Effect of climate and insemination technique on reproductive performance of gilts and sows in a subtropical zone of Mexico
Open accessAbstract
The objective of this study was to analyse the reproductive performance of hybrid (Yorkshire x Landrace) gilts/ sows in relation to temperature-humidity index (THI) at artificial insemination (AI), season of AI, occurrence of estrus >8 d postweaning, repeated estrus, insemination technique (cervical, CAI or post-cervical, PCAI) and parity.Data included 8851 reproductive records (1771 for gilts and 7080 for sows) from a pig farm in a sub-tropical zone (THI ranged from 72.9 in January to 81.8 in June).A decrease in pregnancy rate (PR, 89.8 vs 93.0%; P<0.01) and a tendency to decline farrowing rate (FR, 87.9 vs 90.3%; P=0.07) following AI during high THI (>82), compared to AI at <74 THI were observed.The spring and summer season were associated with decreased (P<0.01)PR compared with fall and winter (90.0%vs 93.0%).Likewise, FR decreased in spring and summer compared to fall and winter (88.5% vs. 90.9%).FR was higher (P<0.01) in non-repeat breeders compared with that of repeat-breeders (90.3% vs 76.2%).Litter size increased (P<0.01) from 10.8 ± 3.2 to 11.1 ± 3.1 pigs when the interval from weaning to estrus was >8 d.The insemination technique did not affect PR and FR but the litter size decreased (P<0.05) from 11.3 ± 3.0 to 11.1 ± 2.9 pigs when PCAI was used compared to CAI.This study reaffirms the negative effects of the hot season on reproductive performance of gilts/sows, although thermal stress at AI did not cause foetal losses.Also, there is no advantage in using the PCAI as compared to the CAI in gilts/sows with high numbers of sperm cells per AI.
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Following Mellado et al., 78 ≤ THI < 82 indicates moderate thermal stress.
“78 ≤ THI < 82 indicates moderate thermal stress”
From Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows (2021) · cites this paper as Mellado et al. [49]
The Statistical Analyses section classifies THI into bands including 78–82, and the Results call THI >82 severe heat stress. Our copy does not label the 78–82 band “moderate thermal stress,” so it supports the range but not the attributed stress designation. No page numbers are available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Mellado et al., when THI > 82, the sow pregnancy rate was 89.8%.
“when THI > 82, the sow pregnancy rate was 89.8%”
From Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows (2021) · cites this paper as Mellado et al. [49]
Table 1 (Discussion) reports a pregnancy rate of 89.8% at THI >82 for gilts and sows combined. The Results give the sow-specific rate as 90.1% (and the gilt rate as 88.7%), so 89.8% is not the sow pregnancy rate. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFollowing Mellado et al., THI < 74 indicates an appropriate environmental level.
“THI < 74 indicates an appropriate environmental level”
From Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows (2021) · cites this paper as Mellado et al. [49]
The Results (Table 1; page unavailable) report the highest pregnancy rate in the THI <74 group, supporting its use as a favorable condition for gilts and sows at insemination. The paper does not establish <74 as a general cutoff for an ‘appropriate environmental level’; pregnancy rates were similar across several lower-THI groups, and abortion rate was highest in the <74 group. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFollowing Mellado et al., 74 ≤ THI < 78 indicates mild thermal stress.
“74 ≤ THI < 78 indicates mild thermal stress”
From Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows (2021) · cites this paper as Mellado et al. [49]
The Statistical Analyses section classifies THI into bands including 74–78, but does not label that band mild thermal stress. The Results mention “mild climatic conditions” without explicitly assigning that description to THI 74–78. The numerical range is supported; the stress designation is not established by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFollowing Mellado et al., THI ≥ 82 indicates severe thermal stress.
“THI ≥ 82 indicates severe thermal stress”
From Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows (2021) · cites this paper as Mellado et al. [49]
The Results classify THI >82 at insemination as severe heat stress. The claim changes that threshold to ≥82, but the paper does not classify THI exactly equal to 82 as severe. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Mellado et al., when 74 < THI < 78, the pregnancy rate was 91.8%.
“when 74 < THI < 78, the pregnancy rate was 91.8%”
From Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows (2021) · cites this paper as Mellado et al. [49]
Mellado et al. [49] used THI [10] to analyze the pregnancy rate of sows.
“Mellado et al. [49] used THI [10] to analyze the pregnancy rate of sows.”
From Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows (2021) · cites this paper as Mellado et al. [49]
In Mellado et al., when 78 < THI < 82, the pregnancy rate was 91.4%.
“when 78 < THI < 82, the pregnancy rate was 91.4%”
From Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows (2021) · cites this paper as Mellado et al. [49]
In Mellado et al., when THI < 74, the pregnancy rate was 93%.
“when THI < 74, the pregnancy rate was 93%”
From Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows (2021) · cites this paper as Mellado et al. [49]
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- NRC, National Research Council. 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11 th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
- Vanderhaeghe C, Dewulf J, de Kruif A, Maes D. 2013. Non-infectious factors associated with stillbirth in pigs, A review. Anim Reprod Sci 139, 76-88.
Cited by
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Cao, M., Zong, C., Wang, X., Teng, G., Zhuang, Y., & Lei, K. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11051472 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“[49] used THI [10] to analyze the pregnancy rate of sows.”
BackgroundMethod
- Authors
- Mellado, M., Gaytán, L., Macías-Cruz, U., Avendaño, L., Meza-Herrera, C., Lozano, E. A., Rodríguez, Á., & Mellado, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (MX)
- Chapingo Autonomous University (MX)
- Venue
- Austral journal of veterinary sciences
- Publisher
- Sistema de Bibliotecas UACH
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-34
- ISSN
- 0719-8000 (ISSN-L)
- 0719-8132
- OpenAlex
- W2783345470
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Austral journal of veterinary sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- pig reproductive performance, artificial insemination, temperature-humidity index, thermal stress (biology), gilts, sows, cervical artificial insemination, pregnancy rate, farrowing rate, litter size, repeat breeders
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