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A Systematic Review of Rates and Diagnostic Validity of Comorbid Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly recognized and reported to frequently coexist with bipolar disorder. Concurrent diagnosis of adult ADHD and bipolar disorder remains controversial. In this study, we conducted a systematic review to examine the rates and diagnostic validity of the concept of comorbid adult ADHD and bipolar disorder. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published before March 30, 2007, using the keywords manic, bipolar, attention deficit hyperactivity, and adult. The computer search was supplemented with bibliographic cross-referencing. STUDY SELECTION: Exclusion criteria were studies with only pediatric subjects, childhood ADHD only but not adult ADHD, and either bipolar disorder or ADHD only, but not both; review articles, case reports; letters to the editor; and book chapters. Of the 262 citations found, 12 studies met our inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Specific diagnostic validating criteria examined were phenomenology, course of illness, heredity, biological markers, and treatment response. There were 6 studies on comorbid rates, 4 on phenomenology, 3 on course of illness, 2 on heredity, none on biological markers, and 1 on treatment response. DATA SYNTHESIS: The proposed comorbid syndrome is fairly common (present in up to 47% of adult ADHD and 21% of bipolar disorder populations), with a more severe course of illness compared with that of bipolar disorder alone, and high rates of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Its treatment appears to require initial mood stabilization. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbid adult ADHD and bipolar disorder has been insufficiently studied, with more emphasis on comorbidity rates and few data on course, neurobiology, heredity, and treatment. The diagnostic validity of adult ADHD/ bipolar disorder as a true comorbidity is not well-established on the basis of this equivocal and insufficient literature. More studies are greatly needed to further clarify its diagnostic validity and treatment approach.
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“In bipolar disorder, mood stabilization is a prerequisite for effective ADHD treatment [76].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [76]
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Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and early-onset bipolar disorder: two facets of one entity?
Zepf, F. D. (2009) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/fdzepf · Cited by 27
“Sleep disturbances would also be more likely to be observed in bipolar patients.(22) Here again, in similarity to children and juveniles, it has been argued that treatment of ADHD with comorbid BD is challenging, in that treatment-emergent mania and the exacerbation of bipolar symptoms can occur while receiving treatm…”
InfluentialAdult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach
Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3 · Cited by 732
“In bipolar disorder, mood stabilization is a prerequisite for effective ADHD treatment [76].”
BackgroundDevelopment of lifetime comorbidity in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys
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“However, ADHD is characterized by significant heterogeneity and there are high levels of comorbidity between ADHD and bipolar disorder (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007).”
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McIntyre, R. S., & Calabrese, J. R. (2019) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2019.1636017 · Cited by 211
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“As well, the comorbid condition is associated with a more severe course of the mood disorder (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007; Nierenberg et al., 2005; Tamam et al., 2006) and a higher probability of being diagnosed with type 1 bipolar disorder (Nierenberg et al.”
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“ADHD is highly prevalent in children and adults with bipolar disorder (BD) [106].”
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“The rate of BPD in adult ADHD has been estimated at around 20% (7).”
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Haavik, J., Halmøy, A., Lundervold, A. J., & Fasmer, O. B. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.149 · Cited by 147
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“There is a considerable overlap in symptoms among adults with ADHD, especially the primarily hyperactiveimpulsive type and the manic phase of bipolar disorder, such as talkativeness, restlessness, increased activity, and loss of social inhibition (Wingo & Ghami, 2007).”
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An update on the debated association between ADHD and bipolar disorder across the lifespan
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“In adulthood, a systematic review of clinical studies reported comorbidity between ADHD and BD to occur in around 5–20% of cases (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007), regardless of whether comorbidity is assessed in ADHD or BD populations.”
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“Bipolar disorder (BD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) usually share clinical symptoms, present high rates of comorbidity and are challenging to differentiate from one another clinically [8–10].”
BackgroundNusslock, R., Walden, K., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.06.004 · Cited by 95
“However, ADHD is characterized by significant heterogeneity and there are high levels of comorbidity between ADHD and bipolar disorder (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007).”
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“…online © 2014 Informa Healthcare DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2014.922698 sleep supports cognitive-academic achievement (Curcio et al. 2006; Stickgold 2013), emotional and behavioural performance (Yoo et al. 2007; Talbot et al. 2010; Gregory and Sadeh 2012) and impulse control (Peach and Gaultney 2013).”
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“The similarity in the neural correlates of inhibitory control between BD and ADHD concurs with the high rates of comorbidity of these disorders (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007).”
BackgroundBipolar Symptoms in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Halmøy, A., Halleland, H. B., Dramsdahl, M., Bergsholm, P., Fasmer, O. B., & Haavik, J. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04722ora · Cited by 64
“First, the rates of coexistence between ADHD and bipolar disorder are often reported to be higher than expected from the rates of each disorder in the general population, in childhood, in adolescence, and in adulthood.(7,8) Second, according to current diagnostic criteria, both disorders are characterized by symptoms…”
BackgroundØie, M. G., Sundet, K. S., & Ueland, T. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0020855 · Cited by 63
Barttfeld, P., Petroni, A., Báez, S., Urquina, H., Sigman, M., Cetkovich, M., Torralva, T., Torrente, F. M., Lischinsky, A. G., Castellanos, F. X., et al. (2014) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000356964 · Cited by 66
ADHD and Bipolar Disorder in Adulthood: Clinical and Treatment Implications
Salvi, V., Ribuoli, E., Servasi, M., Orsolini, L., & Volpe, U. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57050466 · Cited by 76
“On the other hand, youths with ADHD are more at risk to develop BD in young adulthood, with incidence rates of 7–21% [43,44].”
BackgroundWhere Do Neurodevelopmental Disorders Go? Casting the Eye Away from Childhood towards Adulthood
Antolini, G., & Colizzi, M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11071015 · Cited by 82
Bipolar Disorder and Cognitive Dysfunction
Cipriani, G., Danti, S., Carlesi, C., Cammisuli, D. M., & Fiorino, M. D. (2017) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000720 · Cited by 79
Pehlivanidis, A., Papanikolaou, Κ., Mantas, V., Kalantzi, E., Korobili, K., Xenaki, L., Vassiliou, G., & Papageorgiou, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02828-1 · Cited by 80
Neuropsychological functioning in adult bipolar disorder and ADHD patients: A comparative study
Torralva, T., Gleichgerrcht, E. L., Torrente, F. M., Roca, M., Strejilevich, S., Cetkovich, M., Lischinsky, A. G., & Manes, F. F. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.007 · Cited by 60
“1% (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007).”
Similarities between emotional dysregulation in adults suffering from ADHD and bipolar patients
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The impact of cyclothymic temperament in adult ADHD
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“The comorbidity ADHD and bipolar disorder (BD) has been a particularly controversial issue (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007).”
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“…mechanisms of BD, the possible co-morbidity of PBD and ADHD has been investigated in a variety of studies (Biederman et al., 1996, 2007; Singh et al., 2006; Goldberg and McElroy, 2007; Masi et al., 2007; Scheffer, 2007; Tramontina et al., 2007; Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007; Holtmann et al., 2007, 2008).”
BackgroundUse of Stimulants in Bipolar Disorder
Perugi, G., Vannucchi, G., Bedani, F., & Favaretto, E. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0758-x · Cited by 53
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“27 In spite of these estimates, there are few studies on the treatment of individuals with ADHD and bipolar disorder.”
How to Understand Divergent Views on Bipolar Disorder in Youth
Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153702 · Cited by 61
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“Introduction Comorbidity between Bipolar Disorder (BD) and adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been reported both in ADHD (Klassen et al., 2010) and BD samples (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007; Tamam et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPhenomenology of racing and crowded thoughts in mood disorders: a theoretical reappraisal.
Piguet, C., Dayer, A., Kosel, M., Desseilles, M., Vuilleumier, P., & Bertschy, G. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.006 · Cited by 46
“Nevertheless , several studies (Nierenberg et al., 2005; Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007) suggested a close relationship between both disorders, with one of them showing that flight of ideas or racing thoughts are present in about 60% of adults with ADHD and bipolar disorder, against only 20% for adults…”
O’Connell, K. S., Shadrin, A. A., Bahrami, S., Smeland, O. B., Bettella, F., Frei, O., Krull, F., Askeland, R. B., Walters, G. B., Davíðsdóttir, K., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0613-z · Cited by 60
“help to explain the high comorbidity rates [10, 12, 13] and”
BackgroundTorres, I., Gómez-Barros, N., Colom, F., Jiménez, E., Bosch, R., Bonnín, C. D. M., Martínez‐Arán, A., Casas, M., Vieta, E., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., et al. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12426 · Cited by 46
“Several manic symptoms, such as irritability, hyperactivity, distractibility, talkativeness, impulsivity, restlessness or loss of social inhibitions can also be persistent traits of ADHD, leading to a wrong double or comorbid diagnosis (8, 14).”
BackgroundBipolar disorder co-morbidity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Donfrancesco, R., Miano, S., Martines, F., Ferrante, L., Melegari, M. G., & Masi, G. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.008 · Cited by 44
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“Controversies abound on the links between ADHD and BD, where some child psychiatrists claim very high rates of comorbidity(27) and adult bipolar specialists observe much lower rates.(28) The first consecutive 1000 adults in STEP-BD were assessed for lifetime ADHD in conjunction with the retrospective course of BD, cur…”
BackgroundOlvet, D. M., Burdick, K. E., & Cornblatt, B. A. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.724193 · Cited by 40
“…the illness given the fact that difficulties concentrating and overactivity are clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder alongside the high comorbidity noted with ADHD in both children and adults (Kim & Miklowitz, 2002; Kowatch, Youngstrom, Danielyan, & Findling, 2005; Wingo & Ghaemi, 2007).”
BackgroundAttention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in adult bipolar disorder patients
Pinna, M., Visioli, C., Rago, C. M., Manchia, M., Tondo, L., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.038 · Cited by 48
The use of stimulants and atomoxetine in adults with comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder
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“The frequent coexistence of the two conditions is also observed in adult ADHD samples, with 5 -- 20% of patients reporting comorbid BD [6,9,12,13].”
BackgroundSuccessful Treatment of Bipolar Disorder II and ADHD with a Micronutrient Formula: A Case Study
Rucklidge, J., & Harrison, R. (2010) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900027516 · Cited by 38
“The psychologist also used the Global Assessment of Functioning(30) (GAF), a numeric scale (1-100) used by mental health clinicians and doctors to rate the general functioning of adults; the Young Mania Rating Scale(31) (YMRS), an 11 item scale administered by a trained clinician who assigns a severity rating for each…”
MethodRaising attention to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in schizophrenia
Pallanti, S. (2015) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.47 · Cited by 31
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“These disorders usually share clinical symptoms, present high rates of comorbidity and are challenging to differentiate from one another clinically (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007; Chang, 2010; Klassen et al., 2010).”
Bipolar II disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review
Berk, M., Corrales, A., Trisno, R., Dodd, S., Yatham, L. N., Vieta, E., McIntyre, R. S., Suppes, T. M., & Agustini, B. (2025) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21300 · Cited by 43
“ADHD in BD-II is associated with earlier onset of mood symptoms, increased suicidality, and heightened temperamental instability 141,144 .”
InfluentialPrimich, C., & Iennaco, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01845.x · Cited by 27
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Working memory network alterations and associated symptoms in adults with ADHD and Bipolar Disorder
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“Hence, these data are consistent with previous brain volume findings (Biederman et al., 2008), which together support a model of syndromatic independence of the disorders in individuals comorbid for both ADHD and BPD. Limitations of this study include limited generalizability to females because all subjects included w…”
BackgroundInfluentialDIRAS2 is Associated with Adult ADHD, Related Traits, and Co-Morbid Disorders
Reif, A., Nguyen, T. T., Weißflog, L., Jacob, C., Romanos, M., Renner, T., Buttenschøn, H. N., Kittel‐Schneider, S., Geßner, A., Weber, H., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.120 · Cited by 45
“Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence for neurobiological overlap with bipolar disorder (BD), with a high percentage of aADHD patients also suffering from BD (Klassen et al, 2010; Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007) and even more from bipolar symptoms on the dimensional level (Halmoy et al, 2010).”
Asherson, P. J., Stes, S., Markhed, M. N., Berggren, L., Svanborg, P., Kutzelnigg, A., & Deberdt, W. G. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.12.002 · Cited by 25
“Moreover, given that these psychiatric conditions often co-occur with ADHD [24,33,45,54], emotional dysregulation may be explained by the comorbid condition.”
BackgroundBipolar disorder risk alleles in adult ADHD patients
Landaas, E. T., Johansson, S., Halmøy, A., Oedegaard, K. J., Fasmer, O. B., & Haavik, J. (2011) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00680.x · Cited by 19
“Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders is also common in adult ADHD patients (Haavik et al. 2010; Mcgough et al. 2005; Sobanski et al. 2007), and one of the frequently reported co-occurring diagnoses is bipolar disorder (BD) (Wingo & Ghaemi 2007).”
BackgroundSyrstad, V. E. G., Oedegaard, K. J., Fasmer, O. B., Halmøy, A., Haavik, J., Dilsaver, S. C., & Gjestad, R. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.047 · Cited by 38
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comprehensive review
Williams, O. C. A., Prasad, S., McCrary, A., Jordan, E., Sachdeva, V., Deva, S., Kumar, H., Mehta, J., Neupane, P., & Gupta, A. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000000631 · Cited by 45
“found to be troubling less response to ADHD therapy in patients with high personality disorders([66]).”
BackgroundPerugi, G., Pallucchini, A., Rizzato, S., Pinzone, V., & Rossi, P. D. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1618270 · Cited by 35
Martz, É., Weibel, S., & Weiner, L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.060 · Cited by 25
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“Meta-analytic reviews indicate prevalence rates for child/adolescent ADHD ranging from 3% to 12% (Kent and Craddock 2003; Willcutt 2012; Wingo and Ghaemi 2007).”
BackgroundHegarty, C. E., Foland‐Ross, L. C., Narr, K. L., Sugar, C. A., McGough, J. J., Thompson, P. M., & Altshuler, L. L. (2012) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12024 · Cited by 22
“Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is prevalent in adults with bipolar disorder (BP) (1-4), with a reported comorbidity percentage ranging from 9.”
BackgroundDIRAS2 is Associated with Adult ADHD, Related Traits, and Co-Morbid Disorders
Reif, A., Nguyen, T. T., Weissflog, L., Jacob, C., Romanos, M., Renner, T., Buttenschøn, H., Kittel-Schneider, S., Gessner, A., Weber, H., et al. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.305 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence for neurobiological overlap with bipolar disorder (BD), with a high percentage of aADHD patients also suffering from BD (Klassen et al, 2010; Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007) and even more from bipolar symptoms on the dimensional level (Halmoy et al, 2010).”
BackgroundComorbidities in Youth with Bipolar Disorder: Clinical Features and Pharmacological Management
Sesso, G., Brancati, G. E., & Masi, G. (2022) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x20666220706104117 · Cited by 31
“They often co-occur [30, 31], particularly in the combined presentation of ADHD [32].”
BackgroundPersonalized and precision medicine as informants for treatment management of bipolar disorder
Perugi, G., Rossi, P. D., Fagiolini, A. M., Girardi, P., Maina, G., Sani, G., & Serretti, A. (2019) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000260 · Cited by 25
“…disorder and ADHD have a tangled relationship; high rates of comorbidity between the two disorders have been shown both in children and adult clinical populations (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007; Nierenberg et al., 2005; Rydén et al., 2009; Bond et al., 2012; Skirrow et al., 2012; Tamam et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMartz, É., Bertschy, G., Kraemer, C., Weibel, S., & Weiner, L. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113988 · Cited by 21
Hypomania spectrum disorder in adolescence: a 15-year follow-up of non-mood morbidity in adulthood
Päären, A., Bohman, H., von Knorring, A., von Knorring, L., Olsson, G., & Jonsson, U. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-9 · Cited by 20
Zamani, L., Shahrivar, Z., Alaghband‐Rad, J., Sharifi, V., Davoodi, E., Ansari, S., Emari, F., Wynchank, D., Kooij, J. J. S., & Asherson, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720930816 · Cited by 23
“Bipolar disorder was significantly higher in the AADHD group, which is consistent with several studies reporting high prevalence of bipolar disorders in the AADHD population (Marangoni et al., 2015; Wingo & Ghaemi, 2007).”
ResultMucci, F., Avella, M. T., & Marazziti, D. (2019) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867326666190805153610 · Cited by 21
Lee, M., Anumagalla, P., Talluri, P., & Pavuluri, M. N. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.05.011 · Cited by 18
Torres, I., Solé, B., Corrales, M., Jiménez, E., Rotger, S., Serra-Pla, J., Forcada, I., Richarte, V., Mora, E., Jacas, C., et al. (2017) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12540 · Cited by 18
Wernicke, J., Li, M., Sha, P., Zhou, M., Sindermann, C., Becker, B., Kendrick, K. M., & Montag, C. (2018) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-018-0266-9 · Cited by 23
Functional impairment in adult bipolar disorder with ADHD
Torres, I., Garriga, M., Solé, B., Bonnín, C. D. M., Montse Corrales, F., Jiménez, E., Solé, E., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Vieta, E., Goikolea, J. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.037 · Cited by 17
Bipolar disorder risk alleles in children with ADHD
SCHIMMELMANN, B. G., Hinney, A., Scherag, A., Pütter, C., Pechlivanis, S., Cichon, S., Jöckel, K., Schreiber, S., Wichmann, H. ‐., Albayrak, Ö., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-013-1035-8 · Cited by 18
“…(Birmaher et al. 2010), partly overlapped in phenotype, i.e., impaired impulse control, dysregulation of energy/activity level as well as mood instability (Skirrow et al. 2009), and frequently co-occurred in adults (Wingo and Ghaerni 2007), and thus likely to share some common genetic risk factors.”
BackgroundThe Characteristics of Mood Polarity, Temperament, and Suicide Risk in Adult ADHD
Giupponi, G., Innamorati, M., Rogante, E., Sarubbi, S., Erbuto, D., Maniscalco, I., Sanna, L., Conca, A., Lester, D., & Pompili, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082871 · Cited by 20
“1%, with a higher prevalence of Bipolar I disorder than Bipolar II [19].”
BackgroundSalarvan, S., Sparding, T., Clements, C. C., Rydén, E., & Landén, M. (2019) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-019-0149-9 · Cited by 20
Delineating ADHD and bipolar disorder: A comparison of clinical profiles in adult women
Kitsune, G. L., Kuntsi, J., Costello, H., Frangou, S., Hosang, G. M., McLoughlin, G., & Asherson, P. J. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.024 · Cited by 16
“Meta-analysis examining comorbidity of ADHD and BD in adults identi fi ed rates ranging from 5% to 47% (Wingo and Ghaemi, 2007), and studies of familial co-variation indicate that the disorders co-occur at a higher rate than in the general population, suggesting a potential familial relationship…”
BackgroundDISC1 in adult ADHD patients: An association study in two European samples
Jacobsen, K. K., Halmøy, A., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Cormand, B., Haavik, J., & Johansson, S. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32136 · Cited by 16
MacDonald, L., & Sadek, J. R. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13111517 · Cited by 20
“Both bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder are found at higher rates among adult patients with ADHD [8].”
BackgroundAedo, A., Murru, A., Sanchez, R., Grande, I., Vieta, E., & Undurraga, J. P. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.051 · Cited by 17
Torrente, F., López, P., Lischinsky, A., Cetkovich-Bakmas, M., & Manes, F. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.040 · Cited by 15
Türkyılmaz, E., Yavuz, B. G., Karamustafalıoğlu, O., Özer, Ö. A., & Bakım, B. (2012) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2012.674532 · Cited by 14
Kavakçı, Ö., Kuğu, N., Semiz, M., Meydan, F., Karsikaya, S., & Doğan, O. (2012) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632012000200004 · Cited by 15
Uchida, M., Bukhari, Q., DiSalvo, M., Green, A., Serra, G., Vater, C. H., Ghosh, S., Faraone, S. V., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Biederman, J. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.051 · Cited by 16
Amen, D., Henderson, T. A., & Newberg, A. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.725788 · Cited by 21
“An estimated 20–47% of adults with ADHD are comorbid for bipolar disorder (87, 88).”
BackgroundPPP2R2C as a candidate gene of a temperament and character trait-based endophenotype of ADHD
Jacob, C., Nguyen, T. T., Weißflog, L., Herrmann, M. J., Liedel, S., Zamzow, K., Jans, T., Renner, T., Reichert, S., Groß‐Lesch, S., et al. (2012) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-012-0080-8 · Cited by 14
Bartoli, F., Callovini, T., Calabrese, A., Cioni, R. M., Riboldi, I., Crocamo, C., & Carrà, G. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12010038 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, since the validity of comorbid ADHD diagnosis in BD is not well-established [54,55], its assessment would require careful attention to phenomenology, childhood history, and lifetime course of symptoms [56].”
BackgroundLifetime evolution of ADHD treatment
Mucci, F., Carpita, B., Pagni, G., Vecchia, A. D., Bjedov, S., Pozza, A., & Marazziti, D. (2021) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02336-w · Cited by 15
Wang, H., Jung, Y.-E., Chung, S.-K., Hong, J., Kang, N., Kim, M.-D., & Bahk, W. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.040 · Cited by 10
Adult ADHD in the Arab World: A review
Hayek, G. Y. E., Saab, D., Farhat, C., Krayem, Z., & Karam, E. (2019) · Archives of Psychology · doi:10.31296/aop.v3i7.115 · Cited by 9
“Meta-analysis examining comorbidity of ADHD and BD in adults identified rates ranging from 5% to 47%, regardless of whether comorbidity is assessed in ADHD or BD populations (Wingo & Ghaemi, 2007).”
MethodRisk Stratification for Bipolar Disorder Using Polygenic Risk Scores Among Young High-Risk Adults
Biere, S., Kranz, T. M., Matura, S., Petrova, K., Streit, F., Chiocchetti, A. G., Grimm, O., Brum, M., Brunkhorst-Kanaan, N., Oertel, V., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.552532 · Cited by 7
Öhlund, L., Ott, M., Lundqvist, R., Sandlund, M., Renberg, E. S., & Werneke, U. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125320947502 · Cited by 10
Jhanda, S., Malhotra, S., & Grover, S. (2018) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.05.015 · Cited by 8
Treatment of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders with Bipolar Disorder
Altınbaş, K. (2021) · Nöropsikiyatri arşivi · doi:10.29399/npa.27615 · Cited by 7
“In studies evaluating the comorbidity of ADHD and BD in adulthood, the prevalence of ADHD comorbidity in BD was found to be 20%, and these rates are much higher in adolescence (45-48).”
BackgroundMori, D., Inami, C., Ikeda, R., Sawahata, M., Urata, S., Yamaguchi, S. T., Kobayashi, Y., Fujita, K., Arioka, Y., Okumura, H., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02952-6 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Wingo, A. P., & Ghaemi, S. N.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2007-11-15
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1776-1784
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2024945874
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-64189, K23MH064189)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, bipolar disorder, comorbidities, diagnostic validity, clinical course, heredity (biology), biomarkers, treatment response, mood stabilization, psychiatric comorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Bipolar Disorder, Child, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Comorbidity
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