Transforming Gender and Emotion: The Butterfly Lovers Story in China and Korea

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Neither the modern interpretations of the Liang-Zhu tale nor the academic discourse surrounding them have yet addressed the question of how and why the story has remained popular for so long outside of China.

“Importantly, neither the modern interpretations of the tale nor the academic discourse surrounding them have yet addressed the question of how and why the story has remained popular for so long outside of China.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Surviving textual evidence proves only that the Liang-Zhu tale, not yet fully developed, was narrated during the Tang dynasty and had become widespread in certain areas since the Song dynasty (960-1279).

“though we have surviving textual evidence to prove only that the tale, not yet fully developed, was narrated during the Tang dynasty and had become widespread in certain areas since the Song dynasty (960-1279).8”

• cites [8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Many cities have competitively claimed the Liang-Zhu tale as their own, and local scholars have attempted to use historical and literary accounts to prove the authenticity of their region's version.

“Many cities have competitively claimed the tale as their own, 39 and local scholars have attempted to use historical and literary accounts to prove the authenticity of their region's version of Liang-Zhu.”

• cites [39]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Hundreds of versions of the Liang-Zhu tale exist today, suggesting many more circulated orally and disappeared without being written down.

“Hundreds of versions of the tale exist today, 9 suggesting many more that circulated orally and disappeared without ever being written down.”

• cites [9]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The link between premodern and modern tellings of the Liang-Zhu story is not always visible in the historical and textual records, because the tale was initially appreciated by folk audiences rather than literati-official ones.

“Admittedly, the link between premodern and modern tellings of the Liang-Zhu story is not always visible in the historical and textual records, because the tale was initially appreciated by folk audiences rather than literati-official ones.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Studying and being buried together remain fundamental throughout Liang-Zhu versions.

“for instance-studying and being buried together-remain fundamental throughout Liang-Zhu versions, and the success of modern versions with their tragic ending is also reflected in the story's early telling.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Earlier Korean scholarship was hampered by lack of access to and understanding of Chinese versions and by an academic environment that emphasized a nationalist approach, thus narrowing its scope to the geographic and national boundaries of the Korean Peninsula.

“Earlier Korean scholarships was hampered by lack of access to and understanding of Chinese versions as well as by an academic environment that emphasized a nationalist approach, 47 thus narrowing its scope to the geographic and national boundaries of the Korean Peninsula.”

• cites [47]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The extant premodern Chinese versions of Liang-Zhu are largely works of folk and popular literature, written in vernacular Chinese and purportedly dating from the Ming and Qing period (1368-1911).

“The extant premodern Chinese versions are largely works of folk and popular literature, written in vernacular Chinese and purportedly dating from the Ming and Qing period (1368-1911).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The selected Liang-Zhu versions are representative of the broader tradition and its audiences.

Probably not a substantial claim.

In China, romantic representations of the Liang-Zhu tale have been developed and adapted for performances on both community and commercial stages.

“In China, romantic representations of the tale have, over the years, been developed and adapted for performances on both community and commercial stages.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Much research on Liang-Zhu until the 1990s focused on discovering, collecting, and recording primary materials, as well as related historical texts and artifacts.

“Due to the vast quantity of historical materials generated by the wideranging popularity of Liang-Zhu over time, much of the research done until the 1990s focused on discovering, collecting, and recording these primary materials, as well as related historical texts and artifacts that often accompanied this intensive fieldwork.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Current scholarship has disregarded Liang-Zhu's potential as a bountiful source for studying the discourse between China and other cultures, most notably Korea.

“Third, current scholarship has disregarded Liang-Zhu's potential as a bountiful source for studying the discourse between China and other cultures, most notably Korea.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Academic work on Liang-Zhu led to a rapid increase in its modern recognition, which peaked in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the Chinese government lobbied to have the tale registered by UNESCO as a 'Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.'

“Academic work on Liang-Zhu led to a rapid increase in its modern recognition, which peaked in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the Chinese government lobbied to have the tale registered by UNESCO as a”

• cites [36]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the Sipch'osi version, Shanbo does not know that Yingtai is a woman, and Yingtai is not afraid of men.

“Shanbo does not know that Yingtai is a woman, Yingtai is not afraid of men.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

For the first time the Qiantang (Hangzhou) area is given as the location of the academy where Liang and Zhu study, and the son of the Ma family is named as the man whom Zhu is engaged to marry.

“For example, for the first time the Qiantang (Hangzhou) area is given as the location of the academy where Liang and Zhu study, and the son of the Ma family is named as the man whom Zhu is engaged to marry.”

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

In the Sipch'osi version, the Tang period is depicted as a peaceful time producing talented students like Liang and Zhu, and as a relatively open society in which a girl such as Zhu Yingtai is able to leave home and study with male classmates.

“In the Sipch'osi version, the Tang period is depicted as a peaceful time, producing talented students like Liang and Zhu, and as a relatively open society in which a girl such as Zhu Yingtai is able to leave home and study with male classmates.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Such a suppression of premarital sexuality is maintained throughout most Liang-Zhu literature, but this version's straightfaced emphasis on Liang's purity contrasts strongly with popular versions.

“Such a suppression of (premarital) sexuality is maintained throughout most Liang-Zhu literature, but this version's straightfaced emphasis on Liang's purity and simplicity contrasts strongly with popular versions, in which Liang's ignorance of Zhu's sexuality is often presented in a comic manner that creates a sense of suspense and humor.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Most editions from this period focus on Liang's talent, passion, and personality, and present Yingtai merely as a good match for Liang, a wise wife.

“Most editions from this period focus on Liang's talent, passion, and personality, and present Yingtai merely as a good match for Liang-a wise wife.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the Sipch'osi version, the two protagonists' emotional relationship is treated seriously, and the version makes an emotional appeal rather than a didactic one.

“The two protagonists' emotional relationship is treated seriously, and, ultimately, this version makes an emotional appeal rather than a didactic one.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

During the Yuan dynasty, Liang-Zhu was developed into a popular story performed on stage, and the adoption of the new title helped the official records to align better with the popular storytelling.

“During the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368), Liang-Zhu was developed into a popular story performed on stage, 29 and the adoption of the new title helped the official records to align better with the popular storytelling.”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Zhang Jin's account does not include the romantic relationship between the two, Zhu's marriage with someone else, or the butterfly transformation after their deaths.

“Other elements, such as the romantic relationship between the two, Zhu's marriage with someone else, and the butterfly transformation after their deaths, are not included.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Many unknown circumstances left unexplained in Zhang Jin's account are filled in by Li's account with plausible information and explanations, supported by vivid dialogue.

“Further, many unknown circumstances left unexplained in Zhang Jin's account-from the first encounter of Liang and Zhu to their co-study and their parting at the academy-are filled in by Li's account with plausible information and explanations, supported by vivid dialogue.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Zhu and Liang were buried together in the same grave.

“second, that Zhu and Liang were buried together in the same grave;”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Another important early Liang-Zhu account is the Yizhongwang miaoji by Li Maocheng, a prefect of Mingzhou.

“Another important early Liang-Zhu account is the Yizhongwang miaoji 義 忠王廟記 (Record of the Shrine for the King of Righteousness and Loyalty) by Li Maocheng 李茂誠 (active ca.1101-17), a prefect of Mingzhou (知明 州事).”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The prosimetric versions share the embellishment of the tale with local religious connections.

“The fourth element these versions have in common is the embellishment of the tale with local religious connections.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The new title came to be widely accepted and replaced the old one.

“It is not surprising, then, that this new title came to be widely accepted and replaced the old one.28”

• cites [28]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Zhang Jin's account consists of three related elements: mention of the material sites, the backstory, and the verification of his account.

“Zhang Jin's account consists of three related elements: mention of the material sites, the backstory, and the verification of his account.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the Sipch'osi version, Shanbo's talent surpasses that of the two Lus, and Yingtai's glorious virtue is greater than that of the three Zhangs.

“Shanbo's talent surpasses that of the two Lus, Yingtai's glorious virtue is greater than that of the three Zhangs.63”

• cites [63]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Sipch'osi version, in contrast to Li Maocheng's account which omits any instance of love, foreshadows romance by mentioning Liang's early feelings of loneliness and the sultry weather.

“Notably, this version, in contrast to Li Maocheng's account, which omits any instance of love between the young protagonists, foreshadows their romance by mentioning Liang's early feelings of loneliness and the sultry weather:”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

As is often the case within the inscription genre, Li's version employs supernatural phenomena to demonstrate Liang's powerful and divine character.

“As is often the case within the inscription genre, Li's version employs supernatural phenomena to demonstrate Liang's powerful and divine character.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In some local lore, Zhu is said to be a chivalrous woman who helps poor people but dies a virgin, and Liang is an uncorrupted official who dies unmarried.

“In some local lore in which Liang and Zhu hail from different time periods, 18 Zhu is said to be a chivalrous woman (俠女) who helps poor people but dies a virgin, and Liang is an uncorrupted official (淸官) who dies unmarried.”

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Compared to Zhang Jin's, Li's account of Liang-Zhu is elaborate and comprehensive.

“Compared to Zhang Jin's, Li's account of Liang-Zhu is elaborate and comprehensive.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Other versions offer alternate explanations for Liang-Zhu's fate: Liang and Zhu are destined to marry-their fate is written in the book of karma-and return to their original status of immortals after a married lifetime on Earth.

“Other versions offer alternate explanations for Liang-Zhu's fate: Liang and Zhu are destined to marry-their fate is written in the book of karmaand return to their original status of immortals after a married lifetime on Earth.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Li's account reveals that Liang hailed from the Kuaiji area and was born in 352 under an unusual birth sign.

“It is revealed, for example, that Liang hailed from the Kuaiji area (currently Shaoxing, Zhejiang) and was born in 352 under an unusual birth sign.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Li presents two major reasons why Liang and Zhu become close so quickly: first, they both plan to study in the Hangzhou area and, second, they are from the same region.

“Li also presents two major reasons why Liang and Zhu become close so quickly: first, they both plan to study in the Hangzhou area and, second, they are from the same region.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In 'Chongzheng,' Zhu threads a ninefold pearl using an ant and a drop of oil.

“The pearl has too many curves and a tiny hole inside, but by using an ant and a drop of oil, Zhu finally succeeds in threading the pearl.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Li's account was written in the first year of the Daguan period (1107-10) of the Song dynasty, but it was not included in the local gazetteers of Yin County until the seventeenth century.

“Li's account, which takes the form of an inscription dedicated to the shrine for Liang Shanbo, was written in the first year of the Daguan period (1107-10) of the Song dynasty, but it was not included in the local gazetteers of Yin County (Ningbo) until the seventeenth century.30”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Early versions in print form were not the direct, transparent inscription of popular oral storytelling.

“Though the early versions in print form were not the direct, transparent inscription of popular oral storytelling, they can be understood as”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Zhang Jin's brief account focuses on Liang's character.

“Zhang Jin's brief account somewhat surprisingly focuses on Liang's character, which gives us a clue as to how he viewed the site and the related story.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Liu Yu defeated the bandits with the help of the deity Liang; after the victory, he reported it to the imperial authorities, and a shrine was built to worship Liang.

“Liu Yu defeated the bandits with the help of the deity Liang.After the victory, he reported it to the imperial authorities, and a shrine was built to worship Liang.32”

• cites [32]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The preserved Sipch'osi text is a long narrative poem based on seven-syllable lines, with some parts marked as yunyun.

“The preserved text is a long narrative poem based on sevensyllable lines, with some parts marked as yunyun 云云 (et cetera).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Zhu's filial concern appears in many folk versions as her major reason for leaving the academy, although other versions posit the fear of her identity being discovered by her classmates as the direct cause for her departure.

“As we will see, Zhu's filial concern appears in many folk versions as her major reason for leaving the academy, although other versions posit the fear of her identity being discovered by her classmates as the direct cause for her departure (see chapters 2 and 3).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

There has been a cipai named after Zhu Yingtai since the Song dynasty, while there is no equivalent melody named after Liang Shanbo.

“This inference is supported by the fact that there has been a cipai 詞牌 (tune title of ci lyrics) named after Zhu Yingtai since the Song dynasty, 14 while there is no equivalent melody named after Liang Shanbo to be found.”

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Li explains why and how the two characters part: Zhu leaves the academy first, due to missing her parents, and after two years, Liang also returns home.

“Li also explains why and how the two characters part: Zhu leaves the academy first, due to missing her parents, and after two years, Liang also returns home.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Zhang's short synopsis reveals little about the righteous wife's achievements, instead praising Liang for his honorable personality and conduct.

“Zhang's short synopsis reveals little about the righteous wife's achievements, instead praising Liang for his honorable personality and conduct.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In 'Shuangxian baojuan,' Liang and Zhu's desires to study and continue their relationship serve as an example of vanity and attachment, causes of human suffering that necessitate religious cultivation and enlightenment.

“Liang and Zhu's desires to study and to continue their relationship, for example, serve as a good example of vanity and attachment, causes of human suffering that necessitate religious cultivation and enlightenment.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the Sipch'osi version, Liang and Zhu learn under Confucius himself at the Hall of Confucius.

“In this version, Liang and Zhu learn under Confucius himself at the Hall of Confucius (Kongqiu tang 孔丘堂):”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

From its earliest beginnings, the Liang-Zhu tale has enjoyed multiple faces as a legend, a local history, and a religious story.

“From its earliest beginnings, the Liang-Zhu tale has enjoyed multiple faces as a legend, a local history, and a religious story.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The value of Confucian study, which initially provides a legitimate reason for Liang and Zhu to meet, is later replaced by elaborate depictions of the desire for meeting, the pain of separation, and the dream of union.

“The value of Confucian study, which initially provides a legitimate reason for Liang and Zhu to meet, is later replaced by elaborate depictions of the desire for meeting, the pain of separation, and the dream of union.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The Sipch'osi version remains the earliest full-fledged form in Liang-Zhu's long evolution.

“The Sipch'osi version, beloved by anonymous audiences from both China and Korea, remains the earliest fullfledged form in Liang-Zhu's long evolution.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

None of the Liang-Zhu versions, in China or Korea, fails to emphasize the couple's dedication to their studies.

“None of the Liang-Zhu versions, in China or Korea, fails to emphasize the couple's dedication to their studies:”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In most Liang-Zhu versions, Liang Shanbo initiates the first exchange of greetings.

“In this passage, as in most Liang-Zhu versions, Liang Shanbo initiates this first exchange of greetings.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Luck, or perhaps Zhu's own effort, allows her to avoid embarrassing situations, and ultimately she safely returns to her home and her original gender.

“Luck, or perhaps her own effort, allows her to avoid embarrassing situations, and ultimately she safely returns to her home and her original gender.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Other elements of 'Yang Sanbaek chŏn' connected to Chinese prosimetric versions include Liang's passing the civil service exam and his military achievements (in defeating barbarians), even as the narrative is fleshed out with additional Korean details.

“Other elements of this version that are connected to the prosimetric versions from China include Liang's passing the civil service exam and his military achievements (in defeating barbarians), even as the narrative is fleshed out with additional Korean details. 112”

• cites [112]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Zhu's disguise and performance are so convincing that her parents suspect nothing.

“Zhu's disguise and performance are so convincing that her parents suspect nothing.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

At school, although Zhu is in academic competition with other students, she must be careful not to arouse suspicion or get into any trouble.

“At school, although she is in academic competition with other students, she must be careful not to arouse suspicion or get into any trouble.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Zhu's inner mind often speaks figuratively, in the form of body language or through visual descriptions of her thoughts and dreams.

“Likewise, Zhu's inner mind often speaks figuratively, in the form of body language or through visual descriptions of her thoughts and dreams.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In 'Li Xiuqing yijie Huang zhennü', the virgin Huang travels in male disguise to make a living in business, and finally marries Li Xiuqing.

“In this story, the virgin Huang travels in male disguise to make a living in business, and finally marries Li Xiuqing, her longterm business partner.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In 'Yang Sanbaek chŏn,' religious figures such as Immortal Taiyi frequently appear to guide the characters.

“Religious figures such as Immortal Taiyi (Taiyi xianren 太乙仙人) frequently appear to guide the characters.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Most Liang-Zhu versions that come after the Sipch'osi rendition focus on Zhu Yingtai's journey and present surprisingly rich accounts of how a girl from the inner quarters transforms herself into a clever, witty male student.

“Most Liang-Zhu versions that come after the Sipch'osi rendition focus on Zhu Yingtai's journey and present surprisingly rich accounts of how a girl from the inner quarters transforms herself into a clever, witty male student.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

As is often the case with heroines of such stories, Zhu has to assume a male identity in order to study abroad, and she suffers for that infraction.

“As is often the case with the heroines of such stories, Zhu has to assume a male identity in order to do so, and she suffers for that infraction. 2”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Zhu's improvised divination about her own fate moves her parents to let her leave home to study, even after they realize the trick she has played on them.

“Zhu's improvised divination about her own fate moves her parents to let her leave home to study, even after they realize the trick she has played on them, for she has proved that her cross-dressing will allow her to cleverly maneuver and exploit her new gender identity.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In 'Yingtai hen,' Liang and Zhu study at a small, local academy and take good care of each other in their daily routine.

“In this version, they study at a small, local academy and take good care of each other in their daily routine:”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

At the academy, Liang and Zhu share all activities as sworn brothers, even sharing a bed.

“At the academy, Liang and Zhu share all activities as sworn brothers, even sharing a bed.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

What Zhu cannot manage are her feelings for the fellow student who has taken care of her.

“What she cannot manage, however, are her feelings for the fellow student who has taken care of her.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In most Liang-Zhu versions, Zhu's responses to Liang's questions quickly lead to the two becoming sworn brothers.

“In most Liang-Zhu versions, Zhu's responses to Liang's questions quickly lead to the two becoming sworn brothers.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

'Yingtai baojuan' does not have specific religious elements in it; only in the last part does it mention karma and the need to serve local gods.

“Probably for this purpose, this version does not have specific religious elements in it.Only in the last part does it mention karma and thus the need to serve the local gods (to avoid the suffering experienced by Liang and Zhu).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Zhu's academic achievement surpasses even Liang's, and she wins first place among the three thousand students at the academy.

“Zhu's academic achievement surpasses even Liang's, and she wins first place among the three thousand students at the academy.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Zhu's external voice does not always tell us what she really thinks or wants, revealing more about her persona than her true self; she may describe what she looks like or how she is supposed to be, rather than what she actually feels.

“Her external voice does not always tell us what she really thinks or wants, revealing more about her persona than her true self; she may describe what she looks like or how she is supposed to be, rather than what she actually feels.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Within a year, Liang and Zhu have mastered many classic texts.

“Within a year, Liang and Zhu have mastered many classic texts.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

'Yingtai baojuan' was specially designed as a performance for laypeople at temples.

“Here, we can see that the story was specially designed as a performance for laypeople at temples.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Overall, the prosimetric versions of Liang-Zhu are characterized by a diversity of plots and themes; their storytelling is multipurposed, fictionalized and diversified, entertaining, professional, and religious.

“Overall, the prosimetric versions of Liang-Zhu are characterized by a diversity of plots and themes; their storytelling is multipurposed, fictionalized and diversified, entertaining, professional, and religious.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

When Zhu dons the garb of a male student, she is transformed so successfully that even her brother and sister-in-law fail to recognize her.

“When she dons the garb of a male student, she is transformed so successfully that even her brother and sister-in-law fail to recognize her.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The characters in the popular versions are not only good and talented moral exemplars, as in official narrations, but vulnerable human beings.

“The characters in the popular versions are not only good and talented moral exemplars, as in official narrations, but vulnerable human beings.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In 'Yang Sanbaek chŏn,' Liang and Zhu encounter immortals and ascend to the world of immortals after suffering in their first lifetime together and enjoying marriage in their second life.

“Specifically, in this version, Liang and Zhu also encounter immortals and also ascend to the world of immortals after suffering in their first lifetime together and enjoying marriage in their second life.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In the stories, Zhu's actions whisper constantly beneath the overtly addressed ideas or events, even when they do not seem to directly concern her.

“In the stories, Zhu's actions whisper constantly beneath the overtly addressed ideas or events, even when they do not seem to directly concern her.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Zhu wants to marry Liang Shanbo, but she cannot overcome the obstacles.

“She wants to marry Liang Shanbo, but she cannot overcome the obstacles.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Yet Zhu's explanations are conceivable enough that, in the end, Liang's attitude remains the same.

“Yet they are conceivable enough that, in the end, Liang's attitude remains the same.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

After pledging an oath of sworn brotherhood, Liang and Zhu routinely call each other elder or younger brother.

“After pledging an oath of sworn brotherhood, they routinely call each other elder (xiong 兄) or younger (di 弟) brother.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Depending on the version, Liang's suspicion is first aroused either when the pair cross the river together or during the first night they sleep together at the inn or at the academy.

“Depending on the version, Liang's suspicion is first aroused either when the pair cross the river together or during the first night they sleep together at the inn or at the academy.48”

• cites [48]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

In the 'Shuangxian baojuan' version, after Liang suspects Zhu because she urinates squatting, Zhu again makes a pseudoscientific excuse and invokes sworn brotherhood, and Liang becomes dumbfounded and does not raise the issue again.

“However, Zhu sticks to the same tactics she has used before and again makes a pseudoscientific excuse.This time, though, it is even less convincing.”

• Also stated in: § Not a Girl: Killing Suspicions and Oppressing Heterosexuality · plain

  “Upon hearing these words, Shanbo becomes dumbfounded, He dares not raise the issue again.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

In the earlier official narration, Liang is described as a man of simplicity and innocence because he doesn't realize that Zhu is a girl.

“In the earlier official narration (see chapter 1), Liang is described as a man of simplicity and innocence because he doesn't realize that Zhu is a girl.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Early modern scholars praised the deaths of Liang and Zhu as a representation of the victory of the unyielding human spirit over all obstacles.

“Early modern scholars praised the deaths of Liang and Zhu as a representation of the victory of the unyielding human spirit over all obstacles.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Although the text does not include a mature love story (Liang does not fully confess his love for Zhu, and there is no description of any acts of love between them), the story is still labeled a (tragic) love story.

“although the text does not include a mature love story (Liang does not fully confess his love for Zhu, and there is no description of any acts of love between them), the story is still labeled a (tragic) love story.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Zhu's excuse is credible enough to convince Liang.

“Zhu's excuse is credible enough to convince Liang.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Some scholars, emphasizing the class difference between Liang and Zhu added in some later versions, have suggested a revolutionary interpretation in which Liang's poverty or lower status is considered the main reason for the tragedy.

“Some scholars, emphasizing the class difference between Liang and Zhu added in some later versions, 109 have also suggested a revolutionary interpretation of Liang-Zhu, in which Liang's poverty or his being of lower status than Zhu is considered the main reason for the tragedy.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The caizi format dominated the extensive plots of eighteenth- to twentieth-century Liang-Zhu versions and continued to penetrate and supplement other treatments of the caizi character with strong eroticism, folk-religious beliefs, and martial masculinity.

“The caizi format dominated the extensive plots of eighteenth-to twentieth-century Liang-Zhu versions and continued to penetrate and supplement other treatments of the caizi character with strong eroticism, folk-religious beliefs, and martial masculinity.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Scholarly discussion surrounding the cause of Liang and Zhu's tragic deaths has focused on the conflict between individual desire and social norms, especially on lijiao.

“Scholarly discussion surrounding the cause of Liang and Zhu's tragic deaths has focused on the conflict between individual desire and social norms, and especially on a branch of Confucian ethics called lijiao 禮敎.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In all Liang-Zhu versions, the emotional themes of friendship (between two men or between a man and a woman) and of love (between a man and a woman) go hand in hand.

“In all Liang-Zhu versions, the emotional themes of friendship (between two men or between a man and a woman) and of love (between a man and a woman) go hand in hand.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

During her three years of schooling, Zhu's character as a gentry girl and her virginity are preserved.

“During her three years of schooling, both her character as a gentry girl and her virginity are preserved.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In most modern versions, Zhu and Liang's transformation into butterflies, symbolizing the eternity of their love, is retained to convey the traditional bittersweet ending.

“In most modern versions, Zhu and Liang's transformation into butterflies, symbolizing the eternity of their love, is retained to convey the traditional bittersweet ending.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Once they start living in the academy, Liang's questions become more frequent.

“Once they start living in the academy, Liang's questions become more frequent.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The popularity of Liang-Zhu as a caizi-jiaren romance continued into the early twentieth century and brought the story to a dramatically wider audience.

“The popularity of Liang-Zhu as a caizi-jiaren romance continued into the early twentieth century and, although scholars critically derogate these versions, their popularity brought the Liang-Zhu story to a dramatically wider audience.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

There comes a moment when Zhu's body is exposed, and her explanations are not quite convincing.

“Of course, there comes a moment when Zhu's body is exposed, and her explanations are not quite convincing.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Recent readings of Liang-Zhu have restored the story's original theme of male bonding and stressed its effect from a different perspective.

“Recent readings of Liang-Zhu have restored the story's original theme of male bonding and stressed its effect from a different perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Liang is described as kindhearted and compassionate, far from naive or stupid.

“It is important to remember that Liang is described as a kindhearted and compassionate man, far from naive or stupid.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In most Chinese versions of the story, Zhu's deception is successful, at least in the eyes of Liang and her fellow students.

“There are slight differences in the details of the episodes in which Zhu's identity is called into question, but in most Chinese versions of the story her deception is successful, at least in the eyes of Liang and her fellow students.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In modern times, the theme of studying together or male bonding proved less popular than that of everlasting pure and spiritual love.

“In general, the theme of studying together or male bonding proved less popular than that of everlasting pure and spiritual love.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

In the latter part of the story, Liang is portrayed as a vulnerable and frail young man who, finding no solution for his unsatisfied desire, surrenders his life.

“In this latter part of the story, Liang is portrayed as a vulnerable and frail young man who, finding no solution for his unsatisfied desire, surrenders his life.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

When Zhu tries to reveal her identity through figurative language before parting, she is thwarted by Liang's firm belief or determination to believe that Zhu is a man.

“When Zhu tries to reveal her identity through figurative language before she parts from Liang, she is thwarted by Liang's firm belief-or, more strictly speaking, his determination to believe-that Zhu is a man.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Although Zhu excels at study, she is less skilled at everyday routines and spending time with the other boys, and cannot completely hide female traits or match average boys' physical strength.

“Nonetheless, although Zhu excels at study, she is not as skilled at everyday routines and at spending time with the other boys.Put to the test, she proves to be less able to imitate male behavior than she expected.She can't completely hide the female traits in her behavior, and her physical strength is much less than that of the average boy.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the 'Shuangxian baojuan' version, when Liang sees Zhu's bared breast, Zhu responds with improvised excuses and Liang is fooled.

“Instead of pretending he hasn't seen Zhu's bared breast, Liang immediately questions her, and she promptly responds with improvised excuses.Despite the clear evidence, Liang is fooled.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Zhu Yingtai is able to use Liang's virtue to help conceal her true gender; whenever she is about to be exposed, she cites The Analects or enlists the master's authority.

“Zhu Yingtai is able to use this virtue to help conceal her true gender; whenever she is about to be exposed, she cites The Analects or enlists the master's authority.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In later extended Liang-Zhu versions, Liang is overwhelmed by Zhu Yingtai's beauty and compelled to pursue his love for her.

“In the later, extended Liang-Zhu versions, Liang is overwhelmed by Zhu Yingtai's beauty and compelled to pursue his love for her.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Nevertheless, the Liang who, despite his doubts, shows absolute trust in Zhu remains dominant in popular storytelling, leaving untarnished the Liang of earlier official narration.

“Nevertheless, the Liang who, despite his doubts, shows absolute trust in Zhu remains dominant in popular storytelling, leaving untarnished the Liang of earlier official narration.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Wang Guowei's unequivocal esteem for tragedy was widely accepted by Chinese intellectuals, and Liang-Zhu's tragic ending readily satisfied their aesthetic requirements.

“Wang's unequivocal esteem for tragedy was widely accepted by Chinese intellectuals, 104 and Liang-Zhu's tragic ending readily satisfied their aesthetic requirements.”

• cites Wang GuoweiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Although male bonding is valued in the story, the protagonists' desire for a husband-and-wife relationship becomes increasingly explicit as the story approaches its tragic end.

“In fact, although male bonding is certainly valued in the story, the protagonists' desire for a husband-and-wife relation-ship becomes increasingly explicit as the story approaches its tragic end.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Through two distinct sets of character ideals-those of junzi-shunü and caizi-jiaren-the focus and interests of the story shift, but they never deviate entirely from this framework.

“Through two distinct sets of character ideals-those of junzi-shunü and caizi-jiaren-the focus and interests of the story shift, but they never deviate entirely from this framework.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The simplest treatment of the parting scene is found in a small number of folk song and folktale versions of Liang-Zhu.

“The simplest treatment of the parting scene is found in a small number of folk song and folktale versions of Liang-Zhu.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In these simplified versions, the scene consists of either a minimal statement indicating their parting, similar to those found in official accounts, or of verbal expressions in which Zhu invites Liang to visit her home later.

“In these simplified versions, the scene consists of either a minimal statement indicating their parting, similar to those found in official accounts, or of verbal expressions in which Zhu invites Liang to visit her home later.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

These stretches of road lead Liang and Zhu first to an ancient garden, then to an ancient temple, then to an old well, and, finally, to a riverbank.

“These stretches of road lead Liang and Zhu first to an ancient garden, then to an ancient temple, then to an old well, and, finally, to a riverbank.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

In most Liang-Zhu versions, Liang either continues his studies after Zhu departs or he quits, upon discovering the truth about Zhu's true identity, in order to offer her a marriage proposal as quickly as he can.

“In most Liang-Zhu versions, Liang either continues his studies after Zhu departs or he quits, upon discovering the truth about Zhu's true identity, in order to offer her a marriage proposal as quickly as he can.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

She is forced to improvise yet another deceptive strategy, presenting herself as a matchmaker and offering to introduce him to her fictitious sister.

“She is forced to improvise yet another deceptive strategy, presenting herself as a matchmaker and offering to introduce him to her fictitious sister.29”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

As students at the academy Liang and Zhu had little physical mobility, but during the parting journey they move freely through a series of locations, not restrained by space or by status and free also from artificial distinctions or social roles.

“As students at the academy Liang and Zhu had little physical mobility, but during the parting journey they move freely through a series of locations, not restrained by space or by status and free also from artificial distinctions or social roles.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

In contrast to 'Liang Shanbo ge,' which employs just four objects in the parting journey, the representation of 'Shiba xiangsong' in the yueju version 'Liang Shanbo yu Zhu Yingtai' (1949) presents a wide range of sights: a woodcutter, a well, magpies, mandarin ducks, watermelons, peonies, plum trees, white geese, temples, and bridges.

“In contrast to “Liang Shanbo ge,” which employs just four objects in the parting journey, the representation of “Shiba xiangsong” in the yueju version “Liang Shanbo yu Zhu Yingtai” (1949) presents a wide range of sights: a woodcutter, a well, magpies, mandarin ducks, watermelons, peonies, plum trees, white geese, temples, and bridges.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In the modern classic yueju film version Liang Shanbo yu Zhu Yingtai (1953), these characters step lightly, with smiling faces, toward their separation.

“In the modern classic yueju film version Liang Shanbo yu Zhu Yingtai (1953), these characters step lightly, with smiling faces, toward their separation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

With its descriptions of Zhu's tears and Liang's physical pain at separation, this version of Liang-Zhu revels in the sorrowful atmosphere of parting.

“With its descriptions of Zhu's tears and Liang's physical pain at separation, this version of Liang-Zhu revels in the sorrowful atmosphere of parting.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The theatrical representation of 'Shiba xiangsong' runs up to about twenty minutes.

“The theatrical representation of “Shiba xiangsong” runs up to about twenty minutes.36”

• cites [36]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the Sipch'osi version, Liang and Zhu become sworn brothers at their first encounter, promising not to forget each other, dead or alive.

“As in other versions, Liang and Zhu become sworn brothers at their first encounter, promising not to forget each other, dead or alive (二人結義爲兄弟, 死生終始不相忘).8”

• cites [8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This initiative on Liang's part is rare, given that in most Liang-Zhu versions it is Zhu who urges Liang to visit her home.

“This initiative on Liang's part is rare, given that in most Liang-Zhu versions it is Zhu who urges Liang to visit her home.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Though these opera forms underwent reform incorporating new interpretations, the theme and mode of this parting journey remain almost identical.

“Though these opera forms underwent reform incorporating new interpretations, the theme and mode of this parting journey remain almost identical.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The lingering melancholy of separation echoes throughout, despite the scene's emphasis on Liang and Zhu's everyday duties and promises.

“The lingering melancholy of separation echoes throughout, despite the scene's emphasis on Liang and Zhu's everyday duties and promises.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The parting scene in the early fourteenth century Sipch'osi version serves as an even earlier model of this type of parting scene.

“The parting scene in the early fourteenth century Sipch'osi version serves as an even earlier model of this type of parting scene.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

It encapsulates the characteristics that define Liang's personality across all versions of Liang-Zhu; after a long walk back to the academy, Liang finally learns the truth about Zhu's gender, and understands all the hints from Zhu that he has missed.

“It encapsulates the characteristics that define Liang's personality across all versions of Liang-Zhu; after a long walk back to the academy, Liang finally learns the truth about Zhu's gender, and understands all the hints from Zhu that he has missed.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The scene remains a simple dialogue, bereft of emotional expression or the details of a parting ritual, and functions simply as a foreshadowing of Liang and Zhu's reunion.

“Nonetheless, the scene remains a simple dialogue, bereft of emotional expression or the details of a parting ritual, and functions simply as a foreshadowing of Liang and Zhu's reunion.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

In this scene of seeing off, Zhu plays the role of a departing guest while Liang plays the role of host.

“In this scene of seeing off, Zhu plays the role of a departing guest while Liang plays the role of host.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In most Liang-Zhu versions, the parting scene takes the form of Liang seeing Zhu off on her journey.

“In most Liang-Zhu versions, the parting scene takes the form of Liang seeing Zhu off on her journey.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The parting is a composite of experiences broken into discrete units of space; in each episode they walk a certain distance, approximately one li.

“The parting is a composite of experiences broken into discrete units of space; in each episode they walk a certain distance, approximately one li.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The road is familiar to them; it is the same one they took when they first came to the academy three years earlier.

“The road is familiar to them; it is the same one they took when they first came to the academy three years earlier.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The parting journey leads them back to the pavilion where they first met and pledged brotherhood.

“The parting journey leads them back to the pavilion where they first met and pledged brotherhood.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Liang is not surprised when Zhu explains her plan to leave; nor is he sad or apparently worried about their separation; he immediately agrees with Zhu's thoughts and applies them to his own situation.

“Liang is not surprised when Zhu explains her plan to leave.Nor is he sad or apparently worried about their separation.He immediately agrees with Zhu's thoughts and applies them to his own situation.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the Sipch'osi version, their sadness about parting after three years of close companionship is not expressed explicitly, and the event of parting is revealed only through Zhu's remarks to Liang.

“Yet their sadness about parting after three years of close companionship is not expressed explicitly, and the event of parting is revealed only through Zhu's remarks to Liang:”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The 'Shiba xiangsong' provides an elongated journey over a distance of eighteen li, with dialogues between Liang and Zhu whenever they encounter new places and objects.

“the “Shiba xiangsong” provides an elongated journey over a distance of eighteen li, with dialogues between Liang and Zhu whenever they encounter new places and objects.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

This journey represents an accumulation or repetition of the parting ritual conducted within a certain time and distance, and consists of between four and ten dialogue-episodes between Liang and Zhu over the course of their journey.

“This journey represents an accumulation or repetition of the parting ritual conducted within a certain time and distance, and consists of between four and ten dialogue-episodes between Liang and Zhu over the course of their journey.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Liang and Zhu see their parting as a temporary separation between friends, and both expect a future reunion.

“Liang and Zhu see their parting as a temporary separation between friends, and both expect a future reunion.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In this prototypical version, the friends' parting is depicted as springing from filial duty; Zhu dreams of her parents and of being worried about them, leading her to return home.

“In this prototypical version, the friends' parting is depicted as springing from filial duty; Zhu dreams of her parents and of being worried about them, leading her to return home.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Liang worries for Zhu's safety during her travels and also promises himself that he will visit her within a certain time period.

“Liang worries for Zhu's safety during her travels and also promises himself that he will visit her within a certain time period.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

It goes on to offer an enhanced description of the seeing off, describing Liang and Zhu's emotions even after they have parted and each is alone.

“It goes on to offer an enhanced description of the seeing off, describing Liang and Zhu's emotions even after they have parted and each is alone:”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In a significant change from versions in which Liang's feelings for Zhu are hidden or missing, here they are revealed through his own words.

“In a significant change from versions in which Liang's feelings for Zhu are hidden or missing, here they are revealed through his own words.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Though this specific form of ritual is no longer practiced, the spirit of the yaozhuang custom lives on in parting rituals that are widely practiced to this day.

“Though this specific form of ritual is no longer practiced, the spirit of the yaozhuang custom lives on in parting rituals that are widely practiced to this day.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

As in the Sipch'osi version, Zhu leaves the academy to take care of her parents, but in this version, Liang and Zhu share a parting cup of wine, just as adult friends normally might.

“As in the Sipch'osi version, Zhu leaves the academy to take care of her parents, but in this version, Liang and Zhu share a parting cup of wine, just as adult friends normally might.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The temporal duration of parting is measured only by the completion of the entire distance.

“The temporal duration of parting is measured only by the completion of the entire distance.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

This complete prosimetric text assigns more textual space to the parting than do previous versions, including a scene in which Liang accompanies Zhu to the riverbank, where she departs on a ferry.

“This complete prosimetric text assigns more textual space to the parting than do previous versions, including a scene in which Liang accompanies Zhu to the riverbank, where she departs on a ferry.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

It is the tale's sustaining messages-created and revoked anew depending on social and ethnographic circumstances during performances-that have made Liang-Zhu a relic of intangible heritage.

“It is the tale's sustaining messages-the immanent ones created and revoked anew, depending on social and ethnographic circumstances at play within it during its performances 3 -that have made Liang-Zhu a relic of intangible heritage.”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The narrative versions of Liang-Zhu reflect the sociocultural contexts and values of the people who told and heard them.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The oral transmission and performance of the Liang-Zhu tale have offered subversive messages about gender transgression and the conflict between love and friendship, challenging both heterosexual and homosocial norms.

“The oral transmission and performance of the tale in particular have offered subversive messages about gender transgression and the conflict between love and friendship, challenging both heterosexual and homosocial norms.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The categories of gender and emotion are appropriate analytical lenses for understanding the tale's themes and values.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Due to the multitude of adaptations since the Song dynasty, the world of Liang-Zhu literature has become so deep, contested, and diverse that any attempt to claim a single representative version could only misrepresent the whole.

“Indeed, due to the multitude of adaptations that have proliferated since the Song dynasty (960-1279), the world of Liang-Zhu literature has become so deep, contested, and diverse that any attempt to claim a single representative version could only misrepresent the whole.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The Liang-Zhu narrative destabilizes the normative gendered imagery attached to the butterfly-flower image when a woman also becomes a butterfly.

“The narrative destabilizes the normative gendered imagery attached to the butterfly-flower image when a woman also becomes a butterfly.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The central figure of this legend is Zhu Yingtai, who was honored in Mingzhou as a yifu (righteous wife or righteous woman).

“The central figure of this legend is Zhu Yingtai.She was honored in Mingzhou 明州 (present-day Ningbo area) as a yifu 義婦 (literally,”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The success of modern adaptations made the Liang-Zhu tale a cultural icon for modern Chinese, galvanizing their nostalgia for an idealized Chinese past.

“The success of these modern adaptations has made the tale a cultural icon for modern Chinese, galvanizing their nostalgia for an idealized Chinese past.16”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.