The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Immunosuppression and transforming growth factor-beta in glioblastoma. Preferential production of transforming growth factor-beta 2.
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 is a polypeptide that is assumed to play a fundamental role in the growth of both normal and neoplastic cells. TGF-beta 2 is a closely related polypeptide, originally described as glioblastoma cell-derived T cell suppressor factor (G-TsF) due to its immunosuppressive activity. Expression of the genes for TGF-beta 1 and G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 was examined in tumor cells and was found to be different in several cell lines and tissues that were tested. Whereas two glioblastoma cell lines expressed both TGF-beta 1 and G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 mRNA, one melanoma and neuroblastoma cell lines showed only TGF-beta 1 mRNA which in the case of the neuroblastoma required cycloheximide treatment for its detection. The coordinate expression of the genes for TGF-beta 1 and G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 in glioblastoma was not paralleled by secretion of both polypeptides as only G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 but not TGF-beta 1 was identified in supernatants of glioblastoma cells. These data provide evidence for a post-transcriptional level of regulation for production of the two forms of TGF-beta. As mRNA for G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 was also identified in fresh surgically removed human glioblastoma tissue, G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 may also be secreted within the tumor in vivo. Unlike glioblastoma, human fetal brain tissues or adult brain specimens studied did not express detectable levels of TGF-beta mRNA. Impaired cell-mediated immunity is an established finding in patients with glioblastoma. Secretion of G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 by tumor cells in vivo may contribute to decreased immune surveillance for tumor development, as well as neovascularization of the tumor tissue.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Streit, W. J., Walter, S. A., & Pennell, N. A. (1999) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00069-0 · Cited by 1,096
Bogdahn, U., Hau, P., Stockhammer, G., Venkataramana, N. K., Mahapatra, A. K., Suri, A., Balasubramaniam, A., Nair, S., Oliushine, V., Parfenov, V., et al. (2011) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/noq142 · Cited by 433
Targeted tumor therapy with the TGF-β2 antisense compound AP 12009
SCHLINGENSIEPEN, K., SCHLINGENSIEPEN, R., STEINBRECHER, A., HAU, P., BOGDAHN, U., FISCHERBLASS, B., & JACHIMCZAK, P. (2006) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.09.002 · Cited by 195
Nemunaitis, J., Nemunaitis, M., Senzer, N., Snitz, P., Bedell, C., Kumar, P., Pappen, B., Maples, P. B., Shawler, D., & Fakhrai, H. (2009) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/cgt.2009.15 · Cited by 147
Jachimczak, P., Bogdahn, U., Schneider, J., Behl, C., Meixensberger, J., Apfel, R., Dörries, R., Schlingensiepen, K.-H., & Brysch, W. (1993) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1993.78.6.0944 · Cited by 146
Metadata
- Authors
- Bodmer, S., Strommer, K., Frei, K., Siepl, C., de Tribolet, N., Heid, I., & Fontana, A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1989-11
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3222-3229
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W1528827595
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 5.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Immunosuppression and transforming growth factor-beta in glioblastoma. Preferential production of transforming growth factor-beta 2. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4049/jimmunol.143.10.3222
- The paper
- Bodmer, S., Strommer, K., Frei, K., Siepl, C., de Tribolet, N., Heid, I., & Fontana, A. (1989). Immunosuppression and transforming growth factor-beta in glioblastoma. Preferential production of transforming growth factor-beta 2. The Journal of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.143.10.3222
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
