The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Differential expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 by glioblastoma cells, astrocytes, and microglia
Open accessAbstract
The type beta transforming growth factors (TGF) are potent regulators of the growth and functions of lymphocytes and macrophages. Recently the human glioblastoma cell line 308 was shown to produce TGF-beta 2. The relevance of this finding was evaluated further by comparing human glioblastoma cells with their nontransformed animal counterpart, astrocytes, with regard to the production of the three TGF-beta isoforms observed so far in mammals. In this report astrocytes are demonstrated to secrete also TGF-beta 2 and to express TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 mRNA in vitro. In contrast, cultured murine brain macrophages release TGF-beta 1 and are positive for TGF-beta 1 mRNA only. Glia cell-derived TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 are detected in latent form whereas both latent and active TGF-beta are identified in the supernatant of three human glioblastoma cell lines tested. These cell lines, however, show heterogeneity in regard to the isoform of TGF-beta expressed but share with astrocytes the inability to release TGF-beta 3. Provided production and activation of latent TGF-beta occur in vivo, astrocytes and microglia may then be expected to exert regulatory influences on immune mediated diseases of the central nervous system.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Akiyama, H. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x · Cited by 4,514
MCGEER, P., & MCGEER, E. (1995) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(95)00011-9 · Cited by 1,287
Microglia as effector cells in brain damage and repair: focus on prostanoids and nitric oxide
Minghetti, L. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00052-x · Cited by 567
Novel therapies emerging in oncology to target the TGF‐β pathway
Kim, B.-G., Malek, E., Choi, S. H., Ignatz-Hoover, J. J., & Driscoll, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-021-01053-x · Cited by 453
The role of astrocytes in amyloid production and Alzheimer's disease
Frost, G. R., & Li, Y.-M. (2017) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.170228 · Cited by 435
Metadata
- Authors
- Constam, D. B., Philipp, J., Malipiero, U. V., ten Dijke, P., Schachner, M., & Fontana, A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1992-03-01
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1404-1410
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W1609153296
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Differential expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 by glioblastoma cells, astrocytes, and microglia. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4049/jimmunol.148.5.1404
- The paper
- Constam, D. B., Philipp, J., Malipiero, U. V., ten Dijke, P., Schachner, M., & Fontana, A. (1992). Differential expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 by glioblastoma cells, astrocytes, and microglia. The Journal of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.148.5.1404
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
