tráfico rodado), ni son necesariamente las calzadas que con mejores técnicas se proyectaron a partir del siglo XVIII.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Additional information
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In the paper
“caran las distintas provincias y todo el territorio.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“En los primeros existen ramales, así reconocidos en algunos casos -por ejemplo los caminos a San Luis de Potosí y Monterrey a que hace referencia Humboldt 47 -pero nunca abiertamente denominados así en otros, como por ejemplo el camino de Texas.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Otro ejemplo es la carta que los arrieros que cubren la ruta México-Veracruz envían a S.M. con fecha de 19 de julio de 1796 a propósito del proyectado camino por Córdoba y Orizaba.Reivindican el camino tradicional por Perote y denuncian el proyecto como una maniobra más de los contratistas para perpetuar los abusos a que habían sido sometidos tradicionalmente:”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sin embargo, este camino gozó de unas circunstancias geográficas mucho más benévolas que las de otros caminos reales, pues sus”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La escasa calidad que presentaban las vías de comunicación en España y América durante toda la Edad Moderna es un hecho innegable.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
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In the paper
“Sobre el Camino Real de Tierra Adentro nos dice Moorhead:”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
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In the paper
“A veces éste es muy débil por la precariedad de la colonización.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
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In the paper
“Por primera vez en la legislación se alude al camino”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“es necesario mencionar los repetidos privilegios que la Corona le concedió, y cómo las vías pecuarias pasaron a denominarse cañadas reales.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
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In the paper
“Igualmente hablan estas leyes de la libertad de los caminantes de transitar los caminos y de apacentar a sus bestias en campos abiertos.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
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In the paper
“Su ruta, como veremos, puede variar o incluso ser alternativa, pero siempre es una ruta que articula el territorio en su totalidad según las directrices de la economía de la zona.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“...en los siglos VIII y IX hicieron su aparición generalizada la herradura, el estribo y un moderno sistema de enganche...”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
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In the paper
“Alfonso X tuvo clara conciencia y experiencia de cómo la red caminera no podía estar formada por la simple suma de caminos locales y, por tanto, pensaba que algunos de esos caminos, por ser de interés general, debían construirse y mantenerse nacionalmente:”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
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In the paper
“García-Gallo afirma que el derecho indiano nace del castellano al irse adaptando éste a las especiales circunstancias del Nuevo Mundo, sin que haya un propósito de establecer un régimen jurídico distinto en aquél y en la Península, antes bien procurando asemejarlo.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación colonial
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
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In the paper
“La Recopilación de las leyes de Indias fue culminada en 1680 tras un largo proceso y con el objeto de ordenar y sistematizar todas las leyes vigentes en los reinos de ultramar.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación colonial
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
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In the paper
“El interés de la Corona está en todos los caminos, pero especialmente en aquellos que resultan vitales para el desenvolvimiento económico y del Estado.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > LOS CAMINOS REALES DE AMÉRICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y EN LA HISTORIA
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In the paper
“El uso de los caminos seguía estando plagado de abusos, los cuales afectaban incluso a la población indígena, y la reiteración de muchas disposiciones indican que la legislación no se cumplía.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación colonial
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Por esto, el camino real en América tiene un valor añadido y fundamental: consolida la colonización como una empresa real.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Con respecto a los caminos, en las Partidas se expone por primera vez el interés público de algunos de ellos, la competencia real en los mismos y su mantenimiento inexcusable a cargo de los beneficiados en caso de no poder cubrirse con las rentas del común.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“No existe ningún tipo de planificación supralocal de las comunicaciones pero sí el deseo de que exista.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > LOS CAMINOS REALES DE AMÉRICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y EN LA HISTORIA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Las Partidas llevaron a cabo un ordenamiento general en todos los ámbitos de la vida.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Su promulgación no significaba en la mayoría de los casos que fuesen aplicados como derecho común ni que su aceptación fuese generalizada.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Como hemos señalado, la aplicación de las Partidas fue tarea ardua, así que este lenguaje tan explícito no se vuelve a producir hasta que en el siglo XVIII el regalismo borbónico hace posible de nuevo esta amplitud de miras.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No será posible aplicar un plan general de organización de las comunicaciones perfectamente concebido, sin tropezar de inmediato con intereses particulares que, al fin y al cabo, ayudaban en la expansión del Imperio.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > LOS CAMINOS REALES DE AMÉRICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y EN LA HISTORIA
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lo que resulta obvio es que las leyes no concedían la titularidad al camino, sino la protección real y los beneficios de acogerse a ellas.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > LOS CAMINOS REALES DE AMÉRICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y EN LA HISTORIA
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este es básicamente el legado que se recogerá en América, que a pesar de constituir un proyecto regio, sufrirá el mismo mal endémico arrastrado desde la Edad Media.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > LOS CAMINOS REALES DE AMÉRICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y EN LA HISTORIA
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dentro de un plan globalmente concebido desde instancias superiores, el camino real es el camino de interés público desde el punto de vista oficial.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The Crown had a globally conceived plan for territorial integration through roads in America.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El Fuero Real seguía el lenguaje indirecto que se mantuvo posteriormente, en el que el bien público se articulaba en torno a aquellos aspectos que interesaban a la Corona que se cumplieran para garantizar la comunicación y el tráfico comercial, sin olvidar la pugna con otras jurisdicciones en el uso del camino.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El camino real, directamente bajo el patrocinio de la Corona y de sus leyes por su importancia en la utilidad pública, debía estar protegido de todo tipo de abusos, para contribuir así a fortalecer el modelo de desarrollo económico impulsado por el Estado, basado en los reales de minas y en las grandes haciendas.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación colonial
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A menudo, muchas de estas disposiciones resultaban contradictorias, con lo que la administración de justicia era una tarea casi imposible.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En la tradición de la legislación medieval española, a través de sucesivas compilaciones de las leyes emanadas de la Corona, la autoridad real se fue imponiendo a la maraña de jurisdicciones que existían en la península.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sin embargo, la cabaña Real no se refiere a los ganados reales sino a la totalidad de la industria pastoril del reino, gobernada por decretos reales.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pero es Alfonso X, en el siglo XIII, el que personifica un avance considerable en la concepción de la sociedad en general, sistematizado en el código de Las Siete Partidas.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Los caminos en la legislación española
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Resulta indudable al respecto la posición de la Corona en cuanto a la implantación de unos patrones rígidos de colonización.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Unos de muchísima longitud, como el Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, desde la ciudad de México hasta Santa Fe del Nuevo México, el Camino Real de Chiapas desde México a Guatemala o el camino Real de Lima a Venezuela, 46 cuya función como integradores del territorio es obvia.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este tipo de definición responde a la sistematización que, como hemos visto, se llevó a cabo a finales del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuando se planteó la empresa colonizadora en Indias, se pretendió que dicho espíritu fuera su motor.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Aunque su conservación no fuera siempre la deseada, el camino real garantizaba la prolongación de la nor- mativa real a cualquier punto de España y de las Indias, así como su inte- gración y desarrollo.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > References
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Con estas instituciones, reflejadas en la legislación de esa época, pudieron acometerse por fin las mejoras en el uso y la conservación de los caminos.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El impulso que se dio a la Mesta o a la carretería contribuyó de manera decisiva a la consolidación de los caminos.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es lógico que se reivindique la titularidad real del camino para integrar cuanto antes el territorio.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“En el camino México-Veracruz llegaron a intervenir técnicos de nombradía, entre ellos nada menos que el consagrado ingeniero militar Juan Bautista Antonelli, autor de un interesantísimo dictamen pericial sobre esta importante arteria vial mexicana.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No obstante, el comercio y sus beneficios redundan en el mantenimiento de los territorios, y son a la larga mucho más duraderos.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En muchos casos es una denominación un poco apriorística, porque la utilidad del camino la consolida el tráfico del mismo.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: La utilidad de un camino se consolida por el tráfico que soporta.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El camino real es un concepto más complejo que el hecho físico del camino.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aquí es donde entran a formar parte los intereses particulares dentro de la política ambigua de apertura y consolidación de los caminos.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Additional information
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“El informe o parecer del italiano, fechado en México el 10 de marzo de 1590 y articulado en 62 puntos, aporta noticias valiosas sobre los distintos tramos de la ruta e incluye una minuciosa 'Relación y calidad del camino que abrió el doctor Palacios por Orden del Virrey Marqués de Villamanrique...'”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El proceso de avance no se produjo de manera lineal puesto que fue necesario luchar contra los privilegios tradicionales de los nobles, las ciudades y la Iglesia.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La Corona simplemente definía la regalía sobre las minas y legislaba para proteger el tráfico en el camino.Pero todo ello a modo de sanción sobre lo ya conseguido.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No obstante, todos estos avances no deberían oscurecer el proceso anterior, en el que a través de mecanismos más complejos se estableció la red de caminos reales en España y América.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Y otros más cortos pero que abren una vía de comunicación imprescindible o soportan un tráfico fundamental.Por ejemplo, los caminos reales de Veracruz y Acapulco.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Para que dicha flexibilidad se respetase, la Corona legisla sobre la libertad de los caminantes de buscar rutas más cómodas o sobre su derecho a oponerse a imposiciones particulares, situando el bien público por encima de intereses privados.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“tido en que se hace en la mayoría de las ocasiones, siguiendo definiciones actuales:”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pero tanto las minas como los caminos para comunicarlas fueron un proyecto regio de creación pero de explotación privada.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En cuanto al término”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pero si el camino iba a sustentarse del comercio, el bien público y los derechos reales debían abrirse paso más a largo plazo, a causa de todas las disputas que se observa en las leyes que conlleva la utilización del camino.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el caso de la explotación de minas, el bien público estaba garantizado desde el principio junto con los reales derechos.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De lo que se trataba era de mantener la flexibilidad en cuanto a buscar constantemente rutas alternativas que pudieran ser más cómodas y cortas.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En esas fechas, el fortalecimiento de la Corona posibilitó la creación de las instituciones necesarias para controlar las vías de comunicación.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Conclusiones
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las obras que se acometen en América desde finales del siglo XVIII recogen este nuevo espíritu.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La conquista de un lugar aislado e incomunicado, motivada por el descubrimiento de minas, por amenaza exterior o por la conversión de indígenas, favorece la calificación del camino a posteriori.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Por ejemplo, es lógico pensar que tras los avatares históricos del reino de Nuevo México 59 los principales interesados en llamar al camino hasta Santa Fe”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > LOS CAMINOS REALES DE AMÉRICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y EN LA HISTORIA
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este camino es el que mejor comunica y articula la comunicación, el que soporta mayor tráfico y devenga más intereses para el Real Erario.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > LOS CAMINOS REALES DE AMÉRICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y EN LA HISTORIA
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En efecto, a nadie con la firme voluntad de sacar provecho de un territorio le interesa que esté recorrido por un simple camino secundario.”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“En este sentido, el camino que conduce a los reales de minas podemos considerarlo camino real por antonomasia, puesto que las minas y las regalías de ellas derivadas constituyeron uno de los objetivos fundamentales para la”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The legal compilations and documents reviewed are representative enough of the monarchy's road policy to support conclusions about its directives and implementation.
“Hemos revisado esta legislación para ver cuál fue la política real en torno a los caminos, su evolución, y la importancia que se les asignó en el plan general de la Monarquía.”
“Con la misma intención que analizamos los códigos españoles, hemos revisado estos cuerpos de leyes para rastrear la situación de los caminos en el proyecto americano.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Crown had a globally conceived plan for territorial integration through roads in America.
“Dentro de un plan globalmente concebido desde instancias superiores, el camino real es el camino de interés público desde el punto de vista oficial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
La Corona no empleaba caudales de la Real Hacienda en la apertura y conservación de los caminos.
“La Corona, fiel a la práctica de no emplear caudales de la Real Hacienda, siguió el lema de dejar hacer, dejar pasar,”
The paper relies on this without support.
La utilidad de un camino se consolida por el tráfico que soporta.
“porque la utilidad del camino la consolida el tráfico del mismo.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
“participaron en ocho caminos, de importancia variable”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
“(México-Puebla-Perote, Jalapa-Veracruz, México-Puebla-Orizaba, Córdoba-Veracruz, México-Toluca, México-Vallejo, Veracruz-Antigua, San Blas-Tepic, Mérida-Puerto Sisal, Tabasco-Guatemala)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > El Camino Real en América
“la Real Cédula de 1608 sobre los vecinos de Tunfaque en la Nueva Granada”
§ Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia 1 > LOS CAMINOS REALES DE AMÉRICA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN Y EN LA HISTORIA
“-Cédula 23-11-1568, Cedulario, tomo 30, fol.238 n.º 69: Ordena Su Magestad al presidente y oidores de la Audiencia de Santa Fe que provean lo necesario para que los vecinos de la ciudad de Tunfaque puedan comerciar por el reino de Granada”
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pérez González, M. L.
- Venue
- Anuario de Estudios Americanos
- Publisher
- Editorial CSIC
- Published
- 2001-06-30
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-60
- ISSN
- 0210-5810 (ISSN-L)
- 1988-4273
- OpenAlex
- W1984951662
- Semantic Scholar
- 53fd6dfbedbfad1059722fb2b8b67359e902c4bc
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Anuario de Estudios Americanos (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Latin American history and culture
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies in Latin America
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medieval and Early Modern Iberia
- Keywords
- royal roads, traffic law, colonial legislation, Spanish monarchy, communication routes, Bourbon reforms, territorial integration, Spanish America, comparative legal analysis, Archivo General de Indias
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3989/aeamer.2001.v58.i1.227
- The paper
- Pérez González, M. L. (2001). Los caminos reales de América en la legislación y en la historia. Anuario de Estudios Americanos. https://doi.org/10.3989/aeamer.2001.v58.i1.227
