The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Epidemiology of Treatment-Resistant Depression in the United States
Abstract
The prevalence of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) among patients with pharmaceutically treated depression (PTD) varies greatly in publications. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of TRD using 2 large claims databases in the US. codes: F32.xx, F33.xx) and 1 antidepressant prescription filled in 2018 were identified as having PTD. Among patients with PTD, TRD was defined as experiencing failure of treatment with at least 2 antidepressants with ≥ 4 weeks of adequate treatment. We estimated the age- and gender-standardized prevalence of TRD and then used logistic regression to investigate if TRD risk varies by age, sex, race, and geographic region. Finally, we described the timeline of TRD development in incident PTD patients. We identified 296,055 and 277,941 patients with PTD in the Humana and Optum databases, among whom 17,640 (6.0%) and 16,131 (5.8%) had TRD. After age and sex standardization, TRD prevalence among PTD patients was 6.8% in Humana vs 5.8% in Optum. Females, middle-aged adults, and White patients had higher risk of TRD. The median time from index antidepressant use to TRD was about 6 months in incident PTD patients. The prevalence of TRD among patients with PTD was similar in the 2 databases. TRD prevalence varies by sex, race, and age, with a higher prevalence in females, White patients, and those in the age group of 45-64 years. However, the absolute differences were small.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It is currently estimated that at least 30% of persons with depression meet this definition.”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [98]
In the citing paper
“TRD is often stated to af fect approximately 30% of persons receiving antidepressant treatment in research set tings, while its prevalence in real world prac- tice is estimated to range between 6 and 55% 32,98- 101 .”
From Treatment‐resistant depression: definition, prevalence, detection, management, and investigational interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [98]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
McIntyre, R. S., Alsuwaidan, M., Baune, B. T., Berk, M., Demyttenaere, K., Goldberg, J. F., Gorwood, P., Ho, R., Kasper, S., Kennedy, S. H., et al. (2023) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21120 · Cited by 836
Anhedonia is associated with a specific depression profile and poor antidepressant response
Luca, A., Luca, M., Kasper, S. F., Pecorino, B., Zohar, J., Souery, D., Montgomery, S., Ferentinos, P. P., Rujescu, D., Messina, A., et al. (2024) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyae055 · Cited by 55
Vincenzo, M. D., Martiadis, V., Rocca, B. D., Arsenio, E., D’Arpa, A., Volpicelli, A., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., & Fiorillo, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1394787 · Cited by 40
Overview of treatment-resistant depression
Li, C. (2023) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.03.007 · Cited by 33
Vasiliu, O. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16030411 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, X., Mukai, Y., Furtek, C. I., Bortnichak, E. A., Liaw, K.-L., & Zhong, W.
- Affiliations
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2021-11-30
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-2101
- OpenAlex
- W3215685141
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 3.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Keywords
- treatment-resistant depression, prevalence, antidepressant treatment failure, antidepressant prescribing, sex differences, racial differences, age differences, regional variation, claims data
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antidepressive Agents, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Prevalence, Databases, Factual, Young Adult, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
