The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 120 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Capítulo 5. Los negros en Guayaquil s. XVII
Open accessAbstract
Si la economía serrana no justificaba la presencia de una importante mano de obra servil, era diferente en la costa por varios motivos. Primero era mucho más fácil adquirir esclavos que procedían directamente de Panamá, aunque la documentación evoca una ruptura en el abastecimiento después de la secesión de Portugal en 1640 hasta por lo menos el decenio de los años cincuenta. Las costumbres de los indios de tierra adentro, cuyas comunidades autónomas vivían aisladas en la tupida selva, no le...
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This chapter examines the purchase, sale, and daily life of enslaved Black and mulatto people in seventeenth-century Guayaquil, arguing that the port's shipyard economy produced a slave market and labor regime distinct from that of Quito. It draws on notarial protocols to reconstruct prices, ethnic origins, occupations, manumission, and religious control.
Key findings
- The corpus of 71 enslaved individuals sold between 1628 and 1678 comprised 52 *bozales* (73.23%) and only 19 *criollos*; of the 52 bozales, 34 (65.38%) came from the Bantu zone, with Angolas "ampliamente mayoritarios," and women were only 30.76% of bozales.
- Prices for bozales were notably higher than in Quito: individuals aged 40–50 reached 400–700 pesos in Guayaquil versus 200–400 pesos in Quito, which the author attributes to valued shipyard skills (e.g., Andrés Morán de Butrón paid 600 pesos each for a crew of carpenters and a hachero in 1635; mulatos reached 800 pesos).
- Population figures cited: 333 Black slaves in Guayaquil in 1605; a 1604–1605 description counted 340 Black individuals (216 male slaves, 117 female slaves, 7 free), making up 44.52% of the urban population; from 1780 to 1825 slaves rose from 1,500 to 2,200 while their share of the urban population fell from 7% to 3%.
- Manumission appears more frequent than in Quito, especially for low-profit slaves, and took forms including free *pro Deo* grants, onerous payments (e.g., 700 pesos for the mulata Gabriela in 1653), conditional manumission, and even a trade (friars freed Isabel del Rosario in exchange for the "san Pablo" altarpiece).
Methods
- Design: archival social history based on notarial protocols (Archivo Histórico del Guayas, cited as EP/P series) plus cabildo acts, royal cédulas, and contemporary accounts (Ulloa, Alsedo y Herrera, Requena, Dampier).
- Sample: a corpus of 71 enslaved individuals sold between 1628 and 1678, with no more than 50 individual prices found; the study is explicitly comparative with the author's earlier work on Quito.
- Analysis: quantitative tabulation of origins, ages, prices, and payment terms (Cuadros 12–18), combined with qualitative case analysis of individual deeds, testaments, and manumission records.
Limitations
- Stated: the documentation's condition, due to time and the humid climate, makes reading very difficult; group sales (especially of bozales) do not always allow a rational average price; prices of mothers included their children up to age three, which slightly alters the proposed mean prices.
- Stated: the small number of *criollos* makes it "azaroso" to draw categorical conclusions about sex ratios among them.
- Evident from the text: the price series rests on fewer than 50 individual prices over a 50-year window, and the author repeatedly notes gaps (e.g., illegible passages, missing data on ship crews' value), so several conclusions are framed as suppositions rather than demonstrated findings.
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Claims the paper makes
109 Sources not found · 81 Own result · 37 No basis given · 30 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 3 Not checked yet
In the paper
“Sin embargo en el mismo lapso de tiempo, el porcentaje de siervos en la población urbana bajó de un 7 a un 3 %.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por otro mulato de 36 años, Juan Navarrete, obtuvo doña Isabel Rondón en 2 de diciembre de 1652 la misma cantidad de parte del capitán Isidro Ramírez, teniente general de corregidor de la ciudad.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“En la hacienda de la Soledad, de 8 200 árboles de cacao y un hato de 160 reses, obraban 6 negros y 2 negras16.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Su precio, o sea 800 pesos, se justificaba por su calificación, siendo Agustín carpintero de ribera.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sin embargo las mujeres eran menos numerosas, ya que representaban un 30,76 por ciento”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ahora bien, el adquisidor desembolsó por cada uno 600 pesos”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ocurría que los propietarios de Guayaquil vendieran sus navios con los tripulantes por un precio global.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La primera cuantificación proporcionada por el cabildo asevera que la población de la provincia en 1754 se componía de “más de seis mil españoles, cinco mil indios y de doce a catorce mil entre mulatos, zambos y negros”.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“de ahí la poca diversificación de los orígenes geográficos muy limitados.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Las cuentas de los dueños de barcos hacen resaltar la intervención de los negros y mulatos en todos los niveles de la navegación, de la descarga24 y de la carena de los navíos.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 102
- The quote only partly states this claim. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“informa su testamento de 29 de agosto de 1653 de que tenía seis esclavos, tres hombres y tres mujeres, una de ellas completamente inútil.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El de don Pedro de Herrera, muerto en Ambato, redactado por el capitán Pedro de Gueda en virtud del poder concedido por el difunto, declaró en 30 de junio de 1678 la posesión de tres esclavas, una mulata, una negra y su hija. Los tres se quedaron en poder del capitán por una deuda.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Salta a la vista la gran diferencia con Quito, donde la oligarquía, los funcionarios reales y los miembros del clero, como vimos, eran importantes interventores en el mercado esclavista. En Guayaquil ocupaban un sitio mucho más humilde”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el momento de redactar su testamento, en 19 de abril de 1663, todavía le debían algún dinero el mulato Andrés y la negra Francisca. María Núñez, negra libre, no le había reembolsado nada de los 250 pesos prestados para el rescate de una hija suya.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prueba de ello es la columna de los 40-50 años en que varios individuos alcanzaron un precio entre 400 y 700 pesos, cuando en Quito variaba entre 200 y 400 pesos”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“se llega a un conjunto de 427 individuos de raza blanca presente en el recinto urbano, lo cual significa que casi la mitad de la población, un 44,52 °/o, correspondía a la aportación negra22.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
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In the paper
“El licenciado Marcos Machete, clérigo presbítero, estipuló en 7 de agosto de 1653 que eran de su pertenencia cuatro esclavos, o sea una negra, un hijo suyo de tres años, y dos negritos de 15 y 9 años.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En cambio, manifestó el deseo que pagasen su deuda de 30 pesos a Ana Núñez, esclava de los Núñez, concluyendo: “yten mando que si algún negro o yndio dixere le devo alguna cantidad asta diez pesos se los paguen sin contienda...”.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De los 52 elementos apuntados en las escrituras, 34 pertenecían a la zona bantú, lo que da un 65,38 %, porcentaje levemente superior al de Quito.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Las categorías étnicas y de origen registradas en las escrituras notariales (bozal, criollo, angola, bantú, etc.) indican de manera fiable la procedencia o el estatus de los esclavos.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si los oficiales reales distaban de ser tan numerosos en Santiago de Guayaquil como en San Francisco del Quito, no dejaban de manifestarse.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Así que no se destacan personajes que concedieran una relativa importancia a este sector en sus actividades, aunque se repiten ciertos apellidos en las escrituras, cual el de don Fermín de Asiayn y Beaumont.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“En cuanto a sus 10 negros, indica el documento que “navegaban”, sin que sepamos en qué navío debido a un agujero en el documento.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Tomando en cuenta estas condiciones, se entiende mejor por qué en muchos casos, entre los 15 y los 40 años, se concedía en Guayaquil mayor interés a los hombres, tanto entre los bozales como entre los criollos, cuando se invertía la tendencia en Quito, en particular para los bozales.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“En 14 de enero de 1640, después de la muerte del dueño Francisco Martín de Alboteyra, Francisco Pérez Romero se hizo propietario de la fragata San Antonio. Y de sus tres negros, Ventura, bozal mandinga, María y Marcela, de casta angola, ambas de 18 a 20 años.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“El desequilibrio entre los sexos es menos aparente entre los criollos”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“El trapiche de Santa Catalina, con 500 cabezas de ganado vacuno, 15 caballos y 44 yeguas, sólo tenía 9 negros, 6 hombres y 3 mujeres.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La voluntad del testador fue que éste alcanzase la libertad después de servir durante cuatro años a su esposa, Francisca de Melgarejo.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Poniendo aparte una huerta de cacao en el valle del río Baba, poseía cinco piezas de esclavos: Isabel Conga, de 40 años, sus tres hijas, de 6 a 15 años, y un negrito de 6 años.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Era dueño de un navío de gran tonelería que estaba acabándose en los astilleros, El Angel de la Guardia, de 9 a 10 000 arrobas; de 150 piezas de madera, de 16 piezas aserradas, de existencias de clavos, hierro y brea en la bodega que tenía en el astillero; de 100 botijas de vino almacenadas debajo de las casas de adobe del capitán Fermín de Asiayn21”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“En esta ciudad adquirió unas tierras “en la otra banda de tierra en el serrillo17 que llaman”. En la misma orilla del río era dueño también de 800 fanegas de sal, lo que le obligó a adquirir un barco nombrado Benditas ánimas, del “trajín del río”, con dos remos y velas, que le permitía transportar la sal producida en sus salinas. Es de suponer que sus cuatro esclavos”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
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plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Si comparamos los datos que arroja el cuadro 13 con los del cuadro equivalente para Quito, aparece que los compradores buscaban a esclavos de alta productividad laboral, aunque no se desdeñaba a los trabajadores de edad adelantada que disfrutaran de alguna experiencia en materia de construcción naval.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Los precios y categorías de esclavos registrados en Guayaquil son comparables con los de Quito pese a las diferencias de contexto.
In the paper
“Entre los españoles, explica la historiadora, había que incluir a los mestizos.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Entre sus 15 esclavos, sólo había 4 mujeres y una niña de 12 años.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Alcanzaba el número de 340 individuos: 216 esclavos, negros por la mayor parte con algunos mulatos, 117 esclavas negras y mulatas, y 7 negros y mulatos horros, 3 de los cuales estaban casados.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sabemos ya que los marineros eran muy a menudo esclavos bozales comprados en Panamá que formaban un conjunto indisociable con los barcos. Cuando se remataban los navíos por quiebra o por fallecimiento de los dueños, les incluía el precio.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pero alcanzaban los mayores precios los mulatos, aunque no eran numerosos, y precisamente por ello.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Formaban parte de sus bienes, según su testamento de 18 de octubre de 1653, 2 esclavos que se encontraban en Lima, 5 negros posiblemente empleados en el transporte de la sal y el corte de madera, y un negro que estaba de jornalero en unas salinas18.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“La abundancia de estos bienes justificaba la posesión de 37 esclavos con dos niños19.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Precisemos que el mulato anclaba huido desde hacía tres años y que otros dos negros se habían dado también a la fuga”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“La hacienda de San Pedro de Alcántara, que se situaba en Palenque, se componía de un trapiche de caña, de 33 000 árboles de cacao, de un hato de vacas El Palmar con 2 800 cabezas, 62 caballos y 82 yeguas. En ella vivían 22 negros.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“se declaró propietario de unas casas, de una huerta de cacao de 1 000 árboles en el valle de Baba, de un negro criollo de 10 años, y de siete piezas de esclavos, tres hombres de 35, 40 y 50 años, y tres mujeres de 20, 25, y 30 años.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“El corpus6 que utilizaremos para estudiar la compra-venta de esclavos en Guayaquil se compone de 71 individuos, entre niños y personas mayores, con 52 bozales y tan sólo 19 criollos, vendidos entre 1628 y 16787.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: El corpus de 71 individuos vendidos entre 1628 y 1678 es representativo del mercado de compra-venta de esclavos en Guayaquil en ese período.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Los bozales representaban 51,35 % del conjunto, con 15 hombres y 4 mujeres, los criollos 40,54 % con 11 hombres y 4 mujeres, y los mulatos 8,10 % con 2 hombres y una mujer.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esto no le impidió declarar que había ahorrado a Luis, hijo de una esclava suya, y que les tocaría a sus albaceas comprobar lo que se le había dado por ello y cobrar lo debido.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Más de la mitad residía en la misma ciudad hacia 1790 y una tercera parte trabajaba en las plantaciones o en los cortes de madera5.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En los más, fueron sus autores los negros y gente baja, cuando deseosos de tomar venganza del castigo que en ellos han ejecutado sus amos, lo han conseguido con la facilidad de echar algunas ascuas en sus techos, favorecidos del silencio y quietud de la noche; y con ello, no sólo la ruina de aquéllos contra quienes se encaminaba su ira, sino el que por ella la padezca universalmente toda la ciudad”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incluso el cabildo de la ciudad arrendaba algunas de estas salinas por unos años, lo cual suscitó conflictos con los caciques.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fue invadida tercera vez en el año de 1707 por los mismos aventureros introducidos por un mulato desterrado de la ciudad, que quiso con esta traición vengar el castigo que había merecido justamente por su delito; pero pagó uno y otro con la muerte que le dieron después, colgado de un peñol, los enemigos54.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“En la mitad del siglo xvii y en los decenios siguientes, como en otras ciudades coloniales de alguna importancia, el personal auxiliar que asistía a los enfermos del hospital eran esclavos y pertenecían al cabildo.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Fue lo que dio a entender el autor de la Descripción de la ciudad de Guayaquil en 1604-1606: “No hay en esta provincia indios de guerra ni cimarrones ni otros enemigos conocidos; si algunos esclavos se huyen, son fáciles de coger”45.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“El mismo William Dampier, que saqueó la ciudad en 1684, contó en su libro Voyage autour du monde, publicado en 1691, cómo entró en la bahía con barcas y canoas. Al adueñarse de una barca cargada de telas de Quito, le informó el patrón que “venían tres barcas de Guayaquil cargadas de negros” que acabó por capturar53.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Juan Martínez del Junco aceptó la condición impuesta por don Fermín de que se pagaría a los negros que pusiera según la tasación de dos personas. Pero en cualquier caso, los peones no ganarían más de cuatro reales cada día.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De multiplicarse las fugas, cobraba el esclavo fama de cimarrón.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extrañaría algo semejante actitud a no saber que fue la consecuencia de la intervención del dueño, quien le regaló 50 pesos “para hacer bien por el anima del dicho Pedro Naray su marido y para ayudarle a alimentar a dos hijos pequeños que le quedaban del dicho su marido”.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La isla de la Puna no sólo servía para los astilleros de buques de mucho calado y el desembarque de las mercancías que llegaban a la bahía del Guayas sino que existían en ella salinas explotadas desde la época prehispánica.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por lo menos lo temían los vecinos de Guayaquil, a pesar de ser protegidos por la dificultad de navegación en el río debido a los bancos de arena.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Las salinas de la Puná siguieron arrendadas, pero bajo el control directo de la corona, ocupando el arrendador a unos 20 esclavos y 6 u 8 indios49.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para el moreno Mateo, criollo de Pallatanga, su dueño el licenciado don Juan de Uribe, cura de [ilegible], solicitó en 18 de diciembre de 1655 de Juan Antonio, maestro de carpintero, una duración de dos años, al cabo de los cuales podría quedarse en la carpintería a cambio de la comida y de un jornal de un peso diario.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Como es de suponer, no era un trabajo nada fácil “hacer montaña”, lo cual justificaba estas compensaciones económicas. Corría el riesgo el siervo de que le matase la caída de un árbol o una de las peligrosas serpientes de la selva, a no ser que pereciese ahogado en una brusca inundación provocada por las intensas lluvias, aunque muchos de los esclavos de Guayaquil sabían nadar.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“La escritura de compañía previó los jornales de cada uno. Agustín, oficial, cobraría 18 reales diarios; Antón Angola, también oficial, 2 pesos; Pedro Betancur, igual; y los hacheros un peso diario29.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“como aparece en el concierto que obtuvo Agustín Cano en 21 de noviembre de 1649 de Pedro Andino a favor de su esclavo el mulato Nicolás. A cambio de un buen tratamiento, éste cumpliría con escrúpulo las tareas confiadas por el maestro carpintero de ribera de manera a merecer el título de oficial: “y le a de dar oficial del dicho oficio para que pueda ganar jornal y no otra cossa” exigió el dueño.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sin embargo los dueños no se daban por vencidos y hacían cuantas gestiones les permitiesen hacerse de nuevo con su fuente de ingresos. En este caso acudían al sistema de los poderes repartidos a conocidos suyos de muchas relaciones o a punto de empezar algún viaje a lugares donde suponían que se habían refugiado los fugitivos.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Andando el tiempo, la necesidad de lograr mano de obra calificada a mejor coste se hizo más apremiante. Fue una de las preocupaciones del ingeniero Francisco Requena, como consta de su informe fechado en 30 de agosto de 1774.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unos años más tarde, el 10 de enero de 1668, el mayordomo Juan de Linares solicitó de parte del cabildo la compra de un negro y de una negra “para la curación de los pobres”. No se le dio satisfacción en el acto, ya que decidieron los cabildantes dar cuenta al presidente de la Real Audiencia antes de proveer38.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Gastó 23 pesos por el mulato Juan que iba en su fragata. Para descargarla de manera a meterla en el estero dio 2 pesos 3 reales a tres negros estribadores. Para calefatarla pagó 49 pesos 4 reales por 33 días de trabajo a 12 reales diarios a cada uno de los negros Antón y Salvador, y 25 pesos y 2 reales por 34 días de trabajo del negro Jusepe que sirvió de peón, rebajándoles luego 2 reales diarios”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El virrey Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza intervino en un caso que involucraba al capitán Toribio de Castro, cuyo arrendamiento de tres años comenzó a correr desde el día 12 de marzo de 1560 para el cual tuvo necesidad de comprar a treinta esclavos.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Así uno de ellos le ofreció cien pesos a doña Ana de Zárate en 1704, del pueblo de San Francisco de Baba, por Francisco Mina. Pero ya se había comprometido la señora con otro, Esteban de Utarte. Según parece de la querella de doña Ana, éste no cumplió con sus obligaciones, una vez acabada la temporada en su montaña de El Remolino, ubicada cerca del río Quilca, dejándole al esclavo volver a Guayaqu”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Añadiremos que Catalina, dos años después de la muerte de Pedro Naray, benefició también de los consejos de su segundo marido, Pedro Felipe.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“el mulato libre Lorenzo de la Cruz, criollo de Panamá, se concertó en 26 de enero de 1640 con el maestro calafate Mateo García, obligándose éste a “lo sacar oficial del dicho officio de suerte que pueda ganar jornal”, a darle de comer y de bestir y a curarle en sus enfermedades, según las fórmulas clásicas de los conciertos de aprendizaje30. Al final del período fijado de tres años, le regalaría”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Arguyendo que la borrachera de la víctima y de su asesino disminuía la responsabilidad del criminal, la india decidió apartarse de cualquier querella, después de consultarlo con el capitán Fernando Holguín, teniente de corregidor y justicia mayor de la ciudad, y con Andrés Vásquez, representante del protector de los naturales ausente.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estaban muy cotizados los “hacheros de buena ley”, y los montañeros no vacilaban en adelantar fuertes cantidades a sus dueños para disfrutar de sus servicios.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En su testamento de 13 de octubre de 1656 el tratante Santiago Roldán afirmó que hizo cuanto estuvo en su poder para intentar retener a la “muy cimarrona” María Caravalí. Incluso le otorgó carta de libertad, es decir un documento oficial que le dejaba entrever una posibilidad de obtener su manumisión a cierto plazo. Ello no le impidió escapar de nuevo después de robar al dicho testador una buena”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A la sazón el astillero empleaba a unos 300 individuos entre carpinteros de ribera y calafates.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
hedgedn = 300- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“En 23 de octubre de 1651, el capitán Juan Martínez del Junco, viéndose en la imposibilidad de encontrar los fondos adecuados para acabar el navío Nuestra Señora de los Angeles que se encontraba en la primera cubierta, aceptó la participación de don Fermín, quien se comprometió a darle los oficiales carpinteros, aserradores y hacheros necesarios.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Si tenemos en cuenta otra cédula mandada en 17 de noviembre de 1602 al presidente y oidores de le Audiencia de Quito, habían sido ineficaces las disposiciones de la Real Audiencia y más poderosas las presiones de los dueños de montañas, quienes obtuvieron licencias del mismo virrey para seguir empleando indios:”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este último riesgo explica que sólo se podía “fabricar madera” en verano, o sea durante los seis meses que van de San Juan a Navidades. Después, el dueño de la montaña sacaba a los peones, los bueyes y las herramientas de los campamentos.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Los negros y mulatos de la ciudad encontraban empleo en estas “carpinterías de lo blanco” después de un aprendizaje que variaba entre dos y cinco años, según posiblemente la calificación anhelada.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La legislación colonial intentó proteger los intereses de los naturales en contra de la codicia de los españoles. Quedó letra muerta y ciertos vecinos de Guayaquil empezaron a formar cuadrillas de esclavos para abrir pozas o esteros donde entraba el agua del mar, recoger la sal y llevarla en carretas hasta embarcaderos donde la esperaban barcas grandes y bergantines que, luego de cargarla, se”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“La explicó el virrey Juan de Mendoza y Luna, marqués de Montesclaros, a su sucesor, príncipe de Esquilache, en su Relación del gobierno de estos reinos, fechada en 12 de diciembre de 1615. Avisado el Consejo de Indias de los peligros de que eran víctimas los indios mitayos en los cortes de madera, “donde se perniquebraban, o morían debajo de los árboles que caían o mordidos de animales ponzoñosos””
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Uno de los medios propuestos para conseguir ahorros sobre la construcción era la compra de negros. Se podía afectar a dicha labor los esclavos de los antiguos fundos jesuíticos secuestrados en 1767, pero la dificultad residía en el que el valor de dichas haciendas dependía de su presencia. No quedaba más que traer a cuenta de la corona negros de las colonias francesas o inglesas.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En otros casos el jornal alcanzaba un peso diario los días de corte y se les ofrecía además a los esclavos la posibilidad de cortar “palos” para ellos o para sus dueños los domingos y días de fiesta. Cada palo valía 13 pesos, que era “el precio usual y corriente”.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Para limpiar el manglar de la bahía40, el cabildo se las arreglaba también con los esclavos. Pero como nadie estaba dispuesto a prestar a sus jornaleros para el bien común y la salud del pueblo, el procurador general hizo el 8 de marzo de 1650 una proposición basada en una ordenanza anterior que preveía que se rozase el manglar cada año con la ayuda de los negros bozales que entraban en el puerto”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Para el entretenimiento de un esclavo es bastante en esta ciudad real y medio, incluyendo vestido y curaciones, que importa al año menos de 70 pesos: un peón gana 4 reales diarios, y si es en el monte también la comida, que vale otro real, y con que trabajen de este último modo ¿40 días, al año gana cada peón 150 pesos: esto es 80 pesos más que un negro, además de lo menos aptos que son los indios”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Así el licenciado Juan Ruiz de Alana, comisario del Santo Oficio y de la bula de la Santa Cruzada, a quien ya hemos hecho alusión, solicitó en 15 de septiembre de 1638 la ayuda de Lucas de Jáuregui, criado del obispo de Popayán, para buscar al mulato Lorenzo Palacios, llamado por otro nombre Palitra, de unos 50 años. Huido desde hacía más de siete años, estaría en Popayán desempeñándose como ofici”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El marqués de Cañete en una decisión del 27 de mayo prohibió que ningún español, meztizo, negro ni mulato “se entremetiese a sacar sal de las dichas salinas sin consentimiento del dicho cacique e yndios y que el corregidor de la dicha ciudad de guayaquil y demas justicias della amparasen y defendiesen los dichos yndios en la posesion que tenian de las dichas salinas”.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“el cabildo de Lima prohibió en 4 de marzo de 1555 a los negros no debidamente examinados el trabajo de carpintero por no saber “usar el oficio” y por no faltar buenos oficiales españoles:”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Más ambigua fue en 20 de febrero de 1649 la generosidad del licenciado don Jenís de Sigura para con doña Ana de Valenzuela a quien había comprado en público remate en 8 de noviembre de 1648 ocho piezas de esclavos. A punto de embarcarse para Lima, le conmovió, aseveró, la “necesidad tan grande con que quedaba la dicha doña Ana de Valençuela por la falta de dichos esclavos”. Movido por el “bien y”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La estimación de los esclavos equivalía al doble del valor de la huerta.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En 26 de agosto de 1638 tuvo a bien conformarse con la proposición de la negra horra María Bañón, quien, por la libertad de su hija, la mulata Juana, le prometió 500 pesos, pagándole 100 de contado, 200 para Navidad y los 200 restantes al cabo de seis meses.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muy patética es la determinación del capitán Gerónimo Bermúdez, mercader vecino de la ciudad, de manifestar su agradecimiento a su esclava Micaela en 10 de mayo de 1653. De sus 30 años de edad, había pasado 17 a su lado, desempeñando el papel de compañera atenta no sólo a la salud de su amo sino también a sus negocios:”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los jesuitas, conocidos por ser operarios de negros en Lima, consiguieron la construcción de su colegio en Guayaquil tan sólo en 1707.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ana de Arroyo, viuda del capitán Antón de Benavides y Arroyo, una vez curada de una grave dolencia, mandó en 26 de julio de 1635 que se concretasen las disposiciones fijadas en su testamento a favor de su vieja esclava, Ana, de 60 años de edad, de su hija Paula y de su nieta Agustina. De entonces en adelante gozarían de su total libertad y del mantenimiento sin verse obligadas a abandonar la casa”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Y como no estaba dispuesto a renunciar a semejante abnegación, el mercader ... aplazó la libertad concedida hasta su propia muerte, como ocurría muy a menudo.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Otra vez parece que serían las mujeres las que conseguían más fácilmente la manumisión onerosa, que no dejaba de presentarse como una manifestación de generosidad, por muy alta que fuera la cantidad exigida, lo cual podría entenderse de parte de ciertas viudas.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En 29 de agosto de 1657, doña Leonor de Castro exigió 500 pesos de María Bioho, de 40 años.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No se mostraban más compasivos los herederos al verse solicitados por sus nuevos siervos, a juzgar por la decisión de don Nicolás de Herrera, regidor perpetuo de la ciudad, cuando, en 2 de marzo de 1649, ahorró a Antonio Caravalí por 550 pesos, lo cual corespondía a “su valor”. Aparentemente se efectuó antes una tasación para estimarlo.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A pesar de haber servido durante muchos años a doña Isabel de Castro Guzmán, la mulata Gabriela se vio obligada a entregar en 25 de agosto de 1653 la buena cantidad de 700 pesos.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En la escritura expedida por Gerónimo López de Salazar en 22 de julio de 1657, aparecen los bienes concedidos por sus suegros el capitán Hernando Rodríguez y su esposa Gracia de Osorín. Le dieron la tercera parle de un barco, con dos negros, Pedro Angola, de 55 años, y Francisco Angola, de 27 a 50 años, que “andaban al servicio del dicho nabio”, más otras cinco negras, entre bozales y criollas, y”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pero como la dicha Antonia Núñez mantenía a sus hijos con los jornales de las esclavas procedentes de la herencia materna, se las arreglaba para aplazar el momento de separarse de María, arguyendo que no tenía autoridad para tomar semejante decisión en ausencia de su marido.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Juan Francisco, oficial de carpintero, tuvo que acudir a la justicia en 9 de junio de 1658 para imponer el cumplimiento de su obligación a Antonia Núñez de Quirós, quien había aceptado 400 pesos a cambio de la liberación de María Núñez, parienta de la esposa del donador, según las últimas voluntades de su madre.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“...me a servido muy bien con mucha boluntad y lealtad acudiendo a mis enfermedades sin que aya yo necesitado de mas servicio que el de la dicha micaela criolla por su buena diligencia y servidumbre assi en cuidar de mi persona como ayudandome a desprender y bender mis mercadurías con gran fidelidad por cuyo cuidado no se me a perdido ninguna cantidad de ropa que bendi a fiado sin asentarla en mi”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En la memoria de dote establecida por Ana de Arroyo, en el valle de Baba, a favor de su hija doña Bernarda, quien se preparaba para “tomar estado” con el capitán Bernardo de Cisneros, figuran una negra criolla de 25 años, estimada en 700 pesos, y un negro bozal de 40 años, apreciado en 550. A ellos, sin contar la ropa, se añadieron de parte de la herencia paterna 100 reses chicas y grandes de un”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En su testamento del 20 de julio de 1635, el capitán Diego Díez de la Carrera, piloto mayor del Mar del Sur, anuló una escritura precedente en que concedía la libertad después de sus días a su esclavo Juan, de 8 años. Le pareció más adecuado, dada su edad, dejarle como esclavo de la Virgen del Rosario en el convento de Santo Domingo de la ciudad para que sirviera a la cofradía, con condición de”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por cierto no eran numerosos, por desarrollarse más tarde el tráfico negrero en esta zona, principalmente con destino a las islas azucareras del caribe.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se acudía a la venta a plazos quizá por otro motivo, o sea, dado el contexto económico, el poco interés por el trueque de que sólo hemos encontrado algunos casos.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se ha de buscar una posible explicación por supuesto en la falta de liquideces, como en la capital. Pero, obviamente, los vendedores se fiaban de la notoriedad de los adquisidores”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La superioridad numérica del primer grupo que alcanza un 73,23 % se explica por las relaciones directas del puerto con Panamá adonde llegaban las “partidas de esclavos” y quizá también al hecho de que no se apreciaban tanto en tal lugar las aptitudes de los criollos más adaptados al servicio doméstico.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Dedicada Guayaquil, debido a la protección natural que le brindaba su compleja bahía3, a las actividades navales, requería de unos robustos trabajadores capaces no sólo de cumplir con las arduas tareas de los astilleros sino también de cortar en las “montañas” de los peligrosos bosques los “palos” que necesitaba la carpintería de ribera4.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Los naturales de la sierra, connaturalizados a los temples fríos, extrañan el de Guayaquil con extremo, en él se debilitan y desfallecen, entréganse indiscretamente al engaño de las frutas que les lisonjean el paladar y a poco tiempo se hallan con la indisposición de las fiebres, tan comunes para ellos en una sazón como en otra”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“la vida de la población esclava en el Puerto, no estuvo marcada ni por la presencia de grandes estructuras agrícolas de producción como las plantaciones, ni por la dinámica minera...”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es de añadir que desgraciadamente la documentación no siempre permite apreciar el valor de los numerosos esclavos que constituían la tripulación de los buques del tráfico comercial con Panamá, Lima y los otros puertos intermediarios de la costa.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lo cual se puede entender por la mayor necesidad de brazos masculinos en los astilleros o en las “montañas”.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las costumbres de los indios de tierra adentro, cuyas comunidades autónomas vivían aisladas en la tupida selva, no les preparaban a una existencia de servidumbre en la ciudad que se erigió por las húmedas orillas del río Guayas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“aunque resulta azaroso fundamentarse en un número tan reducido de individuos para sacar conclusiones taxativas al respecto.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es verdad que en muchos casos no se precisaba el lugar de procedencia, sin que se supiera si eran criollos de Guayaquil.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.1. Los esclavos
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Además, en el precio de las madres se incluía el de sus crías hasta los tres años, lo cual cambiaría levemente los precios medios que proponemos.”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.2. Las transacciones
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Según Francisco Requena, otro mulato facilitó la introducción de piratas en 1707:”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Según el historiador de la ciudad Modesto Chávez Franco, la invasión de Eduardo David en 1684 fue guiada por “un negro vengativo por castigos que se le habían infligido” a cambio de una promesa de libertad.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Modesto Chávez Franco
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Aparentemente en Guayaquil la gente se veía obligada a mostrarse más tolerante34.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“No sólo se trataba de proteger a los indígenas de los posibles excesos cometidos por elementos alógenos, situación harto conocida, sino que convenía proteger sus recursos naturales frente a los españoles que disponían de la mano de obra servil para explotarlos48.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Es que los jornales42 de un esclavo les permitían vivir a muchos dueños de humilde categoría, máxime en Guayaquil donde los madereros, los “montañeros”, buscaban a una mano de obra robusta y experta para cortar árboles en las parcelas de monte, las “montañas” que les habían sido atribuidas43.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este se declaró dispuesto a aceptar “hacer todas las obras que [le] mandarían [...] ayudando a los negros durante el tiempo de un año”. El empleo del verbo “ayudar” significa que no les sería superior, de modo que el salario de dichos negros no diferiría mucho del suyo, que era de 200 pesos anuales.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al fin y al cabo, la piel de un indio no costaba caro para el comisario del Santo Oficio, relacionado con la gente pudiente de Guayaquil.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Poniendo aparte que la aspiración a la libertad era del todo natural, la existencia de los trabajadores serviles en el contexto que acabamos de definir no se podía comparar con la que conocían sus congéneres en la capital andina.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En sus relaciones con los otros –españoles e indios–, los negros y mulatos experimentaban las mismas dificultades que en Quito, aunque llama la atención en las escrituras una referencia más común a la del control de sus amos.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta escritura valoriza el ahinco de los dueños en preservar sus intereses, y particularmente de los miembros del clero que se aprovechaban de la red eclesiástica.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.2. Relaciones con los otros
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para un amo no resultaba tan fácil separarse de un esclavo suyo, dado que representaba una fuente de ingresos a plazo más o menos corto.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“M. L. Laviana Cuetos deduce que “más caros eran los esclavos “criollos”, por lo que se llegaba a pagar más de 300 pesos, y más de 600 en el caso de una mujer con su hijo pequeño””
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites M. L. Laviana Cuetos
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Según una leyenda, un negro mandinga llamado Jacú, carpintero de ribera, había traido de España para la capilla un cuadro de N. Sra del Rosario. Se produjo un incendio del cual el mismo negro consiguió salvar el lienzo que quedó reproducido en el muro, hecho que se consideró milagroso58.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
““En las inmediaciones de sus playas [las de Guayaquil] como también en todas las de la isla de la Puná, hay copiosa cantidad de mangles”.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A. de Ulloa
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“L. Clayton asevera que “desde 1610 por lo menos, los oficiales negros, aunque fuesen esclavos, recibían los mismos jornales que cualquier otro oficial del ramo””
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites L. Clayton
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Dicha capilla, asevera el historiador, era de una particular riqueza, poseyendo incluso esclavos voluntarios y clonados, haciendas, ganados y joyas de gran valor.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Modesto Chávez Franco
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Se parece el cuento a la leyenda de la imagen del Cristo Moreno en la ermita de Pachacamilla en Lima que pronto se llamaría el Señor de los Milagros59.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Los Castro Guzmán constituían una de las más influyentes familias encomenderas de Guayaquil”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Javier Ortiz de la Tabla Ducasse
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“La madera [...] logra su mayor salida para el puerto del Callao, y alguna vez para los que median entre Guayaquil y éste”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A. de Ulloa
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“No confundir estas ayudas debidas a los aprendices, cualquiera que fuera su dedicación, con el pago de los jornales en géneros, como ocurría en la segunda mitad del siglo xviii”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites M. L. Laviana Cuetos
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Entre 1600 y 1610 doña María Cayche contribuyó a la construcción de galeones reales proporcionando trabajadores indígenas, muías y maderas.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lawrence A. Clayton, Los astilleros de Guayaquil colonial
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Para los productos que salían del puerto (cacao, sal, tabaco, zarzaparrilla, pita, madera, brea, ropa de la tierra, etc.) hacia Lima, Panamá e incluso Nueva España”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jorge Núñez, Guayaquil, una ciudad colonial del trópico
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Astilleros superiormente ventajosos a todos los demas de ambas Américas, y a los mas célebres de la Europa por la situación de la playa, por la inmediacion de los montes, y aserradores, y por la calidad permanente de las maderas”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dionisio de Alsedo y Herrera
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En el mismo año de 1653, Manuel Díaz (odio era regidor de Guayaquil”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Modesto Chávez Franco
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Notemos primero que Fermín de Asiayn poseía una casa de adobe, lo cual era poco común en Guayaquil, y luego que el bajo del edificio servía de almacén”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A. de Ulloa
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Entre la isla de la Puná y el puerto de Guayaquil había muchos bajos donde las embarcaciones llegaban a varar.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Antonio de Ulloa, Viaje a la América meridional
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Toribio de Castro Guzmán era regidor de Guayaquil en 1634.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Modesto Chávez Franco, Crónicas del Guayaquil Antiguo
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A. de Ulloa se refiere a estas casas de madera cubiertas de teja o con paja o gamalote, de ahí los riesgos de incendio”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites A. de Ulloa
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Isidro Ramírez de lbarra era regidor de Guayaquil en 1655”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Modesto Chávez Franco
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Ofrece un exutorio a la cuenca fluvial más extensa de la costa occidental suramericana (33 600 km2)”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jean-Paul Deler
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
““Desde mediados del siglo xvii –asevera M. L. I.aviana Cuetos– prácticamente todos los trabajadores del astillero de Guayaquil eran negros, mulatos, zambos y meztizos, quienes paulatinamente habían ido sustituyendo a los artesanos blancos e indios que en un principio habían sostenido la industria”.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites M. L. Laviana Cuetos
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“De este modo, pensaría, beneficiaría de una protección que le permitiría llegar a la edad de razón sin graves percances.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.3. Manumisión y donación
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Alonso de Enderica era regidor de Guayaquil en 1688”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Modesto Chávez Franco
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“El estuario del Guayas, con la confluencia del Daule y del Babahoyo, es la más amplia brecha del litoral pacífico intertropical.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jean-Paul Deler
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Los navíos de gran tamaño se construían en la Puná y los de menos calado se hacían en Guayaquil, debido a los bancos de arena que estorbaban la navegación.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites José Antonio Gómez Iturralde, Diario de Guayaquil
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“En cambio, la misma historiadora cita para el año 1610 el salario diario de 4 pesos de a 8 reales para un oficial de carpintería y de 4 pesos de a 9 reales para un oficial calafate (ibid.).”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites M. L. Laviana Cuetos
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Los barcos construidos en Guayaquil tenían, asevera el autor, una esperanza de vida de 60 e incluso de 70 años.”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.4. El control religioso
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dionisio de Alsedo y Herrera
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
El corpus de 71 individuos vendidos entre 1628 y 1678 es representativo del mercado de compra-venta de esclavos en Guayaquil en ese período.
“El corpus6 que utilizaremos para estudiar la compra-venta de esclavos en Guayaquil se compone de 71 individuos, entre niños y personas mayores, con 52 bozales y tan sólo 19 criollos, vendidos entre 1628 y 16787.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Las categorías étnicas y de origen registradas en las escrituras notariales (bozal, criollo, angola, bantú, etc.) indican de manera fiable la procedencia o el estatus de los esclavos.
“De los 52 elementos apuntados en las escrituras, 34 pertenecían a la zona bantú, lo que da un 65,38 %, porcentaje levemente superior al de Quito.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los precios y categorías de esclavos registrados en Guayaquil son comparables con los de Quito pese a las diferencias de contexto.
“se trata del precio particularmente alto de los bozales en comparación con su estimación en la capital de la Audiencia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los registros notariales conservados permiten contar de manera completa los casos de pago en dos tiempos en el lapso estudiado.
“En el lapso estudiado sólo se encuentran dos casos, en 10-10-1637, con el segundo pago al cabo de menos de un mes, y en 21-2-1632, con un plazo de 10 meses para el saldo de la deuda.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cuando los documentos no indican las ocupaciones de los esclavos, puede inferirse que los varones se dedicaban al puerto y astilleros y las mujeres al servicio doméstico o jornales.
“El documento no suministra ningún dato en cuanto a sus ocupaciones, relacionadas a no caber duda con las actividades económicas de la ciudad: puerto y astilleros para los varones, servicio doméstico y jornales para las hembras.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Los frailes predicadores se interesaron por el endoctrinamiento de los negros, libres y esclavos, bozales y ladinos, que vivían en Guayaquil.
“de modo que supondremos que se interesaron por el endoctrinamiento de los negros, libres y esclavos, bozales y ladinos, que vivían en la ciudad.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los frailes predicadores fueron los primeros en instalarse en Guayaquil.
“Los frailes predicadores fueron los primeros en instalarse en Guayaquil”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Ciertos esclavos servían de vaqueros en las estancias de ganado de reses, de caballos y de muías.
“Es de suponer que ciertos esclavos servían de vaqueros en las estancias de ganado de reses, de caballos y de muías.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“esto es 80 pesos más que un negro, además de lo menos aptos que son los indios para trabajos recios: de esta suerte se conoce claramente que de 400 jornaleros se ahorraban en cada año 52 000 pesos”
§ 2. La vida del negro > 2.1. Trabajo
Reported 52000 · recomputed 32000
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
“quien traspasó en 16 de enero de 1631 al capitán Agustín Cordero y a Antonio de la Torre Castro la mitad de una fragata”
§ 1. La compra-venta de esclavos > 1.3. Los interventores
“Unas semanas después, en 4 de diciembre de 1637”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Tardieu, J.-P. (2006). El negro en la Real Audiencia de Quito (Ecuador). Lima: Institut français d’études andines, Centro Cultural Abya-Yala, Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI). https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifea.4616 · DOI · Paper page
- Tardieu, Jean-Pierre. El negro en la Real Audiencia de Quito (Ecuador). Institut français d’études andines, Centro Cultural Abya-Yala, Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI), 2006, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifea.4616. · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Una arqueología negra para la visibilización de la historia afrodescendente en guayaquil
Delgado Vernaza, G. I. (2024) · Cadernos Do LEPAARQ (UFPEL) · doi:10.15210/lepaarq.v20i40.26104 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Tardieu, J.-P.
- Venue
- El negro en la Real Audiencia de Quito (Ecuador)
- Publisher
- Institut français d’études andines
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 227-266
- OpenAlex
- W1822174342
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- es
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Institut français d’études andines eBooks (publishedVersion)
- OpenEdition (OpenEdition) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Colonialism, slavery, and trade
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History of Colonial Brazil
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Latin American history and culture
- Keywords
- enslaved Africans, slavery, Guayaquil, colonial Ecuador, 17th century, slave trade, indigenous peoples, coastal economy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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