Langerhans cells are required for efficient presentation of topically applied hapten to T cells
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in the control of T cell immunity due to their ability to stimulate naive T cells and direct effector function. Murine and human DC are composed of a number of phenotypically, and probably developmentally, distinct subsets, which may play unique roles in the initiation and regulation of T cell responses. The skin is populated by at least two subsets of DC: Langerhans cells (LC), which form a contiguous network throughout the epidermis, and dermal DC. LC have classically been thought vital to initiate T cell responses to cutaneous Ags. However, recent data have highlighted the importance of dermal DC in cutaneous immunity, and the requirement for LC has become unclear. To define the relative roles of LC and dermal DC, we and others generated mouse models in which LC were specifically depleted in vivo. Unexpectedly, these studies yielded conflicting data as to the role of LC in cutaneous contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Extending our initial finding, we demonstrate that topical Ag is inefficiently transported to draining lymph nodes in the absence of LC, resulting in suboptimal priming of T cells and reduced CHS. However, dermal DC may also prime cutaneous T cell responses, suggesting redundancy between the two different skin DC subsets in this model.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Once activated by endogenous or exogenous antigens, Langerhans cells can migrate to skin draining lymph nodes and activate T cells.
“Once activated by endogenous or exogenous antigens, they can migrate to skin draining lymph nodes and activate T cells [7].”
From Molecular Mechanisms of UV-Induced Apoptosis and Its Effects on Skin Residential Cells: The Implication in UV-Based Phototherapy (2013) · cites this paper as [7]
Cites
Dendritic cells and the control of immunity
Banchereau, J., & Steinman, R. M. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/32588 · Cited by 14,244 · see citing works
Mouse and human dendritic cell subtypes
Shortman, K., & Liu, Y.-J. (2002) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri746 · Cited by 2,289 · see citing works
Avoiding horror autotoxicus: The importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance
Steinman, R., & Nussenzweig, M. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.231606698 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Murine epidermal Langerhans cells mature into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells in vitro.
Schuler, G., & Steinman, R. M. (1985) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.161.3.526 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Kissenpfennig, A., Henri, S., Dubois, B., Laplace-Builhé, C., Perrin, P., Romani, N., Tripp, C. H., Douillard, P., Leserman, L., Kaiserlian, D., et al. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.004 · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
Toews, G., Bergstresser, P., & Streilein, J. (1980) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.124.1.445 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Allan, R. S., Waithman, J. C., Bedoui, S., Jones, C. M., Villadangos, J. A., Zhan, Y., Lew, A. M., Shortman, K., Heath, W. R., & Carbone, F. (2006) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.04.017 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Itano, A. A., McSorley, S. J., Reinhardt, R. L., Ehst, B. D., Ingulli, E. G., Rudensky, A. Y., & Jenkins, M. K. (2003) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00175-4 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Epidermal langerhans cell-deficient mice develop enhanced contact hypersensitivity.
Kaplan, D., Jenison, M., Saeland, S., Shlomchik, W. D., & Shlomchik, M. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.10.008 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Macatonia, S. E., Knight, S. C., Edwards, A. J., Griffiths, S., & Fryer, P. R. (1987) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.166.6.1654 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Epidermal Viral Immunity Induced by CD8α + Dendritic Cells But Not by Langerhans Cells
Allan, R. S., Smith, C. M., Belz, G. T., van Lint, A. L., Wakim, L. M., Heath, W. R., & Carbone, F. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1087576 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Kripke, M. L., Munn, C. G., Jeevan, A., Tang, J.-M., & Bucana, C. D. (1990) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.145.9.2833 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in elicitation of allergic contact hypersensitivity
Grabbe, S., & Schwarz, T. (1998) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01186-9 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Bennett, C. L., van Rijn, E., Jung, S., Inaba, K., Steinman, R., Kapsenberg, M., & Clausen, B. (2005) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200501071 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental kinetics and lifespan of dendritic cells in mouse lymphoid organs
Kamath, A. T., Henri, S., Battye, F. L., Tough, D. F., & Shortman, K. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v100.5.1734.h81702001734_1734_1741 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Clonal deletion of thymocytes by circulating dendritic cells homing to the thymus
Bonasio, R., Scimone, M. L., Schaerli, P., Grabie, N., Lichtman, A. H., & von Andrian, U. H. (2006) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1385 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Zhao, X., Deák, E., Soderberg, K. A., Linehan, M. M., Spezzano, D., Zhu, J., Knipe, D. M., & Iwasaki, A. (2003) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20021109 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Origin, precursors and differentiation of mouse dendritic cells
Ardavı́n, C. (2003) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1127 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Dendritic Cells in Immunity and Tolerance—Do They Display Opposite Functions?
Moser, M. (2003) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00182-1 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
He, Y., Zhang, J., Carey, C. D., & Falo, L. D. (2006) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.014 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Moll, H., Flohé, S. B., & Röllinghoff, M. (1995) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830250310 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Valladeau‐Guilemond, J., Clair‐Moninot, V., Dezutter‐Dambuyant, C., Pin, J., Kissenpfennig, A., Mattéi, M., Aït‐Yahia, S., Bates, E. E. M., MALISSEN, B., Koch, F., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.782 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Carbone, F. R., Belz, G. T., & Heath, W. R. (2004) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2004.09.013 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Ritter, U., Meißner, A., Scheidig, C., & Körner, H. (2004) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200324586 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Grabbe, S., Steinbrink, K., Steinert, M., Luger, T. A., & Schwarz, T. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.9.4207 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Enhanced Epidermal Langerhans Cell Migration in IL-10 Knockout Mice
Wang, B., Zhuang, L., Fujisawa, H., Shinder, G. A., Feliciani, C., Shivji, G. M., Suzuki, H., Amerio, P., Toto, P., & Sauder, D. N. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.1.277 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Weiss, J. M., Renkl, A. C., Maier, C., Kimmig, M., Liaw, L., Ahrens, T., Kon, S., Maeda, M., Hotta, H., Uede, T., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.194.9.1219 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Langerhans Cells Activate Naive Self-Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells in the Steady State
Mayerova, D., Parke, E. A., Bursch, L. S., Odumade, O. A., & Hogquist, K. A. (2004) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.019 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Douillard, P., Stoitzner, P., Tripp, C. H., Clair‐Moninot, V., Aït‐Yahia, S., McLellan, A. D., Eggert, A. O., Romani, N., & Saeland, S. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23951.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Seo, N., TOKURA, Y., Nishijima, T., Hashizume, H., Furukawa, F., & Takigawa, M. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.1.371 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Contribution of Langerhans Cell-Derived IL-18 to Contact Hypersensitivity
Wang, B., Feliciani, C., Howell, B. G., Freed, I., Cai, Q., Watanabe, H., & Sauder, D. N. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3303 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Gorbachev, A. V., & Fairchild, R. L. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2286 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Rheins, L. A., & Nordlund, J. J. (1986) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.136.3.867 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Bacci, S., Alard, P., Dai, R., Nakamura, T., & Streilein, J. W. (1997) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830270214 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Impaired contact hypersensitivity in macrophage migration inhibitory factor‐deficient mice
Shimizu, T., Abe, R., Nishihira, J., Shibaki, A., Watanabe, H., Nakayama, T., Taniguchi, M., Ishibashi, T., & Shimizu, H. (2003) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200323751 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Loser, K., Mehling, A., Apelt, J., Ständer, S., Andres, P. G., Reinecker, H., Eing, B. R., Skryabin, B. V., Varga, G., Schwarz, T., et al. (2004) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200324785 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wang, Y., Szretter, K. J., Vermi, W., Gilfillan, S., Rossini, C., Cella, M., Barrow, A. D., Diamond, M. S., & Colonna, M. (2012) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2360 · Cited by 1,011 · see citing works
Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells
Merad, M., Ginhoux, F., & Collin, M. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2455 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
“Conditional depletion of LCs and careful monitoring of their repopulation should clarify these issue”
BackgroundEarly immune events in the induction of allergic contact dermatitis
Kaplan, D. H., Igyártó, B. Z., & Gaspari, A. A. (2012) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3150 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
“Contact hypersensitivity is greatly diminished in these mice if diphtheria toxin is administered before priming, but not before elicitatio”
BackgroundLangerhans cells and more: langerin‐expressing dendritic cell subsets in the skin
Romani, N., Clausen, B. E., & Stoitzner, P. (2010) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00886.x · Cited by 431 · see citing works
“Importantly, this was especially the case when low concentrations of hapten were applied (155, 156).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDendritic cell subsets in primary and secondary T cell responses at body surfaces
Heath, W. R., & Carbone, F. (2009) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1822 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
“, although hints of the priming capacity of LCs did emerge from these studie”
BackgroundHenri, S., Poulin, L. F., Tamoutounour, S., Ardouin, L., Guilliams, M., de Bovis, B., Devilard, É., Viret, C., Azukizawa, H., Kissenpfennig, A., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20091964 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
“Therefore, as previously shown in the case of contact hypersensitivity (Bennett et al., 2007; Bursch et al., 2007), CD207+ CD103+ mDDCs and mLCs appear to be endowed with distinct immune functions.”
BackgroundChorro, L., Sarde, A., Li, M., Woollard, K. J., Chambon, P., MALISSEN, B., Kissenpfennig, A., Barbaroux, J.-B., Groves, R. W., & Geissmann, F. (2009) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20091586 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
“…a role as scavengers for viruses such as HIV-1 (de Witte et al., 2007) and possibly for carcinogens (Strid et al., 2008), as well as their role in promoting and regulating T cell–mediated immune responses (Bennett et al., 2007; Stoitzner et al., 2008; Elentner et al., 2009; Vesely et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGeissmann, F., Auffray, C., Palframan, R. T., Wirrig, C., Ciocca, A., Campisi, L., Narni-Mancinelli, É., & Lauvau, G. S. (2008) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2008.19 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Anatomy and Organization of Human Skin
McGrath, J. A., Eady, R. A. J., & Pope, F. M. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470750520.ch3 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Lee, C.-H., Wu, S.-B., Hong, C.-H., Yu, H.-S., & Wei, Y.-H. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms14036414 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Once activated by endogenous or exogenous antigens, they can migrate to skin draining lymph nodes and activate T cells [7].”
Nagao, K., Ginhoux, F., Leitner, W., Motegi, S., Bennett, C. L., Clausen, B., Merad, M., & Udey, M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0807126106 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationOrigin and functional heterogeneity of non‐lymphoid tissue dendritic cells in mice
Helft, J., Ginhoux, F., Bogunovic, M., & Mérad, M. (2010) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00885.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Langerhans Cells: Sensing the Environment in Health and Disease
Deckers, J., Hammad, H., & Hoste, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00093 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“T-cell priming to topically applied haptens was diminished once Langerin+ cDC1s were reconstituted, while LCs were still depleted, indicating a role for LCs in CHS sensitization (57).”
BackgroundIn vivo function of Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells
Kaplan, D. H. (2010) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2010.08.006 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
DC ablation in mice: promises, pitfalls, and challenges
Bennett, C. L., & Clausen, B. E. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.08.011 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationChemical Allergy: Translating Biology into Hazard Characterization
Kimber, I., Basketter, D. A., Gerberick, G. F., Ryan, C. A., & Dearman, R. J. (2010) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq346 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“…of chemical allergens within the skin immune system and the development of skin sensitization can proceed without LC (Bennett and Clausen, 2007; Bennett et al., 2005, 2007; Fukunaga et al., 2008; Kaplan et al., 2005, 2008; Kissenpfennig and Malissen, 2006; Romani et al., 2006; Wang et al.,…”
BackgroundYoshiki, R., Kabashima, K., Honda, T., Nakamizo, S., Sawada, Y., Sugita, K., Yoshioka, H., Ohmori, S., MALISSEN, B., TOKURA, Y., et al. (2014) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2014.98 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“, 2005), whereas other LC ablation mouse models developed reduced or unaffected contact hypersensitivity (Bennett et al., 2007).”
BackgroundFunctional Specialization of Skin Dendritic Cell Subsets in Regulating T Cell Responses
Clausen, B. E., & Stoitzner, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00534 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“From this comprehensive analysis by a number of different laboratories, it became clear that the intensity of the CHS reaction is directly correlated with the efficiency of T cell priming, as was suggested by inefficient antigen transport to draining LN in the absence of Langerin+ skin DC (104).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAntigen presentation by dendritic cells in vivo
Segura, É., & Villadangos, J. A. (2009) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2009.03.011 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
TGF-β Is Required To Maintain the Pool of Immature Langerhans Cells in the Epidermis
Kel, J. M., Girard-Madoux, M. J. H., Reizis, B., & Clausen, B. E. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1000981 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“At the same time, dermal DCs can contribute to traffic hapten to the draining LN, although LCs and dermal DCs may migrate with differential kinetics (12, 31, 37).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationLangerhans cells are precommitted to immune tolerance induction
Shklovskaya, E., O’Sullivan, B., Ng, L. G., Roediger, B., Thomas, R., Weninger, W., & Groth, B. F. D. S. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1110076108 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“In LC ablation models, positive (4, 5), negative (6–8), and redundant (9) contributions of LCs to contact hypersensitivity responses were reported.”
BackgroundLangerhans cells are negative regulators of the anti-Leishmania response
Kautz‐Neu, K., Noordegraaf, M., Dinges, S., Bennett, C. L., John, D., Clausen, B. E., & von Stebut, E. (2011) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20102318 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“…Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany 2Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands 3Department of Haematology, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PF, England, UK Migratory skin dendritic cells (DCs)…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDioszeghy, V., Mondoulet, L., Dhelft, V., Ligouis, M., Puteaux, E., Benhamou, P., & Dupont, C. M. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003134 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Monocyte‐derived dendritic cells in innate and adaptive immunity
León, B., & Ardavı́n, C. (2008) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2008.14 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Insights into Langerhans cell function from Langerhans cell ablation models
Kaplan, D., Kissenpfennig, A., & Clausen, B. (2008) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200838397 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationLangerhans Cells Are Required for UVR-Induced Immunosuppression
Schwarz, A., Noordegraaf, M., Maeda, A., Torii, K., Clausen, B. E., & Schwarz, T. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.429 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationMikami, N., Matsushita, H., Kato, T., Kawasaki, R., Sawazaki, T., Kishimoto, T., Yusuke, O., Watanabe, K., Miyagi, Y., Sueda, K., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100028 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“In TNCB- or DNFB-induced CHS, Langerin cells migrate to the LNs and present Ags to the T cells (33, 34); the number of activated Langerin cells increases in the skindraining LNs after TNCB application (16).”
Igyártó, B. Z., Jenison, M. C., Dudda, J. C., Roers, A., Müller, W., Koni, P. A., Campbell, D., Shlomchik, M. J., & Kaplan, D. H. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901884 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“1%) as has been reported by others (13).”
BackgroundAcute Ablation of Langerhans Cells Enhances Skin Immune Responses
Bobr, A., Olvera‐Gómez, I., Igyártó, B. Z., Haley, K. M., Hogquist, K. A., & Kaplan, D. H. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001802 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Additionally, CHS responses to low doses of oxazalone are reduced in the absence of LCs, although the effect on Th differentiation has not been reported (29).”
BackgroundRedefining the Role of Langerhans Cells As Immune Regulators within the Skin
West, H. C., & Bennett, C. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01941 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“These data support murine studies suggesting that LC prime CD4+ T cells responses to some topically applied sensitizers that do not reach the dermis (95, 96), potentially demonstrating a requirement for migratory epidermal cells in the rapid initiation of T cell responses to topical sensitizers or irritants.”
ResultSelf-citationOuchi, T., Kubo, A., Yokouchi, M., Adachi, T., Kobayashi, T., Kitashima, D. Y., Fujii, H., Clausen, B. E., Koyasu, S., Amagai, M., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20111718 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“…simplex virus skin scarification model (Allan et al., 2003), and mouse models in which LCs were transiently or constitutively depleted showed that they were not essential for eliciting hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity (Kaplan et al., 2005; Kissenpfennig et al., 2005; Bennett et al., 2007).”
Self-citationSkin as a Peripheral Lymphoid Organ: Revisiting the Concept of Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissues
Egawa, G., & Kabashima, K. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.198 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“major role, a recent report demonstrated that Langerhans cell-depleted mice develop an antigen-specific response comparable to non-depleted mice upon transfer of hapten-sensitized T cells (Kaplan et al., 2005; Bennett et al., 2007).”
BackgroundImmunological mechanisms of contact hypersensitivity in mice
Christensen, A. D., & Haase, C. (2011) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02832.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“CHS response (42, 43), whereas another group”
Noordegraaf, M., Flacher, V., Stoitzner, P., & Clausen, B. E. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.223 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“…CHS is decreased in the absence of both all Langerinþ DC and LC alone We have previously shown that in the absence of all Langerinþ cells CHS responses are diminished due to inefficient hapten transport to local LN for the priming of naive antigen-specific T cells (Bennett et al., 2005, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLangerin Expressing Cells Promote Skin Immune Responses under Defined Conditions1
Wang, L.-C., Bursch, L. S., Kissenpfennig, A., Malissen, B., Jameson, S., & Hogquist, K. (2008) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4722 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“(31) who used a similar Langerin-DTR model to show that topically applied FITC is inefficiently transported to the skin draining lymph nodes after depletion of Langerin cells.”
MethodToll‐like receptor ligand activation of murine bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells
Dearman, R. J., Cumberbatch, M., Maxwell, G., Basketter, D. A., & Kimber, I. (2008) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02922.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Flacher, V., Tripp, C. H., Stoitzner, P., Haid, B., Ebner, S., Frari, B. D., Koch, F., Park, C. G., Steinman, R. M., Idoyaga, J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.343 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“The immunogenic potential of LCs in vivo depends on the dose and localization of the antigen (Bennett et al., 2007; Stoitzner et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2008).”
BackgroundHarnessing dendritic cells in inflammatory skin diseases
Chu, C.-C., Meglio, P. D., & Nestle, F. O. (2011) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.006 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Watanabe, H., Gehrke, S., Contassot, E., Roques, S., Tschopp, J., Friedmann, P. S., French, L. E., & Gaide, O. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5826 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A two‐step model for Langerhans cell migration to skin‐draining LN
Villablanca, E. J., & Mora, J. R. (2008) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200838919 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Honda, T., Nakajima, S., Egawa, G., Ogasawara, K., MALISSEN, B., Miyachi, Y., & Kabashima, K. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Anatomy and Organization of Human Skin
McGrath, J. A., & Uitto, J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444317633.ch3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Langerhans cells: critical regulators of skin immunity?
Clausen, B. E., & Kel, J. M. (2010) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2010.40 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationA Unique Dermal Dendritic Cell Subset That Skews the Immune Response toward Th2
Murakami, R., Denda‐Nagai, K., Hashimoto, S.-I., Nagai, S., Hattori, M., & Irimura, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073270 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“These results were consistent with previous work in other laboratories showing that both LCs and CD103 dDCs are involved in CHS sensitization [12,25,26,27,28] and suggest that MGL2 dDCs also play important roles for sensitization leading to CHS in vivo [34].”
BackgroundResultZahner, S. P., Kel, J. M., Martina, C. A. E., Brouwers-Haspels, I., van ROON, M. A., & Clausen, B. E. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1101880 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“swelling responses compared with WT (12, 28, 49), the constitutive absence of only LC from birth onward produced aggravated CHS (31).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLiard, C., Munier, S., Joulin‐Giet, A., Bonduelle, O., Hadam, S., Duffy, D., Vogt, A., Verrier, B., & Combadière, B. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.346 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“In addition, both LCs and CD207þ DDCs would be involved in contact hypersensitivity depending on the hapten dose (Kaplan et al., 2005; Bennett et al., 2007; Honda et al., 2010; Noordegraaf et al., 2010).”
BackgroundFrom innate to adaptive immune responses in contact hypersensitivity
Martin, S. F., & Jakob, T. (2008) · Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1097/aci.0b013e3283088cf9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Erkes, D. A., & Selvan, S. R. (2014) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2014/175265 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“The ability of haptens to cause autoimmunity and wart regression is an important concept to consider when applying the use of haptens to cancer immunotherapy setting, as the immune response to cancer is similar to an autoimmune response [20].”
BackgroundDicer-Dependent MicroRNAs Control Maturation, Function, and Maintenance of Langerhans Cells In Vivo
Kuipers, H., Schnorfeil, F. M., Fehling, H. J., Bartels, H., & Brocker, T. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903912 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“We therefore performed CHS with the hapten Oxazolone at a low dose previously described to selectively target LCs (38).”
MethodXu, Y., Pektor, S., Balkow, S., Hemkemeyer, S. A., Liu, Z., Grobe, K., Hanley, P. J., Shen, L., Bros, M., Schmidt, T., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300695 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“In pe- ripheral tissues and nonlymphoid organs, immature DCs sample Ags and present them to T cells in draining lymph nodes (LNs) (3).”
BackgroundInfluentialHaley, K., Igyártó, B. Z., Ortner, D., Bobr, A., Kashem, S., Schenten, D., & Kaplan, D. H. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1102759 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Schwarz, A., Navid, F., Sparwasser, T. D., Clausen, B. E., & Schwarz, T. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2012.238 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Animals in which Langerinþ cells were depleted by DT injection could be sensitized, although the sensitization response was weaker than in mice that did not receive DT, confirming previous observations (Bennett et al., 2005, 2007; Schwarz et al., 2010).”
MethodResultSelf-citationJaptok, L., Schaper, K., Bäumer, W., Radeke, H. H., Jeong, S. K., & Kleuser, B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049427 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Several studies indicate that LCs possess a critical role in the development of CHS, which is a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to a topically applied hapten [41–44].”
BackgroundFlacher, V., Sparber, F., Tripp, C. H., Romani, N., & Stoitzner, P. (2008) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-008-0563-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“shown to be mandatory for the induction of contact hypersensitivity [5].”
BackgroundThe evolving function of Langerhans cells in adaptive skin immunity
Igyártó, B., & Kaplan, D. (2010) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2010.24 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Integrin αE(CD103) Is Involved in Regulatory T-Cell Function in Allergic Contact Hypersensitivity
Braun, A., Dewert, N., Brunnert, F., Schnabel, V., Hardenberg, J.-H., Richter, B., Zachmann, K., Cording, S., Claßen, A., Brans, R., et al. (2015) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2015.287 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Normal DC function in CD103 /− mice during T-cell priming in the sensitization phase Given that priming of hapten-specific T cells by DCs, particularly epidermal LCs, in dLNs during sensitization is mandatory in CHS (Grabbe et al., 1995; Bennett et al., 2007) and because the density of LCs influences CHS responses (Be…”
BackgroundLangerhans cells regulate cutaneous injury by licensing CD8 effector cells recruited to the skin
Bennett, C. L., Fallah‐Arani, F., Conlan, T., Trouillet, C., Goold, H. D., Chorro, L., Flutter, B. R., Means, T. K., Geissmann, F., & Chakraverty, R. K. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-01-329185 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLangerhans Cells—Revising Their Role in Skin Pathologies
Neagu, M. T., Constantin, C., Jugulete, G., Cauni, V. M., Dubrac, S., Szöllősi, A. G., & Zurac, S. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12122072 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Contact dermatitis Uptake of allergens and immune response via antigen presentation to T cells [74]”
Stoecklinger, A., Eticha, T. D., Mesdaghi, M., Kissenpfennig, A., MALISSEN, B., Thalhamer, J., & Hammerl, P. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002557 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“However, LC seemed to become less important with higher doses of contact-sensitizing agents, probably because of increased haptenization of dermal cells (42).”
BackgroundOhtani, T., Mizuashi, M., Nakagawa, S., Sasaki, Y., Fujimura, T., Okuyama, R., & Aiba, S. (2009) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02919.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Imunopatologia da dermatite de contato alérgica
Martins, L. E. A. M., & dos Reis, V. M. S. (2011) · Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · doi:10.1590/s0365-05962011000300001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Bacci et al.84 and Bennett et al.76 suggest that at higher concentrations the antigen is captured by both LC and dermal DC, which induce the generation of an effector response in regional lymph nodes, and that at lower concentrations the antigen is especially captured by LC, which induce the process by themselves.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLangerhans Cells Are Not Required for the CD8 T Cell Response to Epidermal Self-Antigens
Bursch, L. S., Rich, B. E., & Hogquist, K. A. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0803656 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Lang-DTR mice have been used to study contact hypersensitivity (CHS), and acute LC depletion led to reduced CHS in at least one model (49, 50).”
Emerging Skin T-Cell Functions in Response to Environmental Insults
Suwanpradid, J., Holcomb, Z. E., & MacLeod, A. S. (2016) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.013 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Revisiting the tolerogenicity of epidermal Langerhans cells
Lutz, M. B., Döhler, A., & Azukizawa, H. (2010) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2010.17 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Roles of Skin Langerhans Cells in Immune Tolerance and Cancer Immunity
Zhou, L., Jiang, A., Veenstra, J. J., Ozog, D., & Mi, Q. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10091380 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“To study the role of LC in the pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis, a variety of LC depletion mice have b en used as models of CHS [47–55].”
ResultInfluentialFurmanov, K., Elnekave, M., Lehmann, D., Clausen, B. E., Kotton, D. N., & Hovav, A. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903062 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationChristensen, A. D., Skov, S., Kvist, P. H., & Haase, C. (2014) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12466 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Langerhans cells in the skin and oral mucosa: Brothers in arms?
Brand, A., Hovav, A., & Clausen, B. E. (2023) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202149499 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationZimara, N., Florián, C., Schmid, M., MALISSEN, B., Kissenpfennig, A., Männel, D. N., Edinger, M., Hutchinson, J. A., Hoffmann, P., & Ritter, U. (2014) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201344263 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Goold, H. D., Escors, D., Conlan, T., Chakraverty, R. K., & Bennett, C. L. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002529 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSparber, F., Tripp, C. H., Komenda, K., Scheffler, J. M., Clausen, B. E., Huber, L. A., Romani, N., & Stoitzner, P. (2014) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2014.324 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…the efficient induction of CHS, which is in line with several reports suggesting that both LCs and Langerinþ dermal DCs contribute to CHS induction (Bennett et al., 2005, 2007; Bursch et al., 2007; Edelson et al., 2010; Honda et al., 2010; Kel et al., 2010; Noordegraaf et al., 2010; Zahner et…”
ResultSelf-citationMorse, K., Kimizuka, Y., Chan, M., Shibata, M., Shimaoka, Y., Takeuchi, S., Forbes, B., Nirschl, C. J., Li, B., Zeng, Y. C., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601873 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rho-Family GTPase Cdc42 Controls Migration of Langerhans Cells In Vivo
Luckashenak, N. A., Wähe, A., Breit, K., Brakebusch, C., & Brocker, T. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1201082 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“1→Cdc42flx-Cre chimeras by first using a low-dose regimen of hapten treatment as described (8).”
MethodResultCollared mice: A model to assess the effects of scratching
Takeuchi, S., Yasukawa, F., Furue, M., & Katz, S. I. (2009) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.09.008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“It is not known whether these LC changes in mice painted with vehicle is accompanied by their migration to the regional lymph nodes as occurs in the induction of CH after hapten painting [12,13].”
BackgroundThe role of neutrophils and G‐CSF in DNFB‐induced contact hypersensitivity in mice
Christensen, A. D., Skov, S., & Haase, C. (2014) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.16 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In mice, contact hypersensitivity has been studied using haptens such as dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), FITC, and oxazolone and the response is thought to be drivenmainly by T cells [7], but is known to also involve other cell types, including Langerhans cells (LC) [8], dermal dendritic cells [9], B-1 cells [10], NKT ce…”
BackgroundToluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Disposition and Co-Localization of Immune Cells in Hair Follicles
Nayak, A. P., Hettick, J. M., Siegel, P. D., Anderson, S. E., Long, C. M., Green, B. J., & Beezhold, D. H. (2014) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfu079 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“CD207+/langerin-expressing DCs (LCs and dDCs) have been reported to mediate allergic sensitization resulting in contact hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis (Bennett et al., 2007; Bursch et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLangerhans Cells Orchestrate the Protective Antiviral Innate Immune Response in the Lymph Node
Wong, E. B., Montoya, B., Stotesbury, C., Ferez, M., Xu, R.-H., & Sigal, L. J. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.118 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Shi, Y., Gu, J., Park, J.-Y., Xu, Y.-P., Yu, F.-S., Zhou, L., & Mi, Q. S. (2012) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.09.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Previous studies indicated that LCs are involved in ACD [20] and epidermal γδ T cells also control cutaneous inflammation [21].”
BackgroundYabe, R., Shimizu, K., Shimizu, S., Azechi, S., Choi, B.-I., Sudo, K., Kubo, S., Nakae, S., Ishigame, H., Kakuta, S., et al. (2014) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxu098 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Langerhans Cells at the Interface of Medicine, Science, and Industry
Stoitzner, P., Stingl, G., Mérad, M., & Romani, N. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.394 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Using langerinDTR mice, Clausen demonstrated that CHS reactions in the absence of LCs were more strongly reduced when a low dose of oxazolone was applied to the skin, most likely due to limited dissemination of the antigen into the dermis (Bennett et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHPV16 E6/E7 -based mRNA vaccine is therapeutic in mice bearing aggressive HPV-positive lesions
Zhou, K., Yuzhakov, O., Behloul, N., Wang, D., Bhagat, L., Chu, D., Zhang, X., Cheng, X., Fan, L., Huang, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213285 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wnt Signaling Influences the Development of Murine Epidermal Langerhans Cells
Becker, M. R., Choi, Y. S., Millar, S. E., & Udey, M. C. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.131 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“reactions (Bennett et al., 2007; Bennett et al., 2005; Bursch et al., 2007; Kaplan et al., 2005; Kissenpfennig et al., 2005) in established murine models.”
Sil, P., Suwanpradid, J., Muse, G. W., Gruzdev, A., Liu, L., Corcoran, D. L., Willson, C. J., Janardhan, K. S., Grimm, S. A., Myers, P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.041 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Studies using LC depletion models, such as the Langerin-Cre+ mouse model, however, have demonstrated diminished inflammation in a CHS model, suggesting a role for LCs in the generation of effector cells as well (48, 78, 79).”
MethodRetractedLangerhans Cell Migration: Not Necessarily Always at the Center of the Skin Sensitization Universe
Kimber, I., Cumberbatch, M., & Dearman, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.54 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Density of Langerhans Cells in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers: A Systematic Review
Pogorzelska‐Dyrbuś, J., & Szepietowski, J. C. (2020) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2020/8745863 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The LCs are known to have an ability to present antigens to T lymphocytes and migrate from the skin to the regional lymph nodes with the migration increased during the inflammation [2, 3].”
BackgroundEaton, L. H., Roberts, R. A., Kimber, I., Dearman, R. J., & Metryka, A. (2014) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12359 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Epicutaneous exposure to proteins and skin immune function
Kimber, I., Griffiths, C. E. M., Basketter, D. A., McFadden, J. P., & Dearman, R. J. (2014) · European Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1684/ejd.2013.2187 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“With the availability now of a series of engineered mice in which discrete functional subpopulations of epidermal LC and dermal dendritic cells (dDC) can be selectively targeted and ablated, there is compelling evidence that skin sensitisation can proceed in the absence of epidermal LC [3, 4], although the requirement…”
BackgroundFernandes, E., Goold, H. D., Kissenpfennig, A., MALISSEN, B., Dyson, J., & Bennett, C. L. (2010) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e318201ac27 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“These mice tend to display hyperimmune responses that are not seen when LC are transiently depleted from Langerin-DTR mice (28, 34).”
BackgroundSelf-citationStructure and Function of the Skin
McGrath, J. A., & Uitto, J. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118441213.rtd0002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Langerhans cells and skin immune diseases
Zhu, R., Yao, X., & Li, W. (2024) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202250280 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Novel DC Therapy with Manipulation of MKK6 Gene on Nickel Allergy in Mice
Watanabe, M., Ishimaru, N., Ashrin, M. N., Arakaki, R., Yamada, A., Ichikawa, T., & Hayashi, Y. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“dermal DCs can support LC functions [31].”
Jung, S. H., Sun, X., Ryu, W., & Yang, B. (2012) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.12069 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dendritic cells and the assessmentin vitroof skin sensitizing potential
Kimber, I., Dearman, R. J., & Basketter, D. A. (2012) · Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology · doi:10.3109/15569527.2012.692135 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Langerhans Cells at the Interface of Medicine, Science, and Industry
Mérad, M., Romani, N., & Randolph, G. J. (2008) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5701229 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Using langerinDTR mice, Clausen demonstrated that CHS reactions in the absence of LCs were more strongly reduced when a low dose of oxazolone was applied to the skin, most likely due to limited dissemination of the antigen into the dermis (Bennett et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMiracco, C., Pietronudo, F., Mourmouras, V., PELLEGRINO, M. A., Onorati, M., Mastrogiulio, M. G., Cantarini, L., & Luzi, P. (2010) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2010/350304 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kautz‐Neu, K., Meyer, R. G., Clausen, B. E., & von Stebut, E. (2010) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01116.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationImai, Y., Hayashi, N., Yasuda, K., Tsutsui, H., Mizutani, H., & Nakanishi, K. (2008) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.01.005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Christensen, A. D., Skov, S., & Haase, C. (2012) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Characteristics and functions of murine cutaneous dendritic cells: a synopsis of recent developments
Udey, M. C., & Nagao, K. (2008) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2008.37 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tripetchr, T., Dubau, M., Hedtrich, S., & Kleuser, B. (2025) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-025-04130-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“These observations align with previous studies in the field of skin sensitization (Bennett et al. 2007; Betts et al. 2017; Hunger et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2012; Peiser et al. 2004).”
- Authors
- Bennett, C. L., Noordegraaf, M., Martina, C. A. E., & Clausen, B. E.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,
- ORCID
- Bennett, Clare L
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 6830-6835
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W2099260174
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, haptens, contact hypersensitivity, T cell priming, draining lymph nodes, Langerhans cell depletion, skin immune cells
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Active, Dermatitis, Contact, Epidermis, Haptens, Humans, Langerhans Cells, Lymph Nodes, T-Lymphocytes, Antigen Presentation, Models, Immunological, Dermis, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
