The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Causation and Causal Inference
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
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Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes: A User’s Guide
(2020) · doi:10.23970/ahrqepcregistries4 · Cited by 960
Systematic Review of Psychosocial Factors at Work and Private Life as Risk Factors for Back Pain
Hoogendoorn, W. E., van Poppel, M. N. M., Bongers, P. M., Koes, B. W., & Bouter, L. M. (2000) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200008150-00017 · Cited by 915
Osteoarthritis as a disease of mechanics
Felson, D. T. (2013) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2012.09.012 · Cited by 676
Physical load during work and leisure time as risk factors for back pain
Hoogendoorn, W. E., van Poppel, M. N., Bongers, P. M., Koes, B. W., & Bouter, L. M. (1999) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.451 · Cited by 565
Hoogendoorn, W. E., Bongers, P. M., de Vet, H. C. W., Douwes, M., Koes, B. W., Miedema, M. C., Ariëns, G. A. M., & Bouter, L. M. (2000) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200012010-00018 · Cited by 548
Metadata
- Venue
- Encyclopedia of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Published
- 2008
- OpenAlex
- W3021292282
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 0
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Causation and Causal Inference. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4135/9781412953948.n63
- The paper
- Causation and Causal Inference. (2008). Encyclopedia of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412953948.n63
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
