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Cited by 23Antibiotic Use and ResistancePharmaceutical Practices and Patient OutcomesHealthcare cost, quality, practices

Antibiotic-prescribing pattern in the outpatient departments using the WHO prescribing indicators and AWaRe assessment tool in a tertiary-care hospital in South India

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Priyadharsini, R. P., Ramasamy, Kesavan, Amarendar, Sura·2022·Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
DOI 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_527_21PMC PMC8930124
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Abstract

Context: Rational drug use has a great role of influence in health care. The fact sheet given by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that around 50% of the drugs are prescribed, dispensed, and sold inappropriately. One of the major consequences of irrational drug use in infections is antibiotic resistance. Aim: The present study aims to assess the antibiotic-prescribing pattern by auditing the prescriptions in a teaching hospital. Settings and Design: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the pharmacy of a teaching hospital to evaluate the prescriptions of the outpatient department. Materials and Methods: The prescriptions used to treat symptoms suggestive of infections were taken into consideration. A total of 1,000 prescriptions were analyzed. Data Analysis: The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 2,536 drugs were prescribed. The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.5. The percentage of encounters with antibiotics prescribed was 17.5%. The percentage of encounters prescribed with a generic name and with drugs from the essential drug list was 87.5% and 65%, respectively. There were no injections prescribed. Amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin were the most common antibiotics prescribed. The duration of the treatment was mentioned in all the prescriptions. Conclusions: Our study shows that the percentage of antibiotic usage is within the WHO standard value. The average number of drugs per prescription was slightly higher than the WHO value. Steps should be taken to improve the generic prescribing by the physicians.

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Crossref · 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_527_21

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  • A study in Uttarakhand reported 43% Access and 46% Watch antibiotics.

    “A study in Uttarakhand reported 43 per cent Access antibiotics and 46 per cent Watch antibiotics and flagged persistent issues like polypharmacy and the inappropriate prescribing of broader-spectrum drugs9.”

    From Antibiotic-prescribing patterns in outpatient departments from a tertiary care hospital in Manipur using WHO AWaRe classification (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    The paper identifies its study as taking place in South India, not Uttarakhand. Its Discussion reports that commonly used antibiotics were in the Access group except for ciprofloxacin; the cited passages do not report 43% Access or 46% Watch. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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  • In the outpatient tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand, only 1.1% of prescribed antibiotics were in injectable form.

    “In contrast, in the outpatient tertiary care hospital in the hilly State of Uttarakhand, only 1.1 per cent of prescribed antibiotics were in injectable form9.”

    From Antibiotic-prescribing patterns in outpatient departments from a tertiary care hospital in Manipur using WHO AWaRe classification (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Materials and Methods place this study in Puducherry, South India, not Uttarakhand. The Results (Table 2; page unavailable) report zero encounters with an injection prescribed, rather than 1.1% of antibiotics being injectable. (LLM, conf=0.90)

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  • The study's prescribing patterns are similar to findings from Uttarakhand and Telangana.

    “Similar prescribing patterns emerge when compared to findings from other regions in India.”

    From Antibiotic-prescribing patterns in outpatient departments from a tertiary care hospital in Manipur using WHO AWaRe classification (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Results (Table 5) compare prescribing indicators with studies from several other locations in India, and some values are close. However, the table does not identify studies from Uttarakhand or Telangana, so the claim's specific regional comparison is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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  • Studies in South India and Uttarakhand consistently reported amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and cefixime as the most prescribed antibiotics, similar to our results.

    “Studies in South India and Uttarakhand consistently reported amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and cefixime as the most prescribed antibiotics16,9, similar to our results.”

    From Antibiotic-prescribing patterns in outpatient departments from a tertiary care hospital in Manipur using WHO AWaRe classification (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Abstract Results identify amoxicillin as one of the most common antibiotics in this South Indian study, supporting that part of the claim. They name ciprofloxacin alongside it, however, and the Discussion’s Table 6 does not list ceftriaxone or cefixime among the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. The Uttarakhand study appears to have a separate citation and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.90)

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  • Comparative studies from South India and Uttarakhand reported generic prescribing rates of 87.5% and 67.4%, respectively.

    “Comparative studies from South India and Uttarakhand reported significantly higher rates of generic prescribing at 87.5 per cent, and 67.4 per cent, respectively9,10.”

    From Antibiotic-prescribing patterns in outpatient departments from a tertiary care hospital in Manipur using WHO AWaRe classification (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [3]Irrational use of antibiotics:An understanding about antibiotic resistance 2019 Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i1202/rr Last accessed on 2019 Jul 8

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Authors
Priyadharsini, R. P., Ramasamy, K., & Amarendar, S.
Affiliations
Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IN)
Corresponding author
Priyadharsini, R. P.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2022-01
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
74-78
ISSN
2249-4863 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_527_21
PMC
PMC8930124
OpenAlex
W4210259817
Cited by
23
References
20
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3
FWCI
2.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-sa
Locations
  • Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare cost, quality, practices
Keywords
antibiotic prescribing, prescribing patterns, WHO prescribing indicators, AWaRe classification, rational drug use, outpatient prescriptions, generic prescribing, essential medicines list, antibiotic resistance, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, prescription review, tertiary care hospital

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