Intertextuality in the Book of Jubilees

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author of Jubilees used a technique of superimposing four different schemes one upon the other.

“To attain this purpose the author of Jubilees used a technique of superimposing four different schemes the one upon the other.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Going beyond the biblical text, the author dated the significant events in Israel's history as outlined in Genesis and Exodus with exact precision according to a 49-year scheme.

“Going beyond the biblical text, however, the author dated the significant events in Israel's history as outlined in Genesis and Exodus with exact precision according to a 49 year scheme.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The expression that God will show mercy to hundreds and thousands, to all who love him (Jub 23:31) is the same expression used in the Decalogue in Exodus.

“The expression that God will show mercy to hundreds and thousands, to all who love him (Jub 23:31) is the same expression used in the Decalogue in Exodus”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The author indicates a declining-inclining development in human longevity.

“He indicates a declining-inclining development in human longevity.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

May combine two claims.

In Jubilees 23:8-32, four types of addition are found and they are dovetailed into each other.

“Analysis of this sections shows that not only four types of addition are found in this section, but that they are also dovetailed into each other.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The long life indicated in Jub 23:9 and 27 reflects the genealogy of Genesis 5.

“The long life indicated in Jub 23:9 and 27 reflects the genealogy of Genesis 5.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Psalm 90 depicts inequity and sin as corporate guilt.

“Psalm 90 depicts inequity and sin as corporate guilt.”

• cites Psalm 90Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The passage in Jub 23:16-31 consists of the following sections: sin (23:16-21); punishment (23:22-25); penitence (23:26), and salvation (23:27-31).

“The passage in Jub 23:16-31 consists of the following sections: sin (23:16-21); punishment (23:22-25); penitence (23:26), and salvation (23:27-31).”

• cites Jub 23:16-31Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The author identifies the group in his time who are the culprits (those who have forgotten the commandments and covenant and festivals and months and Sabbaths and jubilees and all of the judgments, Jub 23:19), and also those who will bring a turning point in history (children will begin to search the law, and to search the commandments and to return to the way of righteousness, Jub 23:26).

“The author does not only identify the group in his time who are the culprits (those who”

• cites Jub 23:19Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jub 23:26Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

From then on a slow increase will occur in longevity until it approaches a thousand years (Jub 23:27) again.

“From then on a slow increase will occur in longevity until it approaches a thousand years (Jub 23:27) again.”

• cites Jub 23:27Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Beast, cattle, birds, and all of the fish of the sea will be destroyed on account of the sons of man (Jub 23:18).

“Beast, cattle, birds, and all of the fish of the sea will be destroyed on account of the sons of man (Jub 23:18).”

• cites Jub 23:18Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Jubilees the Israelite slaves freed from their bondage in Egypt return in the fiftieth jubilee period to their own land allotted to the offspring of Shem during the division of the earth between Noah's sons but seized from them by Canaan.

“In Jubilees the Israelite slaves freed from their bondage in Egypt return in the fiftieth jubilee period to their own land allotted to the offspring of Shem during the division of the earth between Noah's sons (Jub 8:12-21) but seized from them by Canaan (Jub 10:27-34).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Not only personal discomfort will be experienced, but on cosmological scale the land will be corrupted.

“Not only personal discomfort will be experienced, but on cosmological scale the land will be corrupted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The rest of Jubilees 23:8-32 deals with human evil and divine recompense.

“The rest of the passage in Jubilees 23:8-32 deals with human evil and divine recompense.”

• cites Jubilees 23:8-32Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Jubilees 23 extends on the toil and trouble in Ps 90 and links the circumstances where there is no peace to the idea in Ps 90 that the brevity of life is due to God's wrath.

“It extends on the”

• cites Ps 90Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Jubilees a pertinent choice is made for the solar calendar.

“In Jubilees a pertinent choice is made for the solar calendar.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although Leviticus 25 has the individual in mind, Jubilees applies it to the whole nation.

“Although Lev 25 has the individual in mind, Jub applies it to the whole nation.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To Moses is revealed (Ps 90 is ascribed to Moses in the heading of the psalm) that God's wrath is manifested in the brevity of life.

“To Moses is revealed (Ps 90 is ascribed to Moses in the heading of the psalm!) that God's wrath is manifested in the brevity of life.”

• cites Ps 90Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although Abraham was perfect in all his actions with the Lord and was pleasing through righteousness all the days of his life (Jub 23:10), he did not complete four jubilees (196 years).

“Although”

• cites Jub 23:10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The age of the generations then started to decline.

“The age of the generations then started to decline.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Words like plague, wound, affliction, evil report, sleet, hail, frost, fever, chills, stupor, famine, death, sword, captivity, and suffering are used in Jub 23 to depict the short lived life.

“Words like plague, wound, affliction, evil report, sleet, hail, frost, fever, chills, stupor, famine, death, sword, captivity, and suffering, are used in Jub 23 to depict the short lived life.”

• cites Jub 23Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The evil generation has forgotten the commandments and covenant and festivals and months and Sabbaths and jubilees and all of the judgments (Jub 23:19).

“The evil generation has”

• cites Jub 23:19Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The enemies will be judged and driven out (Jub 23:30).

“The enemies will be judged and driven out (Jub 23:30).”

• cites Jub 23:30Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Their days will approach a thousand years (Jub 23:27).

“Their days will approach a thousand years (Jub 23:27).”

• cites Jub 23:27Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Two motifs are used: children will become a hundred years old before they die (Is 65:20), and the lamb and the lion will lie together in peace (Is 65:25).

“Two motifs are used: children will become a hundred years old before they die (Is 65:20), and the lamb and the lion will lie together in peace (Is 65:25).”

• cites Is 65:20Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Is 65:25Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It will be the days of blessing and healing (Jub 23:29,30).

“It will be the days of blessing and healing (Jub 23:29,30).”

• cites Jub 23:29,30Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Even though their bones will rest in the earth, their spirits will live (Jub 23:31).

“Even though their bones will rest in the earth, their spirits will live (Jub 23:31).”

• cites Jub 23:31Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Return to the law and searching after the commandments bring reverse in human history.

“Return to the law and searching after the commandments bring reverse in human history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The children start out the inquiry into God's laws.

“The children start out the inquiry into God's laws.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Using the standard apocalyptic phrase in those days, the author sees the results of the return to the Torah as future salvation.

“Using the standard apocalyptic phrase”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Generally it is revealed that bitter social conflict would occur, as well as catastrophes in nature and even civil war.

“Generally it is revealed that bitter social conflict would occur, as well as catastrophes in nature and even civil war.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The element of sin is addressed in Jub 23:16-21.

“The element of sin is addressed in Jub 23:16-21.”

• cites Jub 23:16-21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The expectation that an end time will come when people will start to search the law and their days will begin to increase and grow longer (Jub 23:27) even approaching a thousand years (Jub 23:27) is depicted in typical eschatological language sketching an idyllic time when all affliction and torment will be replaced by a time of peace.

“The expectation that an”

• cites Jub 23:27Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Typical eschatological language is used.

“Typical eschatological language is used.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The internal strife, inter alia between the generations, described in the section of sin in Jub 23:16-21 (cf Jub 23:16 and 25), is reverted.

“The internal strife, inter alia between the generations, described in the section of sin in Jub 23:16-21 (cf Jub 23:16 and 25), is reverted.”

• cites Jub 23:16-21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jub 23:16Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jub 23:25Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The theme running through the description of all of these is the abandoning of the Torah's ordinances, specifically those on the festivals, Sabbaths and jubilees.

“The theme running through the description of all of these is the abandoning of the Torah's ordinances, specifically those on the festivals, Sabbaths and jubilees.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There will be no Satan or evil (Jub 23:29).

“There will be no Satan or evil (Jub 23:29).”

• cites Jub 23:29Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

No one will even be old, because they will be called infants and children (Jub 23:28).

“No one will even be old, because they will be called infants and children (Jub 23:28).”

• cites Jub 23:28Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The other problem is found with the idea that their bones will rest in the earth, and their spirits will increase joy (Jub 23:31).

“The other problem is found with the idea that”

• cites Jub 23:31Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All of Israel's history is painted in the eschatology of chapter 1.

“All of Israel's history is painted in the eschatology of chapter 1.”

• cites Jub 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Jub 1:23-29 gives information on a cosmic transformation.

“Jub 1:23-29 gives information on a cosmic transformation.”

• cites Jub 1:23-29Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Although no bodily resurrection is portended, a spiritual continuation is foreseen.

“Although no bodily resurrection is portended, a spiritual continuation is foreseen.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Jub 23:30 the phrase the Lord will heal his servants is paralleled with the sentence and they will rise up and see great peace.

“In Jub 23:30 the phrase”

• cites Jub 23:30Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three jubilees therefore are 3x49=147 years.

“Three jubilees therefore are 3x49=147 years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Four weeks of years is 4x7=28 years.

“Four weeks of years is 4x7=28 years.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

He interprets his heptadic history also in terms of the covenantal stipulations of retribution.

“He interprets his heptadic history also in terms of the covenantal stipulations of retribution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Around the axis of the law the author can draw a graph of decline and incline in human history.

“Around the axis of the law he can draw a graph of decline and incline in human history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although his jubilees scheme indicated the order of history, the author has to amend his scheme by acknowledging the effect sin has on history.

“Although his jubilees scheme indicated the order of history, the author has to amend his scheme by acknowledging the effect sin has on history.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

May combine two claims.

Psalm 90 links sin to longevity and Abraham's relatively short life must be understood in those terms.

“Psalm 90 links sin to longevity and Abraham's relative short live must be understood in those terms.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Psalm 90 indicates the lowest point in the scale.

“Psalm 90 indicates the lowest point in the scale.”

• cites Psalm 90Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The author of Jubilees not only retrojects the laws and religious festivals from the rest of the Pentateuch into the early Genesis-Exodus events, but also the retributive Deuteronomistic scheme.

“The author of Jubilees, therefore, not only retrojects the laws and religious festivals from the rest of the Pentateuch into the early Genesis-Exodus events, but also the retributive Deuteronomistic scheme.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Compared to the long lives of the ancestors in Genesis 5, the short life of Abraham does not make sense.

“Compared to the long lives of the ancestors in Genesis 5 (referred to in Jub 23:9 and 27) the short life of Abraham does not make sense.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Book of Jubilees was composed by a single author who deliberately selected and arranged the material.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Against this background the problem of Abraham's relative brief life span is explained.

“Against this background the problem of Abraham's relative brief life span is explained.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The antediluvian ancestors mostly lived for more than 900 years according to Genesis 5.

“The antediluvian ancestors mostly lived for more than 900 years according to Genesis 5.”

• cites Genesis 5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Psalm 90:10 reads that the days of our life are seventy years, or perhaps eighty, if we are strong; even then their span is only toil and trouble.

“Psalm 90:10 reads”

• cites Psalm 90:10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Halpern-Amaru (1994:52) indicates even a Doppelschema here where the retribution scheme is repeated twice: sin (14-17), punishment (18-19), failed restoration (20); sin (21), punishment (22-25), repentance (26), and restoration (27)(28)(29)(30)(31).

“Halpern-Amaru (1994:52) indicates even a”

• cites Halpern-Amaru 1994:52Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abraham is the victim of the evil of his people.

“Abraham is the victim of the evil of his people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This can be indicated as dialogic intertextuality.

“This can be indicated as dialogic intertextuality.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The longevity of a jubilee and a half represents a turning point in history.

“The longevity of a jubilee and a half represents a turning point in history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Built on that scheme the author can complete his reflection on history and also project hope into his jubilee scheme.

“Built on that scheme he can complete his reflection on history and also project hope into his jubilee scheme.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Study of the revealed law, and adherence to Torah is the constitutive aspect of covenant renewal (Endres 1987:59).

“Study of the revealed law, and”

• cites Endres 1987:59Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The author not only encourages his readers to learn the commandments, follow moral teachings and execute ritual laws, but to also interpret contemporary events in the light of scripture.

“The author not only encourages his readers to learn the commandments, follow moral teachings and execute ritual laws, but to also interpret contemporary events in the light of scripture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

There are not only various strata in the book, but these eschatological passages should also be read on different levels.

“There are not only various strata in the book, but these eschatological passages should also be read on different levels.”

• cites Davenport 1971 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

VanderKam (2001:58) summarises it as follows: Jubilees' standards govern what violation of the covenant means and calendrical issues are in the forefront.

“VanderKam (2001:58) summarises it as follows:”

• cites VanderKam 2001:58Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

His reckoning of Abraham's years in terms of jubilee years forced him to compare his years with those of the ancestors.

“His reckoning of Abraham's years in terms of jubilee years forced him to compare his years with those of the ancestors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Davenport's form and redaction study of the book of Jubilees indicates that different redactors collaborated in the writing of the book.

“Davenport's form and redaction study of the book of Jubilees indicates that different redactors collaborated in the writing of the book.”

• cites Davenport 1971 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The following verses are best interpreted against the backdrop of events before and during the persecution of Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes and his forces.

“The following verses are best interpreted against the backdrop of events before and during the persecution of Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes and his forces.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The people in question are probably the pious ones (Hasidim) who are mentioned in the first half of the second century BC and from whose circles the Qumran community was later to develop.

“The people in question are probably the pious ones (Hasidim) who are mentioned in the first half of the second century BC and from whose circles the Qumran community was later to develop.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Although there are a horde of possible situations to which these descriptions can be applied to, it can be supposed without any hesitancy that the author is contemporizing the biblical text, applying it to his second century BCE situation.

“Although there are a horde of possible situations to which these descriptions can be applied to, it can be supposed without any hesitancy that the author is contemporizing the biblical text, applying it to his second century BCE situation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The addition of this section advances, according to Endres (1987:62), the program of Jubilees both by interpreting the patterns in Israel's history, and by providing direction and motivation for the community addressed by the author.

“The addition of this section advances, according to Endres (1987:62)”

• cites Endres 1987:62Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The eschatological poem in Jub 23:24-31 was inserted in the prose section of Jub 22-23 by a redactor to indicate that he understood his own day as the eschatological period and that he saw the prophecies of the poetry being fulfilled in his day (Davenport 1971:34).

“The eschatological poem in Jub 23:24-31 was inserted in the prose section of Jub 22-23 by a redactorfoot_1 to indicate”

• cites Davenport 1971:34 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It connects the issue of obedience to the commandments and execution of religious duties propagated by the author of Jubilees to his overview of the history formulated in terms of jubilee years and retribution.

“It connects the issue of obedience to the commandments and execution of religious duties propagated by the author of Jubilees to his overview of the history formulated in terms of jubilee years and retribution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

He identified Jub 1:4b-26, 27-28 and 23:14-31 as passages whose function is explicitly to teach matters of eschatology.

“He identified Jub 1:4b-26, 27-28 and 23:14-31 as passages whose function is explicitly to teach matters of eschatology.”

• cites Davenport 1971 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The children in Jub 23:16 reminds VanderKam (1985:135) of 1 Enoch 90:6-7 in which, in a similar context, a group is presented under the youthful image of lambs among sheep.

“The children in Jub 23:16 reminds VanderKam (1985:135) of 1 Enoch 90:6-7 in which, in a similar context, a group is presented under the youthful image of lambs among sheep.”

• cites VanderKam 1985:135Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites 1 Enoch 90:6-7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This scheme will make it possible for the author to end on an eschatological note of redemption.

“This scheme will, however, make it possible for the author to end on an eschatological note of redemption.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Davenport (1971) analyzed passages in Jubilees that either function eschatologically or contain eschatological content.

“Davenport (1971) analyzed passages in Jubilees that either function eschatologically or contain eschatological content.”

• cites Davenport 1971 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Endres (1987:54) concern for correct observance of the calendar emerges in the author's interpretation of history as well as in the structuring of the narrative.

“According to Endres (1987:54) concern for”

• cites Endres 1987:54Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Verse 18-19 refers in her mind to punishment and verse 20 to a failed restoration.

“Verse 18-19 refers in her mind to punishment and verse 20 to a failed restoration.”

• cites Halpern-Amaru 1994:52Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Halpern-Amaru (1994:52) this section already starts in 23:14.

“According to Halpern-Amaru (1994:52) this section already starts in 23:14.”

• cites Halpern-Amaru 1994:52Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

He identifies those people and their acts who clashes with his ideology on the revealed truth.

“He identifies those people and their acts who clashes with his ideology on the revealed truth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Endres (1987:201) describes this passage as a historical apocalypse because it displays a lively interest in the development of history.

“Endres (1987:201) describes this passage as a”

• cites Endres 1987:201Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Wintermute (1988:102 n p) indicates two possible interpretations to this phrase: It could be understood as a description of spirits which remain conscious and aware of post-mortem events while their bones rest in peace. It could also be understood as an example of poetic hyperbole, describing those who die with assurance that justice has been done.

“Wintermute (1988:102 n p) indicates two possible interpretations to this phrase: It could be understood as a description of spirits which remain conscious and aware of post-mortem events while their bones rest in peace.It could also be understood as an example of poetic hyperbole, describing those who die with assurance that justice has been done.”

• cites Wintermute 1988:102 n pNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Despite the fact that Jub 23 is not an independent composition, the passage is typically apocalyptic in contents and must be included in the list of apocalypses (Collins 1979b:32).

“Despite the fact that Jub 23 is not an independent composition, the passage is typically apocalyptic in contents and”

• cites Collins 1979b:32Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Collins (1984:63-67) based his viewpoint on the fact that the generic framework of Jubilees is that of an apocalypse where revelation is mediated through an angel to an honoured person of the past, while the laws included in the work are characterized by the inevitability of their predetermined judgment.

“Collins (1984:63-67) based his viewpoint on the fact that the generic framework of Jubilees is that of an apocalypse where revelation is mediated through an angel to an honoured person of the past, while the laws included in the work are characterized by the inevitability of their predetermined judgment.”

• cites Collins 1984:63-67Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The mode in all of Jubilees is, however, that of apocalypse.

“The mode in all of Jubilees is, however, that of apocalypse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The laws are also guidelines for the conflict between angels and demons, apocalyptic ideas like revelation, eschatology, and good and evil spirits are present in the work.

“The laws are also guidelines for the conflict between angels and demons, apocalyptic ideas like revelation, eschatology, and good and evil spirits are present in the work.”

• cites Collins 1984:63-67Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Only some of Jacob's blessing in Genesis 49 was interpreted by some as eschatological (cf VanderKam 2001:57).

“Only some of Jacob's blessing in Genesis 49 was interpreted by some as eschatological (cf VanderKam 2001:57).”

• cites VanderKam 2001:57Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

For Endres (1987:4-5, n 5) the revelatory schema presenting the contents of Jubilees as revealed by an angel seems sufficient to classify Jubilees as an apocalyptic work.

“For Endres (1987:4-5, n 5) the revelatory schema presenting the contents of Jubilees as revealed by an angel”

• cites Endres 1987:4-5, n 5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nickelsburg (1972:22) rejects the interpretation that this verse refers to bodily resurrection, as it is not an independent element of the deuteronomistic retribution pattern.

“Nickelsburg (1972:22) rejects the interpretation that this verse refers to bodily resurrection, as it is not an independent element of the deuteronomistic retribution pattern.”

• cites Nickelsburg 1972:22Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The mention of spirits that will be happy (as translated by VanderKam 1985:135) is understood as an immortality of sorts that is clearly envisaged but not a physical one (VanderKam 1985:135).

“The mention of”

• cites VanderKam 1985:135Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

John Collins (1979b:32), however, sees Jubilees as a borderline case for the apocalyptic genre and the book as a whole is clearly not an apocalypse.

“John Collins (1979b:32), however, sees Jubilees as a”

• cites John Collins 1979b:32Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

VanderKam (1985:135) deduces from the context that no resurrection is meant here. Military action may be intended.

“VanderKam (1985:135) deduces from the context that”

• cites VanderKam 1985:135Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It refers to some type of expectation the author expected in his time.

“It refers to some type of expectation the author expected in his time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Genesis itself has no eschatological perspective.

“Genesis itself has no eschatological perspective.”

• cites GenesisNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Collins's (1979b:28) judgment, Jub 23 contains 13 out of the possible 27 characteristics of Jewish apocalypses.

“In Collins's (1979b:28) judgment, however, Jub 23 contains 13 out of the possible 27 characteristics of Jewish apocalypses.”

• cites Collins 1979b:28Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lange (1999:25-38) argues against the tendency to classify Jubilees as an apocalyptic book.

“Lange (1999:25-38) argues against the tendency to classify Jubilees as an apocalyptic book.”

• cites Lange 1999:25-38Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Using the typical pattern of sin, punishment, turning point and salvation, often found in the deuteronomistic and Levitical literature, and also used in apocalyptic literature, the author could present an apocalyptic vision for the community of his time.

“Using the typical pattern of sin, punishment, turning point and salvation, often found in the deuteronomistic and Levitical literature, and also used in apocalyptic literature, the author could present an apocalyptic vision for the community of his time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both therefore choose for an eschatological interpretation.

“Both therefore choose for an eschatological interpretation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

He skilfully combined illusions to the contemporary situation of tension caused by the temptations to assimilation in Palestine, with a vision of the future outcome of the struggle between those who remain faithful and those who do not (Endres 1987:201).

“He”

• cites Endres 1987:201Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

They are portrayed as joyous dead who lie in the earth contented with God's certain vindication of the righteous.

“They are portrayed as joyous dead who lie in the earth contented with God's certain vindication of the righteous.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Although part of the retribution cycle, speculation on this individual element of resurrection would arise only when it did not materialize.

“Although part of the retribution cycle, speculation on this individual element of resurrection would arise only when it did not materialize.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If the passage is read as apocalyptic, rather than eschatologic, two problems arise in Jub 23:30 and in Jub 23:31.

“If the passage is read as apocalyptic, rather than eschatologic, two problems arise in Jub 23:30 and in Jub 23:31.”

• cites Jub 23:30Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jub 23:31Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Collins (1979b:22) remarks that all Jewish apocalypses which do not have an otherworldly journey contain an ex eventu prophecy of history.

“Collins (1979b:22) remarks that all Jewish”

• cites Collins 1979b:22Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nickelsburg (1972:31-33, 46-47) also characterized the passages in Jub 1:7-29 and 23:11-31 with its focus on the future as apocalyptic.

“Nickelsburg (1972:31-33, 46-47) also characterized the passages in Jub 1:7-29 and 23:11-31 with its focus on the future as apocalyptic.”

• cites Nickelsburg 1972:31-33, 46-47Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

It provides the means for preserving the biblical motif of a paradise lost and regained, while avoiding the biblical Land theology that is appropriate to the writer's post-exilic perspective (Halpern-Amaru 1994:53).

“It provides the means for preserving the biblical motif of a”

• cites Halpern-Amaru 1994:53Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Although the revelation usually involves a vision, the discourse of the angel of presence with Moses excludes a vision (cf Collins 1979b:24).

“Although the revelation usually involves a vision, the discourse of the angel of presence with Moses excludes a vision (cf Collins 1979b:24).”

• cites Collins 1979b:24Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For Endres (1987:60) the phrase remains slightly ambiguous.

“For Endres (1987:60) the phrase”

• cites Endres 1987:60Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Collins (1979a:14, cf Collins 1979b:22) therefore classifies Jub 23 as a Historical apocalypse with no other worldly journey.

“Collins (1979a:14, cf Collins 1979b:22) therefore classifies Jub 23 as a”

• cites Collins 1979a:14Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Collins 1979b:22Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When rewriting the history of Israel in Genesis-Exodus the author used a large array of techniques.

“When rewriting the history of Israel in Genesis-Exodus the author used a large array of techniques.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Jubilees 23:8-32 presents some insights into this masterly reworking.

“Jubilees 23:8-32 presents some insights into this masterly reworking.”

• cites Jubilees 23:8-32Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This indicates a continuation of eschatological thinking, but also the early development of apocalyptic thinking.

“This indicates a continuation of eschatological thinking, but also the early development of apocalyptic thinking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reformulating the biblical text to meet his particular objectives, one of his primary goals according to VanderKam (2001:93) was to make the ancient text speak more directly to contemporary concerns.

“Reformulating the biblical text to meet his particular objectives, one of his primary goals according to VanderKam (2001:93)”

• cites VanderKam 2001:93Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dealing with the particulars of Abraham's death in Genesis 25:7-11 the author takes up the opportunity to present his viewpoint on the theological meaning of Israel's history between creation and Moses' receiving of the law at Sinai.

“Dealing with the particulars of Abraham's death in Genesis 25:7-11 the author takes up the opportunity to present his viewpoint on the theological meaning of Israel's history between creation and Moses' receiving of the law at Sinai.”

• cites Genesis 25:7-11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

He firstly sees history in terms of a heptadic jubilee system where everything is ordered according to the directions of the law on Sabbaths and festival days.

“He firstly sees history in terms of a heptadic jubilee system where everything is ordered according to the directions of the law on Sabbaths and festival days.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Against this background he understands history as a declininginclining development hinted at by the information on longevity found in Psalm 90, but secondly illustrated in the traditional Deuteronomistic retributive scheme of sin-punishment-repentance-salvation.

“Against this background he understands history as a declininginclining development hinted at by the information on longevity found in Psalm 90, but secondly illustrated in the traditional Deuteronomistic retributive scheme of sin-punishment-repentance-salvation.”

• cites Psalm 90Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

VanderKam (2001:134) finds in the mentioning of those who begin to search for the law (Jub 23:26) and the metaphors of youth and newness (Jub 23:28), indications to one or several movements that arose in Israel early in the second century BCE.

“VanderKam (2001:134) finds in the mentioning of those who begin to search for the law (Jub 23:26) and the metaphors of youth and newness (Jub 23:28), indications to”

• cites VanderKam 2001:134Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

While the end time has already come for Israel, the nations are still awaiting the judgment passed on them.

“While the end time has already come for Israel, the nations are still awaiting the judgment passed on them.”

• cites VanderKam 2001:134Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On this scheme is based the author's eschatologic-apocalyptic expectation that the day will come when all will be obedient to study the law of God.

“On this scheme is based the author's eschatologic-apocalyptic expectation that the day will come when all will be obedient to study the law of God.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

He indicates that the allegorical dream (a characteristic feature of many apocalypses) is generally avoided in the book.

“He indicates that the allegorical dream (a characteristic feature of many apocalypses) is generally avoided in the book.”

• cites Lange 1999:25-38Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

VanderKam (2001:134) is, however, quick to point out that the future for Israel should be distinguished sharply from what the writer predicts for the nations.

“VanderKam (2001:134) is, however, quick to point out that”

• cites VanderKam 2001:134Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All of this indicates what VanderKam (2000b:278) calls biblically saturated language.

“All of this indicates what VanderKam (2000b:278) calls”

• cites VanderKam 2000b:278Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.