Measurement Error and Research Design

Abstract

Foreword - Richard Bagozzi Preface Acknowledgments 1. WHAT IS MEASUREMENT? Overview What Is Measurement Error? Overview of Traditional Measure Development Procedures Conceptual and Operational Definitions Domain Delineation Measure Design and Item Generation Internal Consistency Reliability Test-Retest Reliability Dimensionality - Exploratory Factor Analysis Dimensionality - Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling Validity General Issues in Measurement Summary Appendices 2. WHAT IS MEASUREMENT ERROR? Overview Random Error Systematic Error Types of Random and Systematic Error Illustrations of Measurement Error Through Error Patterns Patterns of Responses in Measurement Error Summary Appendix 3. WHAT CAUSES MEASUREMENT ERROR? Overview Sources of Measurement Error Taxonomy of Error Sources Summary 4. CAN EMPIRICAL PROCEDURES PINPOINT TYPES OF MEASUREMENT ERROR? Overview Internal Consistency Reliability Procedures Test-Retest Reliability Procedures Factor Analysis Procedures Validity Tests Summary 5. HOW CAN MEASUREMENT ERROR BE IDENTIFIED AND CORRECTED FOR IN MEASURE DEVELOPMENT? Overview Guidelines for Identifying and Correcting For Error in Measure Development Generic Issues in Designing Psychometric Tests Item-to-Total Correlations (Internal Consistency Procedures) Item Means Test-Retest Correlations (Test-Retest Reliability) Factor Loadings (Exploratory Factor Analysis) Residuals (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) Cross-Construct Correlations (Validity Tests) Conditions of Future Use of Measures Discussion Summary 6. HOW CAN ERROR BE IDENTIFIED THROUGH INNOVATIVE DESIGN AND ANALYSES? Overview Using Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability in Conjunction Using Correlations Across Item-Level Correlations Empirical Assessment of Item-Sequencing Effects Summary 7. HOW DO MEASURES DIFFER? Overview Stimulus-Centered Versus Respondent-Centered Scales Formative and Reflective Indicators of Constructs Summary 8. WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF MEASURES AND MEASUREMENT ACROSS VARIOUS DISCIPLINES? Overview Types of Measures Types of Response Formats Specific Examples of Scales From Different Disciplines Cross-Cultural Measurement Summary 9. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENT ERROR FOR RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYSIS? Overview Implications for Using Measures in Research Design Implications for Using Structural Equation Modeling Implications for Applied Research Summary 10. HOW DOES MEASUREMENT ERROR AFFECT RESEARCH DESIGN? Overview Types of Research Designs Measurement Error in Survey Designs Measurement Error in Experimental Designs Research Design and Measurement Error Summary Appendices 11. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF MEASUREMENT IN SCIENCE? Overview Assumptions of Measurement Qualitative Versus Quantitative Research Measuring the Measurable From Physical to Psychological Measurement Informal Measurement Ethics in Measurement Summary 12. WHAT ARE THE KEY PRINCIPLES AND GUIDING ORIENTATIONS OF THIS BOOK? Overview Summary of Chapters Implications for Measurement and Research Design Summary of Orientations References Index About the Author