Penile circumference and stretched penile length in prepubertal children: A retrospective, single-center pilot study
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: To determine references for penile circumference according to age in prepubertal children and whether this measurement can be used as a basic penile parameter along with stretched penile length in prepubertal children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 750 children (mean age, 4.2±3.4 years) aged under 14 years without penile problems were enrolled in this study. Children with penile or testicular abnormalities were excluded. All data were gathered at the outpatient clinic by a single pediatric urologist from July 2017 to April 2020. Penile parameters (baseline and stretched penile length, penile circumference) and testicular volumes were measured by using an elastic ruler and a Prader orchidometer, respectively. RESULTS: Mean baseline and stretched penile lengths were 3.0±1.0 cm and 4.2±1.0 cm, respectively. The mean penile circumference was 4.2±0.9 cm. The stretched penile length was similar to penile circumference (p=0.425). This similarity was found for each age group except for the 0-1-year-old and 3-4-year-old age groups (p=0.001 and p=0.034, respectively). As children grow into adolescence, stretched penile length increases significantly compared to penile circumference. CONCLUSIONS: Penile circumference increased with age like stretched penile length and testicular volume in prepubertal children. Stretched penile length and penile circumference were found to be similar. This study can be used as a basic reference for penile circumference values in prepubertal children.
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If standard reference data is not used, evaluation can lead to misinterpretation, misdiagnosis and unnecessary workup.
“If standard reference data is not used, the evaluation can lead to misinterpretation, misdiagnosis and unnecessary workup [6].”
From Stretched Penile Length and Penile Circumference in Pediatric Population of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Single-Center Study (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
The Discussion says accurate age-related reference values are needed to distinguish micropenis from concealed penis in children, supporting the concern that evaluation without them may be misinterpreted. It does not say that failing to use reference data leads to unnecessary workup, or explicitly report misdiagnosis as an outcome. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Cited by
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Shahzad, B., Fatima, B., Bashir, M. K., Waheed, M. R., Zafar, Z., & Zaidi, S. S. H. (2026) · National Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.21089/njhs.112.0084
- Authors
- Park, S. K., Ergashev, K., Chung, J. M., & Lee, S. D.
- Affiliations
- Pusan National University Hospital (KR)
- Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Chung, Jae Min
- Venue
- Investigative and Clinical Urology
- Publisher
- XMLink
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 324
- ISSN
- 0494-4747 (ISSN-L)
- 2466-0493
- 2466-054X
- PMC
- PMC8100007
- OpenAlex
- W3156409758
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 8.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Korean journal of urology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urological Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Genital Health and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Keywords
- penile circumference, stretched penile length, prepubertal children, testicular volume, age-related reference values, pediatric urology
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Genital Diseases, Male, Humans, Infant, Male, Organ Size, Penis, Pilot Projects, Reference Values, Retrospective Studies, Urination Disorders, Reproducibility of Results
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