Pregnancy as a Major Determinant for Discontinuation of Antidepressants: An Analysis of Data From The Health Improvement Network
Abstract
Background Potential adverse effects of antidepressants during pregnancy have caused concern about their use. There are, however, very limited detailed data on patterns of antidepressant prescribing in pregnancy. Objective To examine secular trends in prescribing during pregnancy, to assess whether pregnancy is a major determinant for stopping antidepressants, and to identify characteristics of those who stopped antidepressants during pregnancy. Method In this cohort study, we obtained data on 114,999 pregnant women (median age at delivery, 30.5 years [interquartile range, 26-34 years]) who had a live birth between 1992 and 2006 and 22,677 nonpregnant women from The Health Improvement Network primary care database, one of the largest sources of continuous anonymized primary care data in the United Kingdom and broadly representative of UK general practice. This database includes information on age, sex, medical diagnosis and symptoms, health promotion activities, referrals to secondary care, and prescriptions for each registered individual. The database also holds information about social deprivation as measured using quintiles of the Townsend score. We used Cox regression analysis to compare time to last prescription in pregnant versus nonpregnant women and to identify characteristics of those women who stopped antidepressants during pregnancy. Results Antidepressant prescribing in pregnancy increased nearly 4-fold from 1992 to 2006 (relative risk = 3.87; 95% CI, 1.73-8.66; P…
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Women often discontinue medication during pregnancy due to concern over potential harm to the fetus.
“and often discontinue medication during pregnancy due to concern over potential harm to the fetus.14–16”
From Pregnancy and the Acceptability of Computer-Based Versus Traditional Mental Health Treatments (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) constituted 80% of this increase (Petersen et al., 2011).”
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“Despite the low risk of birth defects associated with commonly used antidepressants [34], many women are reported to discontinue their treatment upon confirmation of pregnancy [35,36].”
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“SSRI use does appear to decrease during the first trimester, suggesting a tendency to stop usage upon discovery of a pregnancy [Hayes et al., 2012; Petersen et al., 2011].”
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“Many women stop their antidepressants when they discover that they are pregnant (Petersen et al., 2011).”
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“We separated these two groups since we had observed a similar steep decline in antidepressant prescribing in pregnancy in a previous study [27].”
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“Women who discontinue antidepressant treatment proximate to conception are more likely to experience a depressive relapse during gestation(12) so treatment decisions during pregnancy must weigh the risks of maternal depression during pregnancy against those of fetal antidepressant exposure.(13) Several antidepressants…”
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“Previous research on other psychotropic medications including antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs suggests that many women discontinue treatment in early pregnancy (Petersen et al., 2011; Man et al., 2012).”
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“[13, 14] Pregnancy has been described to be the driving factor for discontinuation of antidepressant therapy,[15] nevertheless, no previous studies have explored how closely pregnant women follow their psychotropic regimens in the context of ongoing use.”
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“Pregnancy is associated with discontinuation of psychotropic medication in women with severe affective disorders [7-9] but there is little known about rates and reasons for discontinuation in women with schizophrenia.”
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“[2 00 8, 20 10 ] 31 72 9 (2 2.”
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“Longitudinal patterns of drug use at the individual level have been rarely described [6–10] and can expose individual treatment trajectories masked in across-individual aggregates.”
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“Treatment may be interrupted by pregnancy, when many women discontinue pharmacotherapy [9] for reasons that will likely centre around the perception of potential risk of harm to the foetus.”
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“5-fold increase in antidepressant discontinuation, leading to a steady decline in antidepressant use over the course of pregnancy (Ramos et al., 2007; Bennett et al., 2010; Petersen et al., 2011).”
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“3% during the remainder of the pregnancy; [32]with similar estimates reported in theUSAusing claimsdata [33].”
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“As pregnant women are much more likely to discontinue antidepressant use as compared to non-pregnant women [59], accurately measuring medication adherence is critical.”
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“3, trajectory B) (Petersen et al. 2011).”
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“Accordingly, the use of antidepressants drops significantly during pregnancy in many women.(15,16) Although there is preliminary evidence”
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“Concerns about the safety of AD exposure to unborn babies are a major determinant of cessation of AD medication use during pregnancy (Petersen et al., 2011), although pregnancy can represent a time of increased vulnerability for the onset or return of depression (Bennett et al., 2004).”
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“In fact, pregnant women were found to be more likely to discontinue antidepressants than non-pregnant women, particularly in the first 6 weeks of pregnancy (Petersen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundKittel‐Schneider, S., Felice, E., Buhagiar, R., den Berg, M. P. L., Wilson, C. A., Banjac, V., Vujović, K. S., Medić, B., Opanković, A., Fonseca, A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19041973 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, pregnancy remains a major driver for discontinuation of antidepressants, and 49% of those individuals who chose to continue have low antidepressant adherence [12,13].”
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Decisions about the use of psychotropic medication during pregnancy: a qualitative study
Stevenson, F., Hamilton, S., Pinfold, V., Walker, C., Dare, C., Kaur, H., Lambley, R., Szymczyńska, P., Nicolls, V., & Petersen, I. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010130 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“11 – 17 Petersen et al 14 showed that this was the case for antidepressants; with the decline in prescribing the most profound in the fi rst 6 weeks of pregnancy.”
BackgroundSelf-citationClinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders
Mann, J., McGrath, P. J., & Roose, S. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139175869 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Safety of psychotropic drugs in pregnancy
Khalifeh, H., Dolman, C., & Howard, L. (2015) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.h2260 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Galbally, M., Watson, S. J., Boyce, P., Nguyen, T., & Lewis, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.116 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Woźniak, M., Jaszczak, E., Wiergowski, M., Polkowska, Ż., Namieśnik, J., & Biziuk, M. (2018) · Trends in Analytical Chemistry (TrAC) · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.025 · Cited by 19
Perinatal mental disorders in Switzerland: prevalence estimates and use of mental-health services
Berger, A., Bachmann, N., Signorell, A., Erdin, R., Oelhafen, S., Reich, O., & Cignacco, E. (2017) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2017.14417 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“Indeed, pregnancy remains a major determinant of cessation of antidepressant medications [13], fear of harmful fetal events being the most important factor leading to refuse any pharmacological approach for antenatal depression.”
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“Recent studies report that 3% of pregnant women take antidepressants for some portion of their pregnancy (Petersen et al. 2011), most commonly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and the number of women being treated is increasing (Bakker et al. 2008; Petersen et al. 2011).”
InfluentialEffect of antidepressants use in pregnancy on foetus development and adverse effects in newborns
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“Many studies show that a high proportion of women treated for depression discontinue treatment once they become pregnant due to safety concerns [10].”
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“Factors such as pregnancy planning might have also deflated our estimates; because of fear to harm the unborn child and elevated risk perception of medication exposure, many women may discontinue their needed pharmacotherapy during pregnancy or when attempting to conceive [52,53].”
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Perceptions of medicine use among pregnant women: an interview-based study
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“A large cohort study in the UK revealed that only 10% of women who were treated with antidepressants prior to pregnancy still received the medication by the beginning of the third trimester [43].”
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Self-citationSanders, J., Blaylock, R., Dean, C., Petersen, I., Trickey, H., & Murphy, C. N. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067987 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationShould Antidepressants be Avoided in Pregnancy?
Besag, F., & Vasey, M. J. (2022) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-022-01257-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Whereas the risk of adverse foetal outcomes with prenatal antidepressant exposure is likely to have been overstated by reference only to the findings from uncontrolled analyses, anxiety over possible harm to the foetus has been cited as the most common reason for discontinuation [30] and may also influence decisions o…”
BackgroundReproductive Decision-Making Capacity in Women With Psychiatric Illness: A Systematic Review
Ross, N. E., Webster, T. G., Tastenhoye, C. A., Hauspurg, A. K., Foust, J. E., Gopalan, P. R., & Friedman, S. H. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaclp.2021.08.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Treating Anxiety During Pregnancy: Patient Concerns About Pharmaceutical Treatment
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The preconception needs of women with severe mental illness: a consecutive clinical case series
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“Women taking psychotropic medications may discontinue these treatments as soon as they discover that they are pregnant [14] because of the potential negative impacts on fetal development.”
BackgroundHalim, A. F. N. A., Ahmad, D., Ling, M. Y. J., Masdor, N. A., Ramly, N., Othman, R., Kandayah, T., Hassan, M. R., & Dapari, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912971 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Laurin, A., Nard, N., Dalmont, M., Bulteau, S., Bénard, C., Bonnot, O., Winer, N., Dupont, F., Apter, G., Terranova-Commessie, F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11144048 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Therefore, 40 to 76% of pregnant women discontinue their psychotropic treatments before or during pregnancy [19], and it is estimated that antidepressants are five times more likely to be stopped in pregnant women [20].”
Background
- Authors
- Petersen, I., Gilbert, R. E., Evans, S. J. W., Man, S.-L., & Nazareth, I.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Petersen, Irene
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2011-03-08
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 07
- Pages
- 979-985
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2004855735
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 15.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (G0601726)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Keywords
- antidepressant discontinuation, pregnancy, antidepressant prescribing, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, maternal mental health, perinatal depression, secular trends, Townsend score, social deprivation, primary care prescribing, drug safety in pregnancy, third trimester, parity, maternal alcohol use, maternal obesity, maternal diabetes, maternal hypertension, smoking during pregnancy, prenatal alcohol exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Antidepressive Agents, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Drug Utilization, Female, Gestational Age, United Kingdom, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Medication Adherence, Young Adult, General Practice, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
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