Slippery Business

May combine two claims.

CRITFC biologists are very critical of historical hatchery use, and tribal facilities have introduced more naturalistic rearing pens and acclimation procedures to improve wild survival rates.

“CRITFC biologists are very critical of the way hatcheries have been used historically, and tribal facilities have introduced more naturalistic rearing pens (featuring curved raceways, subsurface feeding, and predator access) and acclimation procedures to improve survival rates in the wild (Wana Chinook Tymoo 1999: 17).”

• cites Wana Chinook Tymoo 1999: 17Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Supplementation and hatchery transplants helped put salmon back in the Umatilla River, where they had gone extinct, and are currently being used to repopulate the Upper Yakima watershed.

“hese methods helped put salmon back in the Umatilla River, where they had gone extinct, and they are currently being used to repopulate the Upper Yakima watershed (Pearsons 3-7).”

• cites Pearsons 3-7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Seven years later, after CRITFC had further proven itself by restoring salmon to the Yakima River, Craig had a different experience at the Tri-Cities Sportsmen Show, where white men thanked the Yakama Tribe for bringing the salmon back.

“Seven years later, ater CRITFC had further proven itself by restoring salmon to the Yakima River, Craig had a very diferent experience at the Tri-Cities Sportsmen Show.A group of white men approached her booth, and one said, “Go back and thank the Yakama Tribe for bringing the salmon back.We know if it wasn't for the Tribe there would still be no ish in the Yakima River” (Craig).”

• cites CraigNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The tribes and the Humane Society of the United States do not disagree fundamentally about either the causes of the Northwest salmon crisis or the solutions to it, even as they argue over the merits of hazing and harming sea lions.

“he tribes and the HSUS do not disagree fundamentally about either the causes of the Northwest salmon crisis or the solutions to it, even as they argue over the merits of hazing and harming sea lions.”

May combine two claims.

CRITFC has become an important player in environmental politics, and its actions complicate the narrative of declension that long dominated Native American and environmental history.

“CRITFC has become an important player in environmental politics, however, and its actions complicate the narrative of declension that long dominated both Native American and environmental history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Some tribal fishers remain suspicious of CRITFC's technocratic methods and resentful of the compromises it makes in the name of cooperative management.

“At the same time, some tribal ishers remain suspicious of CRITFC's technocratic methods and resentful of the compromises it makes in the name of cooperative management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Actual Native people often stake out positions on environmental issues that challenge the familiar trope of the Ecological Indian.

“Although still widely favored as symbols of ecological sensitivity, actual Native people oten stake out positions on environmental issues that challenge the familiar trope of the Ecological Indian.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CRITFC emerged from a 1976 Memorandum of Understanding between the Bonneville Power Administration and the four-treaty tribes party to U.S. v. Oregon.

“he Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission emerged from a 1976 Memorandum of Understanding between the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and the four-treaty tribes party to U.S. v. Oregon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some tribal fishers initially resented CRITFC as another layer of management, but most now view its enforcement program as essential to their own safety and protection and to the preservation of salmon.

“Some tribal ishers initially resented the imposition of another layer of management, but most now view the enforcement program as essential to their own safety and protection, as well as to the preservation of the salmon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 1980, Congress mandated that the Northwest Power Planning Council give weight to tribal recommendations in running regional hydropower operations.

“In 1980 Congress mandated that the Northwest Power Planning Council give weight to tribal recommendations in running regional hydropower operations (Taylor 247).”

• cites Taylor 247Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CRITFC's structure reflects its founders' determination to overcome tribal differences and practice cooperative management.

“CRITFC's structure relects the determination of its founders to overcome tribal diferences and practice cooperative management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The River People regard salmon as a gift from the Creator, not the property of the state, and fishing rights as an individual prerogative controlled only by the rhythms of the river and tamanwit (natural law).

“hey regard salmon as a git from the Creator, not the property of the state, and ishing rights are an individual prerogative controlled only by the rhythms of the river and the proscriptions of tamanwit (natural law).”

May combine two claims.

CRITFC developed its own management objectives and over time garnered the respect, if not always the affection, of the state and federal agencies involved in salmon restoration.

“CRITFC developed its own management objectives, though, and over time it garnered the respect (if not always the afection) of the numerous state and federal agencies involved in salmon restoration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many tribal fishers blamed their own governments and CRITFC for selling their treaty rights down the river.

“It also worked to overcome the hostility of tribal ishers, many of whom blamed their own governments and CRITFC for selling their treaty rights down the river.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

State-determined seasons and tribal permits represented an infringement of the River People's religious liberty as well as a threat to their livelihood.

“State-determined seasons and tribal permits thus represented an infringement of their religious liberty as well as a threat to their livelihood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Like Strong, Dompier recognized that moral suasion alone would not put salmon back in the rivers or sway the agricultural, industrial, and electrical power interests whose practices had pushed wild runs to the brink of extinction.

“Like Strong, though, Dompier recognized that moral suasion alone would not put salmon back in the rivers or sway the agricultural, industrial, and electrical power interests whose practices had pushed wild runs to the brink of extinction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The tribes needed a plan informed by traditional values but based on sound scientific data, feasible policy goals, and clear technical recommendations.

“he tribes needed a plan, one informed by traditional values but based on sound scientiic data, feasible policy goals, and clear technical recommendations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

CRITFC's policy positions are not easily categorized; the commission espouses a view of nature that is simultaneously reverential and practical, spiritual and utilitarian, idealistic and pragmatic.

“CRITFC's policy positions are not so easily categorized.In its commitment to preserving both salmon runs and tribal culture, the commission espouses a view of nature that is simultaneously reverential and practical, spiritual and utilitarian, idealistic and pragmatic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some River People have never forgiven CRITFC for its role in administering state regulations and tracking down the tribal defendants who led prosecution.

“Some of the River People have never forgiven CRITFC for its role in administering state regulations and tracking down the tribal defendants who led prosecution.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Non-Indians have often imagined Indians to be mystics who lived in complete harmony with all creation and never disrupted the delicate balance of nature.

“Non-Indians have oten imagined Indians to be mystics who lived in complete harmony with all creation and never disrupted the delicate “balance” of nature”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The TRP's title and Hannigan's words fit the trope of the Ecological Indian, which Shepherd Krech criticized for obscuring the complex and sometimes contradictory character of Native American relationships to the natural world.

“he TRP's title and Hannigan's words certainly it the trope of the Ecological Indian, which anthropologist Shepherd Krech has criticized for obscuring the complex and sometimes contradictory character of Native American relationships to the natural world.”

• cites KrechNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This model takes a holistic and adaptive view of the natural systems and cultural modifications that affect salmon survival.

“his model, like the spiritual principles that animate it, takes a holistic and adaptive view of the natural systems and cultural modiications that afect salmon survival.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Douglas Dompier, a non-Indian fish biologist, spent twenty-six years developing and overseeing fish passage, harvest management, habitat protection, and hatchery programs for the tribes.

“Douglas Dompier, a non-Indian ish biologist, spent twenty-six years developing and overseeing ish passage, harvest management, habitat protection, and hatchery programs for the tribes.”

• cites Dompier 127Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

That plan became known as Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit (Spirit of the Salmon), or the Tribal Restoration Plan (TRP), the Indian alternative to more timid recovery measures proposed by the state and federal governments.

“hat plan became known as Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit (Spirit of the Salmon), or the Tribal Restoration Plan (TRP), the Indian alternative to more timid recovery measures proposed by the state and federal governments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Conservation groups such as Save Our Salmon and Trout Unlimited express concern that hatchery stocks weaken wild fish and reduce their survival rates through competition and interbreeding.

“Citing recent biological studies, conservation groups such as Save Our Salmon and Trout Unlimited express concern that hatchery stocks weaken wild ish and reduce their survival rates through competition and interbreeding.”

• cites recent biological studiesNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The debate over supplementation engages conflicting scientific assessments and competing conceptions of what is natural.

“he debate over supplementation engages not only conlicting scientiic assessments but also competing conceptions of what is natural.”

May combine two claims.

Bill Bakke once worked for CRITFC but quit over its support for integrated hatchery programs, which the tribes now regard as necessary cogs in the organic machine that the dominant society has made of the Columbia River.

“He once worked for CRITFC but quit in disgust over its support for integrated hatchery programs, which the tribes now regard as necessary cogs in the organic machine that the dominant society has made of the Columbia River (Craig; Liberty).”

• cites CraigNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites LibertyNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Groups such as the Native Fish Society and Trout Unlimited primarily represent non-Indian sportsmen, who are historical competitors and critics of tribal fishing.

“Groups such as the Native Fish Society and Trout Unlimited primarily represent non-Indian sportsmen, historical (and occasionally histrionic) competitors and critics of tribal ishing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

CRITFC conservation biologists dismiss genetic purity as an impediment to restoration and an excuse to avoid rebuilding salmon runs in the upper basin, where most tribal hatcheries are located.

“CRITFC conservation biologists dismiss the construct of genetic purity as an impediment to restoration and an excuse to avoid rebuilding salmon runs in the upper basin, where most tribal hatcheries are located.”

May combine two claims.

Some non-Indian conservationists have never gotten over their anger with the 1974 Boldt Decision, which held Indians entitled to half the harvestable fish, and readily blame Indian and non-Indian commercial fishers for taking too many salmon and steelhead.

“Some have never gotten over their anger with the 1974 “Boldt Decision” (U.S. v. Washington), which held that Indians are entitled to half the harvestable ish, and they readily blame both Indian and non-Indian commercial ishers for taking too many salmon and steelhead.”

• cites U.S. v. WashingtonNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Doug Dompier dismisses the idealistic dream of self-sustaining wild stocks in a system transformed by dams.

“Doug Dompier, among others, frankly dismisses the “idealistic dream” of self-sustaining wild stocks in a system transformed by dams (Dompier 134).”

• cites Dompier 134Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Considering genetic and demographic risks of reproductive isolation and small population size, CRITFC biologists contend that emphasis on pristine wild stocks is scientifically debatable and an unrealistic basis for policy.

“Considering the genetic and demographic risks attendant to reproductive isolation and small population size, they contend, the emphasis on pristine wild stocks is scientiically debatable and an unrealistic basis for policy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Non-Indian conservation groups accused the tribes of selling their souls for federal dollars and selling out endangered fish.

“Non-Indian conservation groups took a dimmer view, accusing the tribes of selling their souls for federal dollars and selling out endangered ish.”

• cites RudolphNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Bakke's indictment of tribal management practices and priorities is indicative of a larger bias within the non-Indian fish conservation movement.

“Bakke's indictment of tribal management practices and priorities is indicative of a larger bias within the non-Indian ish conservation movement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While long-term effects of supplementation remain uncertain, many non-Indian environmentalists favor an ecologically fundamentalist view that only wild fish populations should be restored and that hatcheries distract from fundamental steps.

“While the jury remains out on the long-term efects of supplementation, many non-Indian environmentalists favor what we might call an ecologically fundamentalist view of salmon and steelhead recovery.hey insist that only wild ish populations should be restored, and that hatcheries merely pump out a lot of red herring to distract people from more fundamental steps that must be taken.”

May combine two claims.

At the Wy-Kan-Ush-Pum Village, visitors can participate in cultural activities where tribal elders help them tie fish nets, demonstrate food preparation, and relate traditional stories about salmon.

“Visitors can participate in cultural activities at the Wy-Kan-Ush-Pum Village, where tribal elders help them tie ish nets, demonstrate food preparation techniques, and relate traditional stories about the salmon.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Cosmopolitan greens tend to be more sympathetic to Indians in idealized form but can be impatient with tribal actions that depart from the script of the morality play about Native Americans and nature.

“Cosmopolitan greens also tend to be more sympathetic to Indians-at least in their idealized form-but they can be very impatient with tribal actions that depart from the script of our cherished morality play about Native Americans and nature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The downtown event folded after several years due to budget issues and personnel changes, but CRITFC maintains a presence at the Oxbow Salmon Festival near Gresham, Oregon.

“he downtown event folded ater several years due to budget issues and personnel changes, but CRITFC maintains a presence at the Oxbow Salmon Festival near Gresham, Oregon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During the late 1990s, CRITFC began sponsoring an annual music and food festival in Portland, Oregon, called Jammin' for Salmon, later named Wy-Kan-Ush-Pum, or Salmon People.

“During the late 1990s, the organization began sponsoring an annual music and food festival in Portland, Oregon, called Jammin' for Salmon (later named Wy-Kan-Ush-Pum, or Salmon People).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Carol Craig set up information booths at sportsmen's shows during the late 1990s.

“Carol Craig (Yakama), a former public relations oicer for the organization, also set up information booths at sportsmen's shows during the same period.”

May combine two claims.

Other environmental groups such as Defenders of Wildlife and Friends of the Columbia Gorge cater largely to urban greens and are more concerned with fish and fish habitat than with fishing or fishing cultures.

“Other environmental groups, such as Defenders of Wildlife and Friends of the Columbia Gorge, cater largely to urban greens and are more concerned with ish and ish habitat than with ishing or ishing cultures.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Their constituents principally value salmon and steelhead for symbolic qualities and ecological niche, and regard harvest and hatcheries as threats to be reduced rather than ends and means of salmon conservation.

“heir constituents principally value salmon and steelhead for their symbolic qualities, as well as for their ecological niche in healthy river systems; hence, they regard harvest and hatcheries as threats to be reduced rather than as ends and means of salmon conservation.”

May combine two claims.

CRITFC remains committed to public outreach and has gained some ground even with traditional enemies of treaty fishing rights.

“CRITFC remains committed to public outreach, however, and it has gained some ground even with traditional enemies of treaty ishing rights.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Some tribal fishers remain suspicious of the commission's technocratic methods and resentful of compromises it makes in the name of cooperative management.

“At the same time, some tribal ishers remain suspicious of the commission's technocratic methods and resentful of the compromises it makes in the name of cooperative management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Since its founding in 1977, CRITFC has become an important player in the effort to protect and restore endangered salmon runs of the Pacific Northwest.

“Since its founding in 1977, the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission has become an important player in the efort to protect and restore the endangered salmon runs of the Paciic Northwest.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Native American engagement in the restoration effort highlights a historical narrative that scholars have only just begun to explore.

“More importantly, Native American engagement in the restoration efort highlights a historical narrative that scholars have only just begun to explore.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Actual Native Americans often stake out positions on environmental issues that challenge the familiar trope of the Ecological Indian.

“Although still widely favored as symbols of environmental stewardship, actual Native Americans often stake out positions on environmental issues that challenge the familiar trope of the Ecological Indian.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The various environmental organizations and constituencies that favor salmon restoration constitute a shifting and occasionally fractious coalition rather than a solid front.

“Rather than a solid front, the various environmental organizations and constituencies that favor salmon restoration constitute a shifting and occasionally fractious coalition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

CRITFC offers a heartening example of Native communities providing bold environmental leadership.

“While threats to wild salmon and indigenous culture are legion, CRITC ofers a heartening example of Native communities providing bold environmental leadership.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The tribes are prodding state and federal counterparts to do more, as the Yakama Nation did in April 2012 when it called on industrial polluters to clean up the Superfund site in the Willamette River.

“he tribes are also prodding their state and federal counterparts to do more, as the Yakama Nation did in April 2012 when it called on industrial polluters to meet their obligations to clean up the Superfund site in the Willamette River, a tributary of the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Such anecdotes suggest that minds can be changed and differences overcome when people focus on common goals.

“here is danger in reading too much into such anecdotes, of course, but they do suggest that minds can be changed and diferences overcome when people focus on their common goals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The tribal professionals and delegates who comprise CRITFC have little in common with the Crying Indian of the 1970s.

“he tribal professionals and delegates who comprise CRITFC have little in common with the “Crying Indian” of that decade, who helplessly shed tears at the sight of polluted rivers and littered highways.”