Epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics & management of polycystic ovary syndrome in India

Ganie, Mohammad Ashraf; Vasudevan, Vishnu; Wani, Imtiyaz Ahmad; Baba, Mohammad Salem; Arif, Tasleem; Rashid, Aafia

doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1937_17

Cited by 232Ovarian function and disordersEndometriosis Research and TreatmentGenetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases

Epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics & management of polycystic ovary syndrome in India

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Ganie, Mohammad Ashraf, Vasudevan, Vishnu, Wani, Imtiyaz Ahmad, Baba, Mohammad Salem, Arif, Tasleem, Rashid, Aafia·2019·Indian Journal of Medical Research

DOI 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1937_17PMC PMC6902362

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Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. Clinical manifestations are diverse including hyperandrogenism, anovulation, infertility and increased risk of metabolic diseases besides psychosocial dysfunction. This review provides information on the problem of PCOS in India, its pathophysiology, genetics and an overview of current management options to instigate further research in this field. Prevalence of PCOS in India ranges from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent depending on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. Abnormalities in leptin-adiponectin (adipocyte biology), oxidative stress and autoimmunity are among the mechanisms studied regarding pathogenesis of PCOS. Many candidate gene studies have shown associations with PCOS in various studies. Studies have consistently demonstrated the relationship between the well-known manifestation of hyperandrogenism among Indian PCOS women and the metabolic morbidities including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and cardiovascular risk. Management of individual components of PCOS can be achieved by medications or surgical methods, though further clarification regarding pathogenesis of PCOS is needed to sharpen our therapeutic armamentarium.

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Obese phenotypes have more severe clinical forms of PCOS than their lean equivalent.
“In general, obese phenotypes have more severe clinical forms of PCOS than their lean equivalent.”
From PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Both obese and lean PCOS share many central pathophysiological processes including hyperandrogenemia, IR, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation.
“However, both share many central pathophysiological processes (hyperandrogenemia, IR, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation) [4].”
From PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as [4]

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Comparison of two contraceptive pills containing drospirenone and 20 μg or 30 μg ethinyl estradiol for polycystic ovary syndrome *
Bhattacharya, S. M., Jha, A., & DasMukhopadhyay, L. (2015) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.065 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
L:A ratio, Insulin resistance and metabolic risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Gupta, V., Mishra, S., Mishra, S., & Gupta, V. (2017) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2017.05.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Acanthosis Nigricansin PCOS Patients and Its Relation with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Body Mass at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India
Gangachannaiah, S. (2013) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2013/4930.2756 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Is MTHFR 677 C>T Polymorphism Clinically Important in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? A Case-Control Study, Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis
Carlus, S. J., Sarkar, S., Bansal, S. K., Singh, V., Singh, K., Jha, R. K., Sadasivam, N., Sadasivam, S. R., Gireesha, P. S., Kumarasamy Thangaraj, K., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151510 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Does the Oral Contraceptive Pill Increase Plasma Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Study
Yousuf, S. D., Rashid, F., Mattoo, T., Shekhar, C., Mudassar, S., Zargar, M. A., & Ganie, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2016.06.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of ethinyl estradiol and desogestrel on clinical and metabolic parameters in Indian patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
Bhattacharya, S. M., Ghosh, M., & Basu, R. (2011) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01682.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Analysis of Connexin37 gene C1019T polymorphism and PCOS susceptibility in South Indian population: case–control study
Guruvaiah, P., Govatati, S., Reddy, T. V., Beeram, H., Deenadayal, M., Shivaji, S., & Bhanoori, M. (2015) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.11.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Comparison of efficacy of metformin and oral contraceptive combination of ethinyl estradiol and drospirenone in polycystic ovary syndrome
Suvarna, Y., Maity, N., Kalra, P., & Shivamurthy, M. (2016) · Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association · doi:10.5152/jtgga.2016.16129 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Comparison of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist with GnRH antagonist in polycystic ovary syndrome patients undergoing in vitro fertilization cycle: Retrospective analysis from a tertiary center and review of literature
Singh, N., Naha, M., Malhotra, N., Lata, K., Vanamail, P., & Tiwari, A. (2014) · Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.4103/0974-1208.130852 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Alterations in the levels of plasma amino acids in polycystic ovary syndrome- A pilot study
Menon, N., SumithraN Unni, C., Lakshman, L., Vaidyanathan, K., & Subhakumari, K. (2015) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.4103/0971-5916.171281 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Impact of laparoscopic ovarian drilling on serum anti-mullerian hormone levels in patients with anovulatory Polycystic Ovarian syndrome
Paramu, S. (2016) · Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology · doi:10.4274/tjod.97523 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Role of luteinizing hormone β-subunit gene variants among South Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Dasgupta, S., Sirisha, P. V. S., Neelaveni, K., Anuradha, K., Sudhakar, G., & Reddy, B. M. (2011) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.054 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Does follistatin gene have any direct role in the manifestation of polycystic ovary syndrome in Indian women?
Dasgupta, S., Pisapati, S., Kudugunti, N., Kathragadda, A., Godi, S., & Reddy, M. (2012) · Journal of Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.4103/0022-3859.101386 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Polymorphism of the PAI-1gene (4G/5G) may be linked with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and associated pregnancy disorders in South Indian Women
Mary, M. J., Saravanan, L., Deecaraman, M., Vijayalakshmi, M., Vetrivel, U., Sailaja, J., & Genes N Life Healthcare, H. (2017) · Bioinformation · doi:10.6026/97320630013149 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of metformin and spironolactone therapy on OGTT in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome – a retrospective analysis
Kulshreshtha, B., Gupta, N., Ganie, M. A., & Ammini, A. C. (2012) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2012.671394 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of Lifestyle Modification and Metformin Therapy on Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight Indian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Rajagopal, G., Reddy, A., Harinarayan, C. V., Suresh, V., Bitla, A. R. R., Rao, S. P. V. L. N., & Sachan, A. (2012) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2011.0127 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The ICAM-1 Gly241Arg Polymorphism is Not Associated With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - Results from a Case Control study in Kashmir, India
Yousuf, S. D., Ganie, M. A., Zargar, M. A., Parvez, T., & Rashid, F. (2016) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1583 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Outcome of Ovarian Drilling in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Yanamandra, N. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/8001.5586 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Primum Non Nocere
Allahbadia, G. N. (2015) · The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India · doi:10.1007/s13224-015-0799-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Menstrual cyclicity post OC withdrawal in PCOS: Use of non-hormonal options
Kulshreshtha, B., Arora, A., Pahuja, I., Sharma, N., & Pant, S. (2016) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.3109/01443615.2016.1159667 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

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[13]National Institutes of Health. Evidence-based methodology workshop on polycystic ovary syndrome 2012 Bethesda, Maryland NIH

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The Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Brief Systematic Review
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CircASPH promotes KGN cells proliferation through miR‐375/MAP2K6 axis in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms of Diet and Physical Exercise in the Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
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Discovery of immune-related diagnostic biomarkers and construction of diagnostic model in varies polycystic ovary syndrome
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Current Perspectives on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia in women with PCOS
van der Ham, K., Stekelenburg, K. J., Louwers, Y. V., van Dorp, W., Schreurs, M. W. J., van der Wal, R., Steegers‐Theunissen, R. P. M., & Laven, J. S. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1245106 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Serum anti-Müllerian hormone: A potential biomarker for polycystic ovary syndrome
Halder, A., Kumar, H., Sharma, M., Jain, M. K., Kalsi, A. K., & Pandey, S. (2023) · International Journal of Microbiology Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_4608_20 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Diagnosis, Management, and Associated Comorbidities of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Narrative Review
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Current situation of menstruation and gynecological diseases prevalence among Chinese women: a cross-sectional study
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Protective effect of astaxanthin and metformin in the liver of rats in which the polycystic ovary syndrome model was formed by giving letrozole.
Tastan, T. B., Akaras, N., Demir, Ö., & Uğan, R. A. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22038/ijbms.2023.68032.14872 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Berberine Protects Against Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Human Ovarian Granulosa Cell Injury and Ferroptosis by Regulating the Circ_0097636/MiR-186-5p/SIRT3 Pathway
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Autoantibodies Targeting the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Emerging Key Players in Pathogenesis?
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Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Its Associated Risk Factors among Medical Students in Two Countries
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Follicles Classification To Detect Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Using Glcm And Novel Hybrid Machine Learning
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The relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and coronary heart disease: a bibliometric analysis
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Use of traditional and complementary medicine by ethnic Indian women living with polycystic ovary syndrome: a global survey
Rao, V. S., Armour, M., Cheema, B. S., Smith, C. A., Moran, L., Perera, R. S., Lim, S. S., Gupta, S., de Manincor, M., Vaidya, R. A., et al. (2023) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-023-04229-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Machine learning techniques for medical images in PCOS
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Clinical and metabolic characteristics of males with early-onset androgenetic alopecia
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Distinct metabolic signatures in blood plasma of bisphenol A–exposed women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
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Evaluation of the Prevalence, Regional Phenotypic Variation, Comorbidities, Risk Factors, and Variations in Response to Different Therapeutic Modalities Among Indian Women: Proposal for the Indian Council of Medical Research–Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (ICMR–PCOS) Study
Ganie, M. A., Chowdhury, S., Suri, V., Joshi, B. N., Bhattacharya, P. K., Agrawal, S., Malhotra, N., Sahay, R. K., Rozati, R., Jabbar, P. K., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/23437 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of atorvastatin on the insulin resistance in women of polycystic ovary syndrome
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Green tea promotes weight loss in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis
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Burden of excessive gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention among Indian women - A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Yoga Intervention Improves the Metabolic Parameters and Quality of Life among Infertile Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Indian Population
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Combined effects of Gymnema sylvestre and Pergularia daemia on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats
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Prevalence and Characteristics of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Bangladesh – A Narrative Review
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LINC00092 derived from follicular fluid alleviated the symptoms of PCOS through inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homolog by recruiting KDM5A
Zhou, Z., Zhang, X., Yi, G., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Tan, C., Wan, B., Li, Y., Lu, H. J., & Lu, W. (2023) · Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100764 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Down‐regulation of Lon protease 1 lysine crotonylation aggravates mitochondrial dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome
Xie, Y., Chen, S., Guo, Z., Tian, Y., Hong, X., Feng, P., Xie, Q., & Yu, Q. (2023) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.396 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Comparative Study of Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance and Their Correlation with Androgens in Lean and Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Misra, S., Gada, J. V., Dhole, C., Varthakavi, P. K., & Bhagwat, N. M. (2023) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-023-01374-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mutational Landscape Screening Through Comprehensive In Silico Analysis for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome–Related Genes
Dhar, S., Mridha, S., & Bhattacharjee, P. (2021) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-021-00752-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Clinico-Metabolic Profile in Lean Versus Obese Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Women
Makhija, N., Tayade, S. A., Toshniwal, S., & Tilva, H. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.37809 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Authors: Ganie, M. A., Vasudevan, V., Wani, I. A., Baba, M. S., Arif, T., & Rashid, A.
Affiliations: Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
Corresponding author: Ganie, Mohammad Ashraf
ORCID: Vasudevan, Vishnu
Baba, Mohammad Salem
Venue: Indian Journal of Medical Research
Publisher: Scientific Scholar
Published: 2019-10
Volume: 150
Issue: 4
Pages: 333-344
ISSN: 0971-5916 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1937_17
PMC: PMC6902362
OpenAlex: W2989778925
Cited by: 232
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 6
FWCI: 2.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Locations: The Indian Journal of Medical Research (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases
Keywords: polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS pathogenesis, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular risk, oxidative stress, autoimmunity, candidate gene association, PCOS management, infertility, anovulation, metabolic comorbidities
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, India, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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Epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics & management of polycystic ovary syndrome in India

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