Reactive microgliosis

Streit, Wolfgang J.; Walter, Sharon A.; Pennell, Nathan A.

doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00069-0

Cited by 1,096Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

Reactive microgliosis

Streit, Wolfgang J., Walter, Sharon A., Pennell, Nathan A.·1999·Progress in Neurobiology

DOI 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00069-0

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Abstract

Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) elicits the activation of both astrocytes and microglia. This review is focused on the principal features that characterize the activation of microglia after CNS injury. It provides a critical discussion of concepts regarding microglial biology that include the relationship between microglia and macrophages, as well as the role of microglia as immunocompetent cells of the CNS. Mechanistic and functional aspects of microgliosis are discussed primarily in the context of microglial neuronal interactions. The controversial issue of whether reactive microgliosis is a beneficial or a harmful process is addressed, and a resolution of this dilemma is offered by suggesting different interpretations of the term 'activated microglia' depending on its usage during in vivo or in vitro experimentation.

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In response to inflammatory insult, microglia undergo morphological alterations, marked by shorter, thicker processes and enhanced expression of inflammatory markers.
“In response to inflammatory insult, these cells undergo morphological alterations, marked by shorter, thicker processes and enhanced expression of inflammatory markers (Streit et al, 1999).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Streit et al, 1999

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Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Akiyama, H. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x · Cited by 4,514 · see citing works
BDNF from microglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain
Coull, J. A. M., Beggs, S., Boudreau, D., Boivin, D., Tsuda, M., Inoue, K., Gravel, C., Salter, M. W., & De Koninck, Y. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04223 · Cited by 1,965 · see citing works
Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain
Ekdahl, C. T., Claasen, J.-H., Bonde, S., Kokaia, Z., & Lindvall, O. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2234031100 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Multiple triggers with a common mechanism
Block, M. L., & Hong, J.-S. (2005) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004 · Cited by 1,557 · see citing works
Microglia in the adult brain arise from Ly-6ChiCCR2+ monocytes only under defined host conditions
Mildner, A., Schmidt, H., Nitsche, M., Merkler, D., Hanisch, U.-K., Mack, M., Heikenwalder, M., Brück, W., Priller, J., & Prinz, M. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2015 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool
Ajami, B., Bennett, J. L., Krieger, C., McNagny, K. M., & Rossi, F. M. V. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2887 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
Microglial Activation and Chronic Neurodegeneration
Lull, M. E., & Block, M. L. (2010) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.014 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
The Neurotoxicant, Cuprizone, as a Model to Study Demyelination and Remyelination in the Central Nervous System
Matsushima, G. K., & Morell, P. (2001) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00385.x · Cited by 984 · see citing works
Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by inhibiting activation and proliferation of microglia
Tikka, T., Fiebich, B. L., Goldsteins, G., Keinänen, R., & Koistinaho, J. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-08-02580.2001 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Microglia as neuroprotective, immunocompetent cells of the CNS
Streit, W. J. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10154 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
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Review: microglia of the aged brain: primed to be activated and resistant to regulation
Norden, D. M., & Godbout, J. P. (2013) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01306.x · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Microglia and neurodegeneration: The role of systemic inflammation
Cunningham, C. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22350 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
The role of inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease
Tuppo, E. E., & Arias, H. R. (2005) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.07.009 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Janus-faced microglia: beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis
Sierra, A., Abiega, O., Shahraz, A., & Neumann, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00006 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Microglia serve as a neuroimmune substrate for stress-induced potentiation of CNS pro-inflammatory cytokine responses
Frank, M. G., Baratta, M. V., Sprunger, D. B., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.03.005 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Chronic stress alters the density and morphology of microglia in a subset of stress-responsive brain regions
Tynan, R. J., Naicker, S., Hinwood, M., Nalivaiko, E., Buller, K. M., Pow, D. V., Day, T. A., & Walker, F. R. (2010) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.02.001 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Microglia activation in retinal degeneration
Langmann, T. (2007) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0207114 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Inhibition of an equilibrative nucleoside transporter by cannabidiol: a mechanism of cannabinoid immunosuppression
Carrier, E. J., Auchampach, J. A., & Hillard, C. J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0511232103 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma.
Ramirez, A. I., de Hoz, R., Salobrar-Garcia, E., Salazar, J. J., Rojas, B., Ajoy, D., López-Cuenca, I., Rojas, P., Triviño, A., & Ramírez, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Evidence that Microglia Mediate the Neurobiological Effects of Chronic Psychological Stress on the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Hinwood, M., Morandini, J., Day, T. A., & Walker, F. R. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr229 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Microglia Morphological Categorization in a Rat Model of Neuroinflammation by Hierarchical Cluster and Principal Components Analysis
Fernández-Arjona, M. D. M., Grondona, J. M., Granados-Durán, P., Fernández-Llebrez, P., & López-Ávalos, M. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00235 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases
Cuenca, N., Fernández-Sánchez, L., Campello, L., Maneu, V., De la Villa, P., Lax, P., & Pinilla, I. (2014) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress
Niraula, A., Sheridan, J. F., & Godbout, J. P. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.185 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Microglial senescence: does the brain's immune system have an expiration date?
Streit, W. J. (2006) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.07.001 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
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Long-term accumulation of microglia with proneurogenic phenotype concomitant with persistent neurogenesis in adult subventricular zone after stroke
Thored, P., Heldmann, U., Gomes‐Leal, W., Gisler, R., Darsalia, V., Taneera, J., Nygren, J. M., Jacobsen, S. W., Ekdahl, C. T., Kokaia, Z., et al. (2009) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20810 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
The P2X 7 Receptor Drives Microglial Activation and Proliferation: A Trophic Role for P2X 7 R Pore
Monif, M., Reid, C. A., Powell, K. L., Smart, M. L., & Williams, D. A. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5512-08.2009 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Interleukin-6, a mental cytokine
Spooren, A., Kolmus, K., Laureys, G., Clinckers, R., De Keyser, J., Haegeman, G., & Gerlo, S. (2011) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.01.002 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Microglial cell population dynamics in the injured adult central nervous system
Ladeby, R., Wirenfeldt, M., Garcia-Ovejero, D., Fenger, C., Dissing-Olesen, L., Dalmau, I., & Finsen, B. (2005) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.009 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Mutant Huntingtin promotes autonomous microglia activation via myeloid lineage-determining factors
Crotti, A., Benner, C., Kerman, B. E., Gosselin, D., Lagier-Tourenne, C., Zuccato, C., Cattaneo, E., Gage, F. H., Cleveland, D. W., & Glass, C. K. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3668 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Microglia and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
Streit, W. J. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20093 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
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mRNA up-regulation of MHC II and pivotal pro-inflammatory genes in normal brain aging
Frank, M. G., Barrientos, R. M., Biedenkapp, J. C., Rudy, J. W., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.013 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Chronic stress-induced gut dysfunction exacerbates Parkinson's disease phenotype and pathology in a rotenone-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Dodiya, H. B., Forsyth, C. B., Voigt, R. M., Engen, P. A., Patel, J., Shaikh, M., Green, S. J., Naqib, A., Roy, A., Kordower, J. H., et al. (2020) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.012 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Microglial pathology
Streit, W. J., Xue, Q.-S., Tischer, J., & Bechmann, I. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0142-6 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
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Effects of aging and sensory loss on glial cells in mouse visual and auditory cortices
Tremblay, M., Zettel, M. L., Ison, J. R., Allen, P. D., & Majewska, A. K. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22287 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Microglia actions in Alzheimer's disease
Prokop, S., Miller, K. R., & Heppner, F. L. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1182-x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Chronic stress followed by social isolation promotes depressive-like behaviour, alters microglial and astrocyte biology and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in male mice
Du Preez, A., Onorato, D., Eiben, I., Musaelyan, K., Egeland, M., Zunszain, P. A., Fernandes, C., Thuret, S., & Pariante, C. M. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.015 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Evidence That Aging And Amyloid Promote Microglial Cell Senescence
Flanary, B. E., Sammons, N. W., Nguyen, C., Walker, D., & Streit, W. J. (2007) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2006.9096 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
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Authors: Streit, W. J., Walter, S. A., & Pennell, N. A.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
Corresponding author: Streit, Wolfgang J.
ORCID: Streit, Wolfgang J.
Pennell, Nathan A.
Venue: Progress in Neurobiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1999-04
Volume: 57
Issue: 6
Pages: 563-581
ISSN: 0301-0082 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00069-0
OpenAlex: W4210981518
Cited by: 1,096
References: 157
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 64
FWCI: 4.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: reactive microgliosis, microglial activation, central nervous system injury, neuroinflammation, activated microglia, astrocytes
MeSH terms: Animals, Cell Communication, Gliosis, Humans, Immunocompetence, Neurons, Microglia

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