Comparison between wet and dry timber visual strength grading according to the Spanish (UNE 56544) and German (DIN 4074-1) standards
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Visual strength grading is widely used to estimate mechanical properties of structural timber. National visual grades are allocated to strength classes according to European standard EN1912. The recent discussion about the proper function of visual strength grading standards and the assignment of strength classes shows the need for further research in this field. Spanish-sourced radiata, Scots, Salzmann and maritime pine timber samples were visually graded in wet and dry condition according to the Spanish UNE56544 (2011) and German DIN4074-1 (2012) standards. Rejection was far higher dry due to distortion (warping) parameters. However, this rejection could be significantly mitigated by adopting a higher twist limit (2 mm / 25 mm width). UNE 56544 is more suitable for visually grading these species because it was specifically designed for them and a Spanish source. However, both standards underestimated the Scots pine rejection pieces which mechanical properties fulfill the MEG and S10 grades.
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Other authors have reported a high rejection by twist when grading pines of similar dimensions to the present study's timber.
“A high rejection by twist grading four pines of similar dimensions that the present study ' s timber, was also reported by other authors [52].”
From Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Section 2.1 reports grading four pine species using 100 × 150 mm cross-section specimens. Section 3.2 reports high twist-related rejection for Scots, Salzmann and maritime pine (44%–80%), but low rejection for radiata pine (8%). The claim overstates the result if it means rejection was high for all four species; the cited paper also cannot establish the dimensions of the citing study’s timber. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Cites
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Ridley-Ellis, D., Stapel, P., & Baño, V. (2016) · European Journal of Wood and Wood Products · doi:10.1007/s00107-016-1034-1 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 17
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes
Llana, D. F., Íñiguez-González, G., Plos, M., & Turk, G. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132440 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Llana, D. F., Arriaga, F., Esteban, M., & Íñiguez-González, G.
- Affiliations
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ES)
- Venue
- Materiales de Construcción
- Publisher
- Editorial CSIC
- Published
- 2019-12-30
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 336
- Pages
- e205
- ISSN
- 0465-2746 (ISSN-L)
- 1988-3226
- OpenAlex
- W2976054896
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Materiales de Construcción (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BIA2014-55089-P, Proy.: BIA 2014-55089-P)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bamboo properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering Research
- Keywords
- structural timber, strength classes, rejection criteria, warpage, Pinus radiata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, wood mechanical properties
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