Cited by 317Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesTreatment of Major DepressionPsychological Treatments and Disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

The Pharmacologic Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Progress

Ravindran, Lakshmi N., Stein, Murray B.·2010·The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

DOI 10.4088/jcp.10r06218blu

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Anxiety disorders, as a group, are among the most common mental health conditions and frequently cause significant functional impairment. Both psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic techniques are recognized to be effective management strategies. This review provides a discussion of the major classes of psychotropic medications investigated in clinical trials of the following anxiety disorders: panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Findings suggest that both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are useful first-line agents for most of the anxiety disorders, particularly given the frequent comorbidity with mood disorders. Highly serotonergic agents are preferred for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Other antidepressants, such as tricyclic antidepressants or monoamine oxidase inhibitors, are generally reserved as second- and third-line strategies due to tolerability issues. Evidence for other agents, including anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics, suggests that they may have an adjunctive role to antidepressants in cases of treatment resistance, while azapirones have been used effectively for generalized anxiety disorder, and a substantial body of evidence supports benzodiazepine use in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Despite notable advances, many patients with anxiety disorders fail to adequately respond to existing pharmacologic treatments. Increased research attention should be focused on systematizing pharmacologic and combined pharmacologic-psychosocial strategies to address treatment resistance and developing novel treatments for anxiety disorders.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4088/jcp.10r06218blu

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 317

Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor–Expressing Neurons in the Central Amygdala Influence Fear-Related Behavior
Yu, Z., Swiercz, A. P., Moshfegh, C. M., Hopkins, L. S., Wiaderkiewicz, J., Speth, R. C., Park, J., & Marvar, P. J. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.027 · Cited by 32
Heightened sensitivity to emotional expressions in generalised anxiety disorder, compared to social anxiety disorder, and controls
Bui, É., Anderson, E., Goetter, E. M., Campbell, A. A., Fischer, L., Barrett, L. F., & Simon, N. M. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1087973 · Cited by 33
“…the high comorbidity of these conditions (Kessler et al., 2005), overlap in effective treatments (e. g., antidepressants), and often incomplete response with available treatments (Ravindran & Stein, 2010), it is important to better understand which characteristics are shared and which are unique.”
Background
Effects of psychotropic drugs on Nuclear Factor kappa B.
Troib, A., & Azab, A. N. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 31
Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities and acute toxicity evaluation of the Psilocybe cubensis mushroom in experimental models in mice
Hernández-León, A., Escamilla-Orozco, R. I., Tabal-Robles, A. R., Martı́nez-Vargas, D., Romero-Bautista, L., Escamilla-Soto, G., Romero, O. S. G., Torres-Valencia, J. M., & González-Trujano, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117415 · Cited by 35
Loop Diuretics Have Anxiolytic Effects in Rat Models of Conditioned Anxiety
Krystal, A. D., Sutherland, J., & Hochman, D. W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035417 · Cited by 30
“Increasing GABAA mediated inhibition is also thought to be the mechanism through which benzodiazepines mediate their anxiolytic effects [8].”
BackgroundInfluential
National trends of psychotropic medication use among patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders: Results from Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2004–2009
Wu, C., Wang, C., Katz, A. J., & Farley, J. F. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.11.004 · Cited by 30
The Anxiolytic Effects of Valtrate in Rats Involves Changes of Corticosterone Levels
Shi, S.-N., Shi, J., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, C., Hou, W.-H., & Guo, J. (2014) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2014/325948 · Cited by 30
“In addition, a lot of patients with anxiety disorders fail to adequately respond to existing pharmacologic treatments [4].”
Background
Anti-anxiety Properties of Selected Medicinal Plants
Khan, A., Akram, M., Thiruvengadam, M., Daniyal, M., Zakki, S. A., Munir, N., Zainab, R., Heydari, M., Mosavat, S. H., Ребезов, М. Б., et al. (2021) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1389201022666210122125131 · Cited by 35
Protein Kinase C is Essential for Kainate‐Induced Anxiety‐Related Behavior and Glutamatergic Synapse Upregulation in Prelimbic Cortex
Liu, B., Feng, J., & Wang, J. (2014) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12313 · Cited by 30
“Chemical reagents strengthening the efficacy of their interactions have been applied for the psychotropic medications of anxiety disorders, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants [42].”
Background
Rines E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Regulates MAO-A Levels and Emotional Responses
Kabayama, M., Sakoori, K., Yamada, K., Ornthanalai, V. G., Ota, M., Morimura, N., Katayama, K., Murphy, N. P., & Aruga, J. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5717-12.2013 · Cited by 31
“MAO inhibitors and selective 5-HT or NE reuptake inhibitors are common pharmacotherapies for treating depression and anxiety disorders that work by increasing the levels of 5-HT and NE in the brain (Millan, 2003; Ravindran and Stein, 2010; Koen and Stein, 2011).”
Background
CBD and the 5-HT1A receptor: A medicinal and pharmacological review
Alexander, C., Jeon, J., Nickerson, K., Hassler, S. N., & Vasefi, M. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.116742 · Cited by 28
Effect of blackberry juice (Rubus fruticosus L.) on anxiety-like behaviour in Wistar rats
Fernández-Demeneghi, R., Rodríguez‐Landa, J. F., Guzmán‐Gerónimo, R. I., Acosta‐Mesa, H., Meza, E., Vargas-Moreno, I., & Meza, S. H. (2019) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2019.1580680 · Cited by 30
“Unfortunately, these treatments may be accompanied by side effects, and tolerance and drug dependence may develop in the long term (Bateson 2002; Carlini 2003; Ravindran and Stein 2010).”
Background
Antidepressant-relevant behavioral and synaptic molecular effects of long-term fasudil treatment in chronically stressed male rats
Román-Albasini, L., Díaz‐Véliz, G., Olave, F. A., Aguayo, F. I., García‐Rojo, G., Corrales, W. A., Silva, J. P., Avalos, A. M., Rojas, P. S., Aliaga, E., et al. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100234 · Cited by 27
“Several antidepressants are useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders (Ravindran and Stein, 2010).”
Nanoscopic Visualization of Restricted Nonvolume Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Transmission with Genetically Encoded Sensors
Zhu, P. K., Zheng, W., Zhang, P., Jing, M., Borden, P. M., Ali, F., Guo, K., Feng, J., Marvin, J. S., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04877 · Cited by 27
Anxiolytic activities of Matcha tea powder, extracts, and fractions in mice: Contribution of dopamine D1 receptor- and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor-mediated mechanisms
Kurauchi, Y., Devkota, H. P., Hori, K., Nishihara, Y., Hisatsune, A., Seki, T., & Katsuki, H. (2019) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.046 · Cited by 28
Outlining new frontiers for the comprehension of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of its relationship with fear and anxiety
Diniz, J. B., Miguel, E. C., de Oliveira, A. R., Reimer, A. E., Brandão, M. L., de Mathis, M. A., Batistuzzo, M. C., Costa, D. L. C., & Hoexter, M. Q. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s1516-4446(12)70056-9 · Cited by 32
Subtypes of the psychedelic experience have reproducible and predictable effects on depression and anxiety symptoms
Nikolaidis, A., Lancelotta, R., Gukasyan, N., Griffiths, R. R., Barrett, F. S., & Davis, A. K. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.042 · Cited by 26
Wearable Social Sensing: Content-Based Processing Methodology and Implementation
Gu, J. J., Gao, B., Chen, Y., Jiang, L., Gao, Z., Ma, X., Ma, Y., Woo, W. L., & Jin, J. (2017) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2017.2754289 · Cited by 26
“Anxiety disorders may impose significant functional impairment, especially for juveniles and typically have a chronic course, which can interfere with student’s performance at school or social interaction activity [28].”
Background
Contemporary treatment of anxiety in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes in countries with universal healthcare
Parker, E. L., Banfield, M., Fassnacht, D. B., Hatfield, T., & Kyrios, M. (2021) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-021-01445-5 · Cited by 34
“However, hydroxyzine and buspirone are not considered first-line agents for anxiety, and benzodiazepines are only recommended in specific conditions such as during the initiation phase of an SSRI [61].”
BackgroundInfluential
The effect of SSRIs on fear learning: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Heesbeen, E. J., Bijlsma, E. Y., Verdouw, P. M., Lissa, C. J. V., Hooijmans, C. R., & Groenink, L. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06333-7 · Cited by 30
“Their effectiveness, safety, and absence of abuse potential have been confirmed by multiple randomized controlled trials (reviewed in: Ravindran and Stein (2010)).”
Background
Biological predictors of pharmacological therapy in anxiety disorders
Maron, E., & Nutt, D. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.3/emaron · Cited by 25
Pain, Depression, and Anxiety in Cancer
Donovan, K. A., Thompson, L. M. A., & Jacobsen, P. B. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1651-8_33 · Cited by 34
Buspirone along with melatonin attenuates oxidative damage and anxiety-like behavior in a mouse model of immobilization stress
Kumar, A., Kaur, G., & Rinwa, P. (2014) · Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines · doi:10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60089-3 · Cited by 23
Anxiolytic and free radical scavenging potential of Chinese celery (Apium graveolens) extract in mice
Tanasawet, S., Boonruamkaew, P., Sukketsiri, W., et al. (2016) · Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.003 · Cited by 23
Associations of physical activity with anxiety symptoms and disorders: Findings from the Swedish National March Cohort
Hallgren, M. Å., Nguyen, T.-T.-D., Herring, M. P., McDowell, C. P., Gordon, B. R., Stubbs, B., Bellocco, R., & Lagerros, Y. T. (2019) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.03.001 · Cited by 26
Molecular biology of serotonergic systems in avian brains
Fujita, T., Aoki, N., Mori, C., Homma, K. J., & Yamaguchi, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1226645 · Cited by 22
Outlining new frontiers for the comprehension of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of its relationship with fear and anxiety
Diniz, J. B., Miguel, E. C., de Oliveira, A. R., et al. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462012000500007 · Cited by 22
Optimizing fitness for duty and post-combat clinical services for military personnel and combat veterans with ADHD—a systematic review of the current literature
Ivanov, I., & Yehuda, R. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23894 · Cited by 22
The Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program: An Algorithm for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Abejuela, H. R., & Osser, D. N. (2016) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000098 · Cited by 23
“In another RCT, gabapentin 300 mg and 900 mg were compared to placebo for anxiety symptoms in 420 breast cancer survivors.(100) Both doses were”
BackgroundMethod
Cerebral MAO Activity Is Not Altered by a Novel Herbal Antidepressant Treatment
Doron, R., Versano, Z., Burstein, O., Franko, M., Shamir, A., Toledano, R., Handelsman, A., & Rehavi, M. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-019-01366-0 · Cited by 21
“Current first-line antidepressants and anxiolytics include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (Davidson 2010; Ravindran and Stein 2010; Baldwin et al. 2011; Lam et al. 2016).”
Background
Anxiolytic and antidepressants’ effect of Crataegus pinnatifida (Shan Zha): biochemical mechanisms
Nitzan, K., David, D., Franko, M., Toledano, R., Fidelman, S., Tenenbaum, Y. S., Blonder, M., Armoza-Eilat, S., Shamir, A., Rehavi, M., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01970-6 · Cited by 23
Improving outcomes for patients with medication-resistant anxiety: effects of collaborative care with cognitive behavioral therapy
Campbell‐Sills, L., Roy‐Byrne, P., Craske, M. G., Bystritsky, A., Sullivan, G., & Stein, M. B. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22574 · Cited by 20
“Pharmacological and psychological treatments can be highly effective for anxiety disorders (Arch & Craske, 2009; Hofmann et al., 2012; Ravindran & Stein, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Genetically encoded sensors enable micro- and nano-scopic decoding of transmission in healthy and diseased brains
Lin, L., Gupta, S. N., Zheng, W., Si, K., & Zhu, J. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00960-8 · Cited by 20
The exploration of neuroinflammatory mechanism by which CRHR2 deficiency induced anxiety disorder
Deng, S., Guo, A., Huang, Z., Guan, K., Zhu, Y., Chan, C., Gui, J., Song, C., & Li, X. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110844 · Cited by 21
Nectandra grandiflora essential oil and its isolated sesquiterpenoids minimize anxiety-related behaviors in mice through GABAergic mechanisms
Garlet, Q. I., Rodrigues, P., Barbosa, L. B., Londero, A. L., Mello, C. F., & Heinzmann, B. M. (2019) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2019.05.003 · Cited by 21
Publication trends in newspapers and scientific journals for SSRIs and suicidality: a systematic longitudinal study
Hernandez, J. F., Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K., van Thiel, G. J. M. W., Belitser, S. V., Raaijmakers, J. A. M., & Pieters, T. (2011) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000290 · Cited by 20
“exhaustive monitoring is recommended during the initiating phase.(20)”
Background
Pharmacological and Psychosocial Management of Mental, Neurological and Substance Use Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Issues and Current Strategies
Mari, J. D. J., Tófoli, L. F., Noto, C. D. S., Li, L. M., Diehl, A., Claudino, A. M., & Juruena, M. F. (2013) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0113-4 · Cited by 20
“As general rule, ADs [either tricyclics (TCAs) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)] are among the first options [48–53].”
Background
Anxiolytic–like activity of 5–methoxyflavone in mice with involvement of GABAergic and serotonergic systems - in vivo and in silico evidences
Shanmugasundaram, J., Viswanathan, S., Nadipelly, J., et al. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.009 · Cited by 19
Riluzole effect on occipital cortex: A structural and spectroscopy pilot study
Abdallah, C. G., Coplan, J. D., Jackowski, A. P., Sato, J. R., Mao, X., Shungu, D. C., & Mathew, S. J. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.054 · Cited by 18
“Yet, treatment options have been largely restricted to monoamine-based antidepressants with limited efficacy [25, 31].”
Background
Electrophysiological Assessment of Serotonin and GABA Neuron Function in the Dorsal Raphe during the Third Trimester Equivalent Developmental Period in Mice
Morton, R. A., Yanagawa, Y., & Valenzuela, C. F. (2015) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0079-15.2015 · Cited by 17
“2015 1–14 neurotransmitter system have been linked to several neuropsychiatric conditions, including depression, and anxiety disorders (Nikolaus et al., 2010; Ravindran and Stein, 2010; Lin et al., 2014; Olivier, 2015).”
Background
The Association Between Psychotropic Drug Use and Fertility Problems Among Male Subjects
Solomon, R., Shvartsur, R., & Azab, A. N. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000353 · Cited by 18
The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders: A question of diagnostic boundaries or simply severity of symptoms?
Vigne, P., Simões, B., de Menezes, G. B., Fortes, P., Dias, R. V., Laurito, L. D., Loureiro, C. P., Moreira-de-Oliveira, M. E., Albertella, L., Lee, R. S. C., et al. (2019) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152116 · Cited by 12
Cellular correlates of anxiety in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells of 5-HT1A receptor knockout mice
Freeman-Daniels, E., Beck, S. G., & Kirby, L. G. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2030-5 · Cited by 18
“activation of 5-HT1A receptors with partial agonists such as buspirone or indirectly through serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors are effective treatments for anxiety disorders (for review, see Lucki 1996; Ravindran and Stein 2010).”
Background
Inhaled Lavandula angustifolia essential oil inhibits consolidation of contextual- but not tone-fear conditioning in rats
Coelho, L. S., Correa-Netto, N. F., Masukawa, M. Y., Lima, A. C., Maluf, S. A., Linardi, A., & Santos-Junior, J. G. (2017) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.038 · Cited by 20
The reinforcement sensitivity theory affects questionnaire (RST-AQ). A validation study of a new scale targeting affects related to anxiety, approach motivation and fear
Franchina, V., Klackl, J., & Jonas, E. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04623-z · Cited by 20
“For example, anxiety disorders and panic attacks (an intense and immediate response of fear) respond to different pharmacological treatments (e.g., Ravindran & Stein, 2010; American Psychiatric Association, 2013).”
Background
Anxiolytic-like effect of pyridoxine in mice by elevated plus maze and light and dark box: Evidence for the involvement of GABAergic and NO-sGC-cGMP pathway
Walia, V., Garg, C., & Garg, M. (2018) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2018.06.001 · Cited by 18
“They are generally used in the treatment of acute anxiety (Dunlop and Davis, 2008) because of the risks associated with their chronic use (Ravindran and Stein, 2010).”
Potential of microRNAs as novel targets in the alleviation of pathological fear
Murphy, C. P., & Singewald, N. (2017) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12427 · Cited by 18
Methyleugenol Potentiates Central Amygdala GABAergic Inhibition and Reduces Anxiety
Liu, Y., Fan, H.-R., Deng, S., Zhu, T., Yan, Y., Ge, W., Li, W., & Li, F. R. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.118.250779 · Cited by 17
“The common therapeutics for anxiety include benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; these have side effects that limit their clinical utility (Ravindran and Stein, 2010).”
Background
Acute Relaxation Response Induced by Tibetan Singing Bowl Sounds: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Río-Álamos, C., Montefusco‐Siegmund, R., Cañete, T., Sotomayor, J., & Fernández‐Teruel, A. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13020024 · Cited by 22
Behavioural alteration in chronic pain: Are brain glia involved?
Panigada, T., & Gosselin, R. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.036 · Cited by 17
“This was mainly based on the therapeutical relative efficacy of molecules acting on these circuitries as mood stabilizers in both major depression and anxiety [10,11].”
Background
Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care
Metzler, D. H., Mahoney, D., & Freedy, J. R. (2016) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2016.02.002 · Cited by 18
“A GAD-2 score of 3 or more has an 86% sensitivity and an 83% specificity for detecting GAD.1 A GAD-7 score of 10 or more has an 89% sensitivity and an 82% specificity for detecting GAD.44 GAD-7 scores of 5, 10, and 15 may be represent mild, moderate and severe levels of anxiety, respectively.44 From Spitzer RL, Kroenk…”
BackgroundInfluential
TLR4 in Tph2 neurons modulates anxiety-related behaviors in a sex-dependent manner
Li, Y., Zhu, S., Xie, K., Feng, X., Chen, L., Wu, X., Sun, Z., Shu, G., Wang, S., Zhu, C., et al. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109175 · Cited by 16
Treating refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: what to do when conventional treatment fails?
Franz, A. P., Paim, M. F., de Araújo, R. M. F., Rosa, V. D. O., Barbosa, Í. M., Blaya, C., & Ferrão, Y. A. (2013) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/s2237-60892013000100004 · Cited by 16
Treatment of Comorbid Anxiety and Epilepsy
Salpekar, J. A., Grace, J., Mietchen, J. J., Mani, J., & Jones, J. E. (2023) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20220116 · Cited by 14
Treatment effects and adherence of sexually compulsive men in a randomized controlled trial of psychotherapy and medication
Scanavino, M. D. T., Guirado, A. G., Marques, J. M., do Amaral, M. L. S., Messina, B., dos Reis, S. C., Barros, V. B., Abdo, C. H. N., Tavares, H., & Parsons, J. T. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00004 · Cited by 15
Ionizing radiation induces neurotoxicity in Xenopus laevis embryos through neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway
Hou, Y., Shang, Y., Xu, F., Li, T., Li, M., Ling, W., Fan, S., Hou, W., Gou, W., Shang, H., et al. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119237 · Cited by 14
Temporal association of elevated cholecystokininergic tone and adolescent trauma is critical for posttraumatic stress disorder-like behavior in adult mice
Joseph, A. M., Tang, M., Mamiya, T., Chen, Q., Yang, L., Jiao, J., Yu, N., & Tang, Y. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219601110 · Cited by 15
“flx, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), has great success in the treatment of anxiety disorders (36).”
Background
Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of the Raphanus sativus L. sprouts in mice
Hernández-Sánchez, L. Y., González-Trujano, M. E., Moreno, D. A., Vibrans, H., Castillo‐Juárez, I., Dorazco‐González, A., & Soto‐Hernández, M. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114579 · Cited by 14
“The group of azapirones is better tolerated and without dependence problems, but generally, the latency for the anxiolytic response is 2 or 4 weeks, causing patients to discontinue treatment [2].”
Background
The Evolution of Social Anxiety
Brosnan, S. F., Tone, E. B., & Williams, L. E. (2017) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60576-0_4 · Cited by 15
“Even medications and other first-line interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, fail to relieve symptoms in at least half of the treated cases, and cure even fewer than that (Loerinc et al., 2015; Ravindran & Stein, 2010).”
Background
Anxiolytic-like effects of alverine citrate in experimental mouse models of anxiety
Gupta, D., Radhakrishnan, M., & Kurhe, Y. (2014) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.08.033 · Cited by 13
Clinical implications of agoraphobia in patients with panic disorder
Shin, J. Y., Park, D., Ryu, S., Ha, J. H., Kim, S. M., & Jeon, H. J. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000021414 · Cited by 16
“Evidence support that antidepressants augmented with atypical antipsychotics could result in a superior therapeutic effect than antidepressant monotherapy for treatment-resistant panic disorder.([42,43]) Altogether, these results shows that PDA is more difficult condition to treat than PD as previous studies have sugg…”
Result
Efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with western medicine for anxiety
Tan, A., Wang, M., Liu, J., Huang, K., Dai, D., Li, L., Shi, H., & Wang, P. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000021445 · Cited by 13
The Property-Based Practical Applications and Solutions of Genetically Encoded Acetylcholine and Monoamine Sensors
Chen, J., Cho, K. E., Skwarzyńska, D., Clancy, S., Conley, N. J., Clinton, S. M., Li, X., Lin, L., & Zhu, J. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1062-19.2020 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, dysregulation of central serotonergic transmission has been implicated in a large group of anxiety and mood disorders, including panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and…”
Background
New Botanical Anxiolytics for Use in Companion Animals and Humans
Liu, R., Ahmed, F., Cayer, C., Mullally, M., Carballo-Arce, A. F., Rojas, M. O., Garcia, M., Baker, J. P., Mašić, A., Sanchez, P., et al. (2017) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-017-0144-y · Cited by 13
To sense and make sense of anxiety: Physiotherapists' perceptions of their treatment for patients with generalized anxiety
Danielsson, L., Scherman, M. H., & Rosberg, S. (2013) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.3109/09593985.2013.778382 · Cited by 13
“First-line treatments involve pharmacotherapy, such as anti-depressants and anxiolytics (Baldwin, Woods, Lawson, and Taylor, 2011; Ravindran and Stein, 2010), and psychological treatment, mainly cognitive behavioral therapy (Covin, Ouimet, Seeds, and Dozois, 2008; Hofmann and Smits, 2008).”
Background
Individual behavioral profiling as a translational approach to assess treatment efficacy in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder
Sarkar, I., Snippe-Strauss, M., Zamir, A. T., Benhos, A., & Richter‐Levin, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1071482 · Cited by 10
“It is estimated that only about 20-30% of them show full remission (Ravindran and Stein, 2010; Steckler and Risbrough, 2012).”
Background
miR-483-5p offsets functional and behavioural effects of stress in male mice through synapse-targeted repression of Pgap2 in the basolateral amygdala
Mucha, M. W., Skrzypiec, A. E., Kolenchery, J. B., Brambilla, V., Patel, S., Labrador-Ramos, A., Kudla, L., Murrall, K., Skene, N., Dymicka-Piekarska, V., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37688-2 · Cited by 14
“The enormous economic and social impact of anxiety disorders can be attributed to the low ef ﬁ ciency of available anxiolytic therapies, with up to 50% of patients not achieving full remission despite multiple medication attempts 6 .”
Anxiolytic activity of paraoxon is associated with alterations in rat brain glutamatergic system
Zare, Z., Tehrani, M., Rezaei, N., Ghalebarzand, B. D., & Mohammadi, M. (2018) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2018.12.001 · Cited by 12
Anxiety and Related Disorders
Cox, R. C., & Olatunji, B. O. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.001 · Cited by 14
Systemic neuro-dysregulation in depression: Evidence from genome-wide association
Tubbs, J. D., Ding, J., Baum, L., & Sham, P. C. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.08.007 · Cited by 12
Bioactivity guided isolation of apigenin from Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. in mice with anxiolytic effects
Rabbani, M., Sajjadi, S. E., Karimi-Firozjai, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology · doi:10.15171/jhp.2018.13 · Cited by 11
“Common treatment includes serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), benzodiazepines, antidepressants and mono-amine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) which may cause important side effects like sedation, addiction, tachycardia, insomnia, decreased libido and ineffectiveness with their long-term use (1).”
Background
Comorbidade entre depressão, ansiedade e obesidade e complicações no tratamento
Casselli, D. D. N., Silva, E. D. S. M. E., Figueira, G. M., Demarchi, M. E., & Souza, J. C. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11489 · Cited by 11
The crossroads of anxiety: distinct neurophysiological maps for different symptomatic groups
Gerez, M., Suarez, E., Serrano, C., Castanedo, L., & Tello, A. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s89651 · Cited by 10
“60 Abnormal latencies and amplitudes of one or more components have been reported in AD, 44 but the results differ regarding the affected ERP component.”
Influential
Synthesis and evaluation of fluorinated analogues of monoamine reuptake inhibitors
Philippe, C., Kaffy, J., Milcent, T., et al. (2011) · Journal of Fluorine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.02.018 · Cited by 10
Pharmacological validation of the free-exploratory paradigm in male Wistar rats: A proposed test of trait anxiety
Almeida-Souza, T. H., Goes, T. C., & Teixeira-Silva, F. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.024 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, not all patients benefit from the available treatments, and only a few of them have a response near to complete recovery (Ravindran and Stein, 2010).”
Anxiolytic activity and evaluation of potentially adverse effects of a bradykinin-related peptide isolated from a social wasp venom
dos Anjos, L. C., Gomes, F. M. M., do Couto, L. L., Mourão, C. A., Moreira, K. G., Silva, L. P., & Mortari, M. R. (2016) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.063 · Cited by 10
Minocycline as a potential anxiolytic drug: systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence in murine models
Iglesias, L. P., Soares, N., Asth, L., Moreira, F. A., & de Aguiar, D. C. (2023) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000754 · Cited by 8
“The first-line treatment for anxiety disorders is selective serotonin and serotonin-norepinephrine reup-take inhibitors (Ravindran and Stein, 2010).”
Background
Treatment Patterns of Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Marks, M. R., Dux, M. C., Rao, V., & Albrecht, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21040104 · Cited by 10
Reward memory relieves anxiety‐related behavior through synaptic strengthening and protein kinase C in dentate gyrus
Lei, Z., Liu, B., & Wang, J. (2015) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22540 · Cited by 9
Impaired fear memory extinction during adolescence is accompanied by the depressive-like behaviors
Lu, K., Jing, X., Xue, Q., Song, X.-J., Wei, M.-D., & Wang, A. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.039 · Cited by 9
Imaging and genetic approaches to inform biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and PSTD
Maron, E., Lan, C.-C., & Nutt, D. (2018) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2018_49 · Cited by 9
Neuroprotective effects of flavonoids
Taghizadieh, M., Modiri, N., Salmaninejad, A., Khayami, R., Taheri, F., Moghoofei, M., Khatami, A., Azhdari, S., Bayat, M., Samadi-khouzani, A., et al. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824467-8.00016-4 · Cited by 8
A Proposed Algorithm for the Pharmacological Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the Older Patient
Chen, A. C. N., Metzger, E. D., Lee, S., & Osser, D. N. (2024) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887241289533 · Cited by 16
Relationship between Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Anxiety Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Healthcare Professionals vs. Non-Healthcare Professionals
Kurhan, F., Kamış, G. Z., Çim, E. F. A., Atlı, A., & Dinç, D. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2022.019013 · Cited by 9
From Alzheimer’s Disease to Anxiety, Epilepsy to Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Dive Into Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders
Grezenko, H., Rodoshi, Z. N., Mimms, C. S., Ahmed, M., Sabani, A., Hlaing, M. S., Batu, B. J., Hundesa, M. I., Ayalew, B. D., Shehryar, A., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.58776 · Cited by 10
“Understanding neurobiological mechanisms enables stratifying interventions based on disturbance profiles, while biomarker development and imaging quantitatively track treatment efficacy at the brain circuit level [10].”
Background
Panic-modulating effects of alprazolam, moclobemide and sumatriptan in the rat elevated T-maze
Sant’Ana, A. B., Weffort, L. F., Sergio, T. D. O., Gomes, R. C., Frias, A. T., Matthiesen, M., Vilela‐Costa, H. H., Yamashita, P., Vasconcelos, A. T., de Bortoli, V. C., et al. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.024 · Cited by 7
Identify potential neuroimaging-based scalp acupuncture and neuromodulation targets for anxiety
Cao, J., Huang, Y., Hodges, S., Meshberg, N., & Kong, J. (2021) · Brain Science Advances · doi:10.26599/bsa.2021.9050011 · Cited by 7
“However, therapeutic outcomes of pharmacologic treatments for anxiety remain unsatisfactory due to the cognitive side effects, withdrawal effects, and the risk of abuse [2].”
Background
Bumetanide blocks the acquisition of conditioned fear in adult rats
Ko, M.-C., Lee, M., Tang, T., Amstislavskaya, T. G., Tikhonova, M. A., Yang, Y., & Lu, K. (2017) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14125 · Cited by 7
“, 2009), which is similar to the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines through enhancing the influx of chloride via activating the GABAA receptor (Ravindran and Stein, 2010).”
Background
Antidepressants
Vardanyan, R., & Hruby, V. I. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-411492-0.00007-9 · Cited by 7
Beneficial role of central anticholinergic agent in preventing the development of symptoms in mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder
Kaur, H., Kaur, R., Jaggi, A. S., & Bali, A. (2020) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0196 · Cited by 7
“Muscarinic receptors, specifically M1, are abundantly present in the different stress sensitive brain regions including the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, sympathetic ganglions and striatum [46, 47].”
Background
Anatomical, Physiological, and Functional Heterogeneity of the Dorsal Raphe Serotonin SystemPreprint
Ren, J., Friedmann, D., Xiong, J., Liu, C. D., DeLoach, K. E., Chen, R., Pu, A., Sun, Y., Weissbourd, B., Neve, R. L., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/257378 · Cited by 7
“Serotonin’s role in regulating emotional behavior has drawn particular attention as the serotonin system is the most widely used pharmacological target for treating depression and anxiety (Bandelow et al., 2008; Belmaker and Agam, 2008; Ravindran and Stein, 2010), and depression has become the leading cause of disabil…”
Background
Anxiolytic-like effects of Pseudospondias microcarpa hydroethanolic leaf extract in zebrafish: Possible involvement of GABAergic and serotonergic pathways
Adongo, D. W., Benneh, C. K., Tandoh, A., Biney, R. P., Kukuia, K. K. E., Mante, P. K., Harley, B. K., Oteng, D., Appiah, E. A., Anorbor, E. C., et al. (2023) · Natural Products and Bioprospecting · doi:10.1007/s13659-023-00399-8 · Cited by 6
“Although antidepressants including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the preferred medications owing to their favourable benefit/risk ratio [2, 3], their use nevertheless results in sexual dysfunction and delayed anxiolytic effects [4–6].”
Background
A precision medicine approach to pharmacological adjuncts to extinction: A call to broaden research
King, G., Baker, K. D., Bisby, M. A., Chan, D., Cowan, C. S. M., Stylianakis, A. A., Zimmermann, K. S., & Richardson, R. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4999-0 · Cited by 6
Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and post traumatic stress disorder symptoms in a primary care safety-net population: Implications for healthcare service needs
Loeb, D. F., Durfee, J., Monson, S. P., Bayliss, E. A., Garcia, C., Kline, D. M., Barrett, K., & Rinehart, D. J. (2022) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.04.001 · Cited by 8
Monoamine Oxidase: A Potential Link in Papez Circuit to Generalized Anxiety Disorders
Sharma, R., Kumarasamy, M., Parihar, V. K., Ravichandiran, V., & Kumar, N. (2023) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527322666230412105711 · Cited by 7
Acute tianeptine treatment selectively modulates neuronal activation in the central nucleus of the amygdala and attenuates fear extinction
Godsil, B. P., Bontempi, B., Mailliet, F., Delagrange, P., Spedding, M., & Jay, T. M. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.169 · Cited by 7
ADESÃO AO TRATAMENTO MEDICAMENTOSO POR PESSOAS COM TRANSTORNO DE ANSIEDADE
de Sousa, L. P. D. C., Vedana, K. G. G., & Miasso, A. I. (2016) · Cogitare Enfermagem · doi:10.5380/ce.v21i1.43510 · Cited by 7
“Variáveis Adesão Sim Não χ2(1) valor p n (%) n (%) Quantidade total de medicamentos 0,86 0,649 1 medicamento 33(89,1) 4(10,9) 2 medicamentos 73(84,8) 13(15,2) 3 ou mais medicamentos 31(81,5) 7(18,5) Número de comprimidos diários 0,09 0,752 < ou = 5 128(85,3) 22(14,7) 6 a 10 9(81,8) 2(18,2) Número de vezes que toma a m…”
BackgroundInfluential
Anxiolytic-like effect of a novel peptide isolated from the venom of the social wasp Synoeca surinama
Gomes, F. M. M., Paniago, C. K., Freire, D. O., de Souza, A. C. B., Lima, M. R., Oliveira-Júnior, N. G., Franco, O. L., & Mortari, M. R. (2016) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.015 · Cited by 6
GABAA Receptor Density Is Not Altered by a Novel Herbal Anxiolytic Treatment
Doron, R., Sever, A., Handelsman, A., Toledano, R., Franko, M., Hirshler, Y., Shamir, A., Burstein, O., & Rehavi, M. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-018-1078-2 · Cited by 6
Effects of the adjunctive treatment of antidepressants with opiorphin on a panic-like defensive response in rats
Maraschin, J. C., Sestile, C. C., Yabiku, C. T., et al. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112263 · Cited by 6

Authors: Ravindran, L. N., & Stein, M. B.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author: Stein, Murray B.
ORCID: Stein, Murray B.
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
Publisher: Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
Published: 2010-06-11
Volume: 71
Issue: 07
Pages: 839-854
ISSN: 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4088/jcp.10r06218blu
OpenAlex: W2045726637
Cited by: 317
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 33.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-64122, K24MH064122)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
Keywords: anxiety disorders, pharmacotherapy, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, antiepileptic drugs, atypical antipsychotics, azapirones, benzodiazepines, treatment resistance
MeSH terms: Anticonvulsants, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Benzodiazepines, Buspirone, Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Phobic Disorders, Psychotropic Drugs, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Antipsychotic Agents, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Panic Disorder

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Pharmacologic Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Progress

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks